State v. Parks

IN THE NEBRASKA COURT OF APPEALS
MEMORANDUM OPINION AND JUDGMENT ON APPEAL
(Memorandum Web Opinion)
STATE V. PARKS
NOTICE: THIS OPINION IS NOT DESIGNATED FOR PERMANENT PUBLICATION
AND MAY NOT BE CITED EXCEPT AS PROVIDED BY NEB. CT. R. APP. P. § 2-102(E).
STATE OF NEBRASKA, APPELLEE,
V.
JOHN L. PARKS, SR., APPELLANT.
Filed May 16, 2023. No. A-22-691.
Appeal from the District Court for Douglas County: DUANE C. DOUGHERTY, Judge.
Affirmed.
Michael P. Meckna for appellant.
Michael T. Hilgers, Attorney General, and Stacy M. Foust for appellee.
PIRTLE, Chief Judge, and MOORE and ARTERBURN, Judges.
ARTERBURN, Judge.
INTRODUCTION
John L. Parks, Sr., files this interlocutory appeal asserting the district court erred in
overruling his motion for absolute discharge on speedy trial grounds. Parks argues that
continuances made by his appointed counsel without his consent should not toll the speedy trial
clock. He further argues that time should not be excluded due to motions filed by his appointed
counsel that were not ruled upon by the court. Upon our review of the record, we affirm the order
of the district court denying Parks’ motion for absolute discharge.
BACKGROUND
Parks was charged by information on May 7, 2021, in the Douglas County District Court
with two counts of first degree murder, two counts of use of a firearm to commit a felony, two
counts of possession of a firearm by a prohibited person, and one count of possession with intent
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to deliver cocaine. The charges stem from a double homicide that occurred in a hotel parking lot
in Douglas County, Nebraska, on July 30, 2020. The information was later amended to add a
habitual criminal allegation. The Douglas County Public Defender’s Office was appointed to
represent Parks in the proceedings.
Parks’ previous defense counsel filed a motion for discovery on May 10, 2021. The next
day, the court issued an order granting the discovery motion. In an order dated June 2, the court
set the case for pretrial hearing on June 25. While no verbatim record was made of the June 25
pretrial hearing, the court entered an order that day which ultimately continued the pretrial hearing
to August 13. The order recites that Parks appeared personally and with counsel and that defense
counsel, on Parks’ behalf, had requested the continuance. Additionally, the order stated defense
counsel confirmed that they advised Parks that the continuance would toll the speedy trial clock
and that Parks understood and consented to the same. The court further found that Parks’ motion
to continue tolled his statutory speedy trial rights pursuant to Neb. Rev. Stat. § 29-1207(4)(b)
(Reissue 2016).
No verbatim record was made of the August 13, 2021, hearing as well. The court entered
an order on that date which is essentially identical to the June 25 order. The court again indicated
that Parks appeared personally with counsel, and that counsel again requested a continuance of the
pretrial hearing, that they had consulted with Parks, and that he consented to the motion. The court
then continued the pretrial hearing to September 27 on Parks’ motion and found that his motion
tolled his speedy trial rights. However, the record also includes a document from the Douglas
County Sheriff that shows that Parks’ transport order which was entered in order to bring him from
the Sarpy County jail to the Douglas County courthouse to attend the hearing was cancelled
because Parks was in quarantine status at the jail.
The September 27, 2021, pretrial hearing was rescheduled to September 23 on the court’s
own motion. A transport order was entered for Parks to attend the hearing. However, the transport
order was cancelled by the bailiff on September 22. There again is no verbatim record of the
September 23 hearing. The court on this occasion noted the appearance of Parks’ counsel, but did
not indicate that Parks was present. The court entered an order continuing the pretrial hearing to
November 5, 2021, on the motion of Parks’ counsel. Just as with the previous orders, the court
recited that defense counsel confirmed that they had advised Parks that the continuance would toll
his speedy trial clock and that he understood and consented to the same. In a separate order, the
court scheduled a jury trial to begin on May 16, 2022.
It appears from the record that the pretrial hearing scheduled for November 5, 2021, did
not occur. In an order dated November 10, the court recited that an oral motion to continue the
pretrial hearing had been made by counsel for Parks, that they had advised Parks that the
continuance will toll the speedy trial time, and that Parks understood and consented to the motion.
Based on the oral motion, the pretrial hearing was continued to November 29, 2021. Prior to the
continuance of the November 5 hearing, Parks filed a pro se “Motion of Discovery” on September
27 requesting that he be allowed to have discovery materials on his own time in the jail.
On November 29, 2021, Parks’ counsel filed two motions to take depositions. The pretrial
hearing that day is the first hearing for which a verbatim record was made. At that hearing, Parks
made a pro se oral motion to dismiss his counsel. Parks stated he was frustrated with his counsel
because of the lack of communication and differences in opinion regarding trial strategy. Parks
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also expressed his discontent with the prior motions for continuance made by counsel. He did not
support counsel’s request to depose witnesses and stated he was “ready to go to trial.” After a
lengthy discussion, the court denied the motion to dismiss counsel and instructed Parks to talk to
his counsel. The court also denied Parks’ pro se motion to receive and maintain his own discovery
materials at the jail. No request for a ruling was made by counsel for Parks regarding the two
motions to take deposition and no ruling made by the court. While there is indication that one of
the depositions requested was eventually taken, the verbatim record of all subsequent pretrial and
motions hearings reveal no further attempts by prior counsel or current counsel to either raise these
motions again or withdraw them. Our record also reveals no written motions or pleadings filed by
either previous or current counsel that request a ruling on the motions or withdraw them. No ruling
on the motions has been made.
Parks hired new counsel on January 24, 2022. The Douglas County Public Defender’s
motion to withdraw was sustained by the court the next day. Through February and March several
pretrial hearings were held. A verbatim record of these hearings was made and Parks was present.
At each of these hearings, counsel for Parks made oral motions for continuance of the pretrial
hearings and these motions were sustained. During this time, the jury trial remained scheduled for
the May date. However, at the March 9 pretrial conference, defense counsel orally requested a
continuance of trial to September 21 due to counsel having a federal trial scheduled in May. The
court granted the request, continued trial to September 21, 2022, and found that Parks’ motion to
continue resulted in the tolling of his statutory speedy trial rights.
On September 19, 2022, Parks’ counsel filed a motion to discharge based on statutory and
constitutional speedy trial grounds, which was amended the next day. A hearing on the motion was
held September 20. The State offered a transcript of the proceedings, an affidavit from the
prosecutor regarding the scheduling of depositions, and a two-page document showing that a
witness deposition was conducted on August 9 as well as a certified copy of the entire docket for
the case. Parks testified at the hearing that he was not aware of and did not consent to the motions
to continue orally made by his previous counsel. The court denied the motion to discharge.
According to its calculations, the court determined that only 49 days had run on the speedy trial
clock. The court found that one day was excludable based on the defense motion for discovery that
was filed on May 10, 2021, and ruled on the next day. The court found that the period between
June 25, the date of the first pretrial hearing, and November 29, 2021, was also excluded due to
defense counsel’s series of motions to continue made at the various pretrial hearings, beginning
June 25. The court further found that since the November 29 motions to take deposition had never
been ruled upon, the case had remained off the speedy trial clock up until the September 21, 2022,
jury trial date. The court also noted the motions made by current counsel for continuance of pretrial
hearings and the jury trial as additional bases for the exclusion of time. Finally, the court found
that the motion to dismiss based on constitutional speedy trial grounds was “meritless and patently
frivolous.”
Parks appeals.
ASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR
Parks has assigned and argued five errors which we consolidate, renumber, and restate as
follows. First, Parks generally assigns that the district court erred in overruling Parks’ motion to
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discharge based upon statutory and constitutional speedy trial grounds. Next, Parks assigns that
the district court erred by continuing numerous pretrial hearings based solely on oral motions to
continue and then finding that the continuances tolled his speedy trial rights. Third, Parks assigns
that the district court erred by either excluding the time that elapsed between Parks’ filing of his
pro se motion for discovery and the court’s resolution of that motion or in the alternative not clearly
defining whether it excluded that period of time. Finally, Parks assigns that the court erred by
excluding time associated with prior counsel’s motions to continue pretrial hearings which were
requested without his consent.
We note that in his argument, Parks focuses primarily on events that occurred prior to the
entry of appearance by current counsel. More specifically, much of his argument relates to the
period culminating with the November 29, 2021, pretrial hearing and November 30 order of the
court. Beyond those dates, he only contests the finding that the motions for deposition filed by
prior counsel on November 29 are unresolved, thus resulting in exclusion of all of the time that
transpired thereafter. Parks does not argue that any continuances of pretrial hearings or of trial
granted following November 30 were improperly given or fail to result in excludable time. Thus,
our analysis will primarily focus on the events ending on November 30, 2021, and the effect of the
motions for depositions.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
Generally, a trial court’s determination as to whether charges should be dismissed on
speedy trial grounds is a factual question which will be affirmed on appeal unless clearly
erroneous. State v. Moody, 311 Neb. 143, 970 N.W.2d 770 (2022).
Statutory interpretation is a question of law. State v. Nelson, 313 Neb. 464, 984 N.W.2d
620 (2023). The application of a statute to undisputed facts is a question of law. Id. On questions
of law, an appellate court is obligated to reach a conclusion independent of the determination
reached by the court below. Id.ANALYSIS
Constitutional Right to Speedy Trial.
We begin with Parks’ assigned error that his constitutional speedy trial rights were violated.
The Nebraska Supreme Court has held that a constitutional right to a speedy trial claim is not
reviewable in an interlocutory appeal of an order overruling a motion for discharge on statutory
speedy trial grounds. State v. Moody, supra. Therefore, we do not have jurisdiction to consider this
issue at this time. We will only address Parks’ assertion that his statutory speedy trial rights were
violated.
Statutory Right to Speedy Trial.
We now turn to Parks’ general assertion that the court erred in overruling his motion to
discharge based on statutory speedy trial grounds. Upon our review of the record, we find that the
court did not err in its statutory speedy trial calculations.
Under § 29-1207, a criminal defendant must be brought to trial within 6 months of the
filing of the information against them. However, § 29-1207 also provides periods that are
excludable from this 6-month time limit. As is relevant in this appeal, § 29-1207(4)(a) describes
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as excludable time, “the period of delay resulting from . . . the time from filing until final
disposition of pretrial motions of the defendant,” and § 29-1207(4)(b) describes as excludable time,
“[t]he period of delay resulting from a continuance granted at the request or with the consent of
the defendant or his or her counsel.” If a defendant is not brought to trial before the running of the
time for trial as provided in § 29-1207, and as extended by excluded periods, he or she shall be
entitled to an absolute discharge from the offense charged. State v. Coomes, 309 Neb. 749, 962
N.W.2d 510 (2021). To calculate the 6-month period under § 29-1207, a court must exclude the
day the complaint was filed, count forward 6 months, back up 1 day, and then add any time
excluded under § 29-1207(4) to determine the last day the defendant can be tried. State v. Coomes,
supra. The burden of proof is upon the State to show by a preponderance of the evidence that one
or more of the excluded time periods under § 29-1207(4) are applicable when the defendant is not
tried within a 6-month period. State v. Coomes, supra.The information in this case was filed on May 7, 2021. Applying the 6-month calculation,
the State had until November 7, 2021, to bring Parks to trial before any excludable time is
considered. Parks does not dispute that there is one day of excludable time for the motion for
discovery filed on May 10, and resolved on May 11. However, Parks does argue that the time
period between June 25 and November 29 and from November 29 to present day should not toll
the speedy trial clock.
Parks first argues that since the motions to continue made by prior counsel were orally
made, they did not meet the requirements of Neb. Rev. Stat. § 25-1148 (Reissue 2016) and Neb.
Rev. Stat. § 29-1206 (Reissue 2016) and cannot be utilized as a basis for exclusion of speedy trial
time. Section 25-1148 generally provides that an application for continuance should be made in
writing and be accompanied by an affidavit setting out the reasons for the request. Section 29-1206
states that applications for continuances in criminal cases should be made in accordance with
§ 25-1148.
We pause here to note that the record from which we can examine this issue is thin. No
verbatim record of the pretrial hearings prior to November 29, 2021, were made. The State
concedes in its brief that the record calls into question that part of the court’s orders that stated
Parks was present for at least two of the hearings. Parks’ testimony at the November 29 hearing
also contests the findings of the court that his counsel advised him of their intent to seek a
continuance and asserted that he never consented to those motions. However, there is nothing in
our record that contests the court’s recitations that at or before each of the scheduled pretrial
hearings in 2021, prior counsel for Parks made oral motions for continuance which were granted
by the court.
Parks argues that based on the lack of record including the lack of good cause shown for
continuance, and the lack of compliance with §§ 25-1148 and 29-1206, the time that passed
between the scheduled pretrial hearings should not have been excluded. While we agree that it
would be preferable that a verbatim record of the hearings be made, we can resolve this issue. The
Supreme Court addressed the issue before us in State v. Turner, 252 Neb. 620, 564 N.W.2d 231(1997). The court held that where continuances are granted at the request of the defendant, the
defendant cannot later complain that the court violated §§ 29-1206 and 25-1148 in granting their
request. Here, Parks through counsel, orally requested continuances. He cannot successfully claim
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that his prior counsel’s failure to file written motions for continuances should result in a finding
that the State has failed to bring him to trial within the parameters of § 29-1207(4)(b).
Parks next argues that the time period between June 25 and November 29, 2021, is not
excludable time because he did not personally consent to defense counsel’s requests for
continuances. Parks points to the November 29 hearing, in which he made a pro se oral motion to
dismiss his counsel, for support of his position. During that hearing, Parks expressed his
disagreements with his appointed counsel. Parks informed the court that he did not want his
counsel to conduct depositions, and he did not approve of the motions to continue made by his
counsel. Parks later retained current counsel resulting in the withdrawal of his appointed counsel.
However, Parks’ testimony regarding his wishes does not negate prior counsel’s ability to seek
and obtain a continuance, nor does it require the inclusion of the time that elapsed due to counsel’s
requests.
The plain language of § 29-1207(4)(b) provides that a period of delay “resulting from a
continuance granted at the request or with the consent of the defendant or his or her counsel” shall
be excluded in computing the time for trial. (Emphasis added.) The Supreme Court has noted that
this language anticipates a request for a continuance made solely by counsel. See State v. McHenry,
268 Neb. 219, 682 N.W.2d 212 (2004). In McHenry, the Court held that the statutory right to a
speedy trial is not a personal right that can be waived only by a defendant, and a defendant is
therefore bound by counsel’s motion for a continuance even if the defendant is opposed to the
motion. See also State v. Sims, 272 Neb. 811, 725 N.W.2d 175 (2006). No showing of good cause
is required when the period of delay was a result of a continuance requested by defense counsel.
Id. Therefore, we need not consider Parks’ allegations that good cause did not exist for prior
counsel’s requests. Therefore, the district court did not err in finding that the time period between
June 25 and November 29, 2021, was excludable time pursuant to § 29-1207(4)(b).
We now turn to Parks’ argument that the court erred in excluding the entirety of the time
which has elapsed since November 29, 2021, the date that Parks filed his two motions for
depositions. Parks claims that the court erred by not ruling on the motions in a timely fashion.
Those motions were not addressed at the November 29 hearing and have not been brought to the
court’s attention at any subsequent hearing contained in our record. Section 29-1207(4)(a)
excludes, in relevant part, “the time from filing until final disposition of pretrial motions of the
defendant.” The Supreme Court has stated that “the plain terms of § 29-1207(4)(a) dictate the
exclusion of all time between the filing of a defendant’s pretrial motion and the final disposition
of such motion, regardless of the promptness or reasonableness of the delay of disposition.” State
v. Nelson, 313 Neb. 464, 472, 984 N.W.2d 620, 628 (2023). The excludable period commences on
the day immediately after the filing of a defendant’s pretrial motion and ends at final disposition,
which occurs on the date the motion is granted or denied. Id. It is presumed that a delay in hearing
defense pretrial motions is attributable to the defendant unless the record affirmatively indicates
otherwise. State v. Williams, 277 Neb. 133, 761 N.W.2d 514 (2009).
Parks again relies on the November 29, 2021, hearing to support his argument that the time
period extending from November 29 should not be excluded. According to Parks, he made a pro
se request to withdraw defense counsel’s motions to depose witnesses. While Parks made it clear
at the November 29 hearing that he did not want motions filed and did not support his counsel’s
request to depose witnesses, he did not make a formal motion to withdraw the motion. Clearly,
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Parks and his appointed counsel had disagreements regarding trial strategy. At the time Parks
informed the court of his issues relating to the depositions, he had made a motion to dismiss his
counsel. After a lengthy discussion with Parks about the disagreements, the court instructed Parks
that he needed to talk with counsel. Counsel did not ask the court to rule on the motions to take
depositions and the court did not assert itself further into the disagreement by issuing a ruling.
Because the court was aware of conflict between Parks and his counsel specifically related to the
motions to depose, we find no error in the court’s decision not to further address the motions on
November 29.
Further, the responsibility was on the defense to present the motions to the court for a
ruling. Parks hired new counsel knowing that these motions had been filed by his previous counsel.
The record demonstrates that Parks’ retained counsel was aware of the pending motions.
Depositions were scheduled to take place on March 1 and 2, 2022, but were cancelled by Parks’
hired counsel. One deposition then was conducted by Parks’ counsel on August 9. Therefore,
defense counsel was aware of the pending motions to depose witnesses yet failed to present them
to the court for a ruling or in the alternative, failed to withdraw them. Pursuant to § 29-1207(4)(a),
the speedy trial clock has been tolled since November 29, 2021, due to defense counsel’s filing of
pretrial motions to depose witnesses which have yet to be resolved.
Parks’ final contention is that the district court should not have excluded the time which
elapsed from September 27, 2021, when he filed his pro se “Motion of Discovery” until November
29 when it was resolved. Having found that the time which elapsed from June 25 to November 29
based on Parks’ motions for continuances was properly excluded, it is unnecessary for us to resolve
this issue. An appellate court is not obligated to engage in an analysis which is not needed to
adjudicate the controversy before it. Frenchman-Cambridge Irr. Dist. v. Dept. of Nat. Res., 297
Neb. 999, 902 N.W.2d 159 (2017). We agree with the district court’s finding that only 49 days had
elapsed which could be counted toward Parks’ statutory speedy rights. The court did not err in
denying Parks’ motion for absolute discharge based on statutory speedy trial grounds.
CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the order of the district court denying Parks’ motion
for absolute discharge.
AFFIRMED.
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