DocketNumber： Nos. 8:08CV90, 8:08CV99
Judges： Bataillon, Thalken
Filed Date： 2/16/2010
Status： Precedential
Modified Date： 11/5/2024
ORDER
This matter is before the court on the findings and recommendations (Filing No. 173 in 8:08cv90 and Filing No. 278 in 8:08cv99) issued by the magistrate judge recommending that the court deny the defendants’ motions to dismiss (Filing No. 125 in 8:08cv90 and Filing No. 227 in 8:08cv99) and grant the plaintiffs’ motions to certify a class (Filing No. 112 in 8:08cv90 and Filing No. 214 in 8:08cv99). Defendants have objected to the findings and recommendations as allowed by 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1) and NELR 72.4. Filing No. 174 in 8:08cv90 and Filing No. 279 in 8:08cv99.
The plaintiffs filed for conditional class certification pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 216(b) which was granted. Filing Nos. 8 and 36, 8:08CV90; Filing No. 32 and 142, &08CV99. The plaintiffs in both cases are current or former employees of the defendants. Plaintiffs filed actions pursuant to the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA), 29 U.S.C. § 201 et seq., contending that defendants violated the FLSA by failing to pay them for pre-and post-shift activities.
Standard of Review
A district court reviews de novo those portions of a magistrate judge’s order that are objected to by a party. Grinder v. Gammon, 73 F.3d 793, 795 (8th Cir.1996). “A judge of the court may accept, reject, or modify, in whole or in part, the findings or recommendations made by the magistrate judge. The judge may also receive further evidence or recommit the matter to the magistrate judge with instructions.” 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1). A district court may reconsider a magistrate judge’s ruling where it has been shown that the ruling is clearly erroneous or contrary to
Class Certification
The plaintiffs seek to certify the class. The magistrate judge thoroughly analyzed the requirements of Fed.R.Civ.P. 23(a), (b)(1) and (b)(3) as applied to this case. The court has carefully reviewed the record, and in particular the objections of the defendants and the findings and recommendations of the magistrate judge, as well as the relevant law. Defendants object contending that state law claims should be preempted and that this court should not allow supplemental jurisdiction over the state claims. The court finds that the decision of the magistrate judge addressed each of these objections and the findings and recommendations are correct in all respects. Accordingly, the court will adopt the findings and recommendations in their entirety.
Motions to Dismiss
The defendants ask this court to dismiss plaintiffs’ third, fourth, fifth, and sixth causes of action based on timeliness, preemption, and for failure to state a claim. The magistrate judge recommended that the motion be denied. The defendants filed numerous objections, Filing No. 173 in 8:08cv90 and Filing No. 279 in 8:08cv99. The court has carefully reviewed the findings of the magistrate judge and finds he is correct as a matter of fact and a matter of law. The magistrate judge conducted a thorough evaluation of the facts and the law and this court will adopt his findings and recommendations with regard to the motions to dismiss.
THEREFORE, IT IS ORDERED:
1. Defendants’ objections, Filing No. 174 in 8:08CV90, and Filing No. 279 in 8:08CV99, are overruled;
2. The findings and recommendations of the magistrate judge, Filing No. 173 in 8:08CV90 and Filing No. 278 in 8:08CV99, are adopted in their entirety;
3. Defendants’ motions to dismiss, Filing No. 125 in 8:08cv90 and Filing No. 227 in 8:08cv99 are denied; and
4. The plaintiffs’ motions for class certification, Filing No. 112 in 8:08cv90 and Filing No. 214 in 8:08cv99, are granted as defined by the findings and recommendations of the magistrate judge.
FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
This matter is before the court on the defendants’ Motion to Dismiss Pursuant to Fed.R.Civ.P. 12(b)(1) and 12(b)(6) {Filing No. 125 in case number 8:08CV90; Filing No. 227 in case number 8:08CV99); and the plaintiffs’ Motion for Class Certification Pursuant to Fed.R.Civ.P. 23 {Filing No. 112 in case number 8:08CV90; Filing No. 21U in case number 8:08CV99).
INTRODUCTION
The plaintiffs in the above-captioned consolidated cases are the defendants’ current and former employees. The cases were filed as class actions alleging violations of the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA), 29 U.S.C. § 201, et seq., and state law regarding pay for pre-and post-shift activities, or “donning and doffing,” and other activities. The plaintiffs seek relief for alleged violations of state and federal wage-and-hour laws, including for alleged failures to pay minimum wage and overtime compensation. The two complaints were filed days apart, on March 3, 2008, and March 5, 2008, respectively. See Filing No. I
The plaintiffs’ complaint lists six causes of action: (1) violation of FLSA, 29 U.S.C. § 207, for failure to pay the plaintiffs for all hours of work performed, including required overtime wages; (2) violation of FLSA, 29 U.S.C. § 206, for failure to pay minimum wages; (3) violation of Nebraska’s Wage and Hour Act, Neb.Rev.Stat. § 48-1201 to 1209, for failure to pay minimum wages; (4) violation of the Nebraska Wage Payment and Collection Act, Neb.Rev.Stat. § 48-1228 to 1232, for failure to pay class members for all work performed; (5) breach of contract under Nebraska common law for failure to pay the plaintiffs compensation in accordance with the parties’ contractual agreement; and, alternatively (6) unjust enrichment under Nebraska common law to recoup the benefit of uncompensated labor from the defendants. See Filing No. 81—Amended Complaint. The plaintiffs allege original jurisdiction for the plaintiffs’ FLSA claims is based upon 28 U.S.C. §§ 1331 and 1337 and jurisdiction for the state law claims falls under the court’s supplemental jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1367. See id. ¶¶ 5-6. The defendants filed an answer to the amended complaint on July 28, 2009. See Filing No. 102. The defendants filed an amended answer on August 10, 2009. Filing No. 109
FACTUAL BACKGROUND
The following facts are alleged in the plaintiffs’ complaint. The defendants operate a meat processing facility in Omaha, Nebraska. See Filing No. £1—Amended Complaint ¶ 8. The plaintiffs allege they engage in “off the clock” work activities required, encouraged, suffered, and/or permitted by the defendants. Id. ¶¶ 10-13. More specifically, the plaintiffs allege they must report to their work areas to don certain personal protective equipment (PPE) for protection and sanitary reasons; walk to and wait in line for knives and other gear; prepare their gear; remove and re-don PPE for breaks; and clean and sanitize gear, among other activities, while off the clock. Id. The plaintiffs estimate they “spend as much as an hour of each day performing these required tasks without any compensation.” Id. ¶ 4. All of the plaintiffs’ claims are based on these same general facts.
ANALYSIS
A. Motion to Dismiss
The defendants filed the instant motion to dismiss on August 25, 2009. See Filing No. 125. The defendants filed a brief (Filing No. 126), reply brief (Filing No. Ik7), and an index of evidence (Filing No. 127) in support of their motion. Specifically, the defendants seek dismissal of the plaintiffs’ Third, Fourth, Fifth and Sixth Causes of Action based on federal implied conflict preemption based on FLSA, 29 U.S.C. § 216(b); the “inherent incompatibility” between Rule 23 and the FLSA, 29 U.S.C. § 216(b); and lack of supplemental jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1367(c)(2) and (c)(4). Id. The plaintiffs filed a response brief arguing the defendants’ motion to dismiss is untimely and substantively baseless. See Filing No. 186.
When reviewing a motion to dismiss based on the failure to state a claim, the court assumes all factual allegations in the complaint are true. Grand River Enters. Six Nations, Ltd. v. Beebe, 574 F.3d 929, 935 (8th Cir.2009). However, “the complaint must contain sufficient facts, as opposed to mere conclusions, to satisfy the legal require
1. Timeliness
The plaintiffs argue the defendants missed the deadline to file a motion to dismiss, based on failure to state a claim, by two years. See Filing No. 186—Brief p. 6. Similarly, the plaintiffs contend, if the court were to construe the defendants’ motion as a motion for judgment on the pleadings, the motion is outside the deadline for dispositive motions. Id. The plaintiffs assert the defendants can give no legitimate explanation or excuse for filing the motion to dismiss so late in the proceedings because the motion does not rely on the facts of the case. Id. The defendants deny they missed a dispositive motions deadline, because none had been expressly set in this case. See Filing No. 117—Reply p. 1. Further, the defendants contend they preserved their defenses in the amended answer filed August 10, 2009. Id., see also Filing No. 109.
The defendants’ motion to dismiss explicitly relies on both Fed.R.Civ.P. 12(b)(1) and 12(b)(6). See Filing No. 125. Rule 12 provides “[a] motion asserting any of these defenses must be made before pleading if a responsive pleading is allowed.” Fed. R.Civ.P. 12(b). However, the defense of failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted may be raised in a motion after the pleadings have closed and as late as at trial. See Fed.R.Civ.P. 12(h)(2). Additionally, the court may dismiss the action at any time if it determines the court lacks subject-matter jurisdiction. See Fed.R.Civ.P. 12(h)(8). With the plain language of these rules as guidance, the court finds the defendants’ motion is timely and should be considered by the court on the merits.
2. Preemption
The defendants argue the plaintiffs’ claims for overtime and minimum wage payments under state law are preempted by the FLSA because the state law actually conflicts with the federal law. See Filing No. 126— Brief p. 2, 4-5. Specifically, the defendants assert the state statutes do not create a substantive right, such right is created under the FLSA. Id. These state law rights are equal to, rather than greater than, the FLSA provisions. Id. at 6. Moreover, the defendants contend the FLSA is the exclusive remedy for FLSA created rights, particularly where the state law claims arise out of the same facts and circumstances as the federal claims, thus the plaintiffs are impermissibly attempting to enforce the FLSA by using Rule 23 to create an opt-out class. Id. at 4-5, 7. According to the defendants, allowing an opt-out class on parallel state law wage and hour claims would frustrate the FLSA’s § 216(b) goal of “limiting private FLSA plaintiffs to employees who asserted claims in their own right and freeing employers of the burden of representative actions.” Id. at 6-7 (quoting Hoffmann-La Roche Inc. v. Sperling, 493 U.S. 165, 173, 110 S.Ct. 482, 107 L.Ed.2d 480(1989)).
In contrast, the plaintiffs argue there is no conflict between the terms of the FLSA and Nebraska law. See Filing No. 186—Brief p. 10. Furthermore, the plaintiffs contend their state law claims do not “stand as an obstacle” to implementation of the federal law, particularly where the FLSA contains a savings clause, which explicitly allows states to provide for more beneficial minimum wages and maximum work week hours. Id. at 11-12. Under these circumstances, the plaintiffs assert only state laws providing less beneficial minimum wages and maximum work week hours are preempted. Id. at 18.
The parties each cite cases that support their respective positions, indicating the area
Congress has the authority to expressly preempt state law by defining the scope of preemption, or to impliedly preempt state law where congressional intent to supersede state law may be inferred. See U.S. Const, art. VI, cl. 2; Fid. Fed. Sav. & Loan Ass’n v. dela Cuesta, 458 U.S. 141, 152-53, 102 S.Ct. 3014, 73 L.Ed.2d 664 (1982). Congressional intent controls the preemption analysis, however the court presumes Congress does not wish to interfere with the state’s power to provide for the welfare of its people “unless that was the clear and manifest purpose of Congress.” Wyeth v. Levine, — U.S. -,---, 129 S.Ct. 1187, 1194-95, 173 L.Ed.2d 51 (2009). “Implied preemption exists where a federal statutory or regulatory scheme is so pervasive in scope that it occupies the field, leaving no room for state action-this is termed field preemption.” Pet Quarters, Inc. v. Depository Trust & Clearing Corp., 559 F.3d 772, 780 (8th Cir. 2009). Another form of implied preemption, known as conflict preemption, occurs where state law is superseded to the extent that it conflicts with federal law. Id. “Conflict preemption exists where a party’s compliance with both federal and state law would be impossible or where state law would pose an obstacle to the accomplishment of congressional objectives.” Id.; see Gade v. Nat’l Solid Wastes Mgmt. Ass’n, 505 U.S. 88, 98-99, 112 S.Ct. 2374, 120 L.Ed.2d 73(1992) (“Our ultimate task in any pre-emption ease is to determine whether state regulation is consistent with the structure and purpose of the statute as a whole.”); Silkwood v. Kerr-McGee Corp., 464 U.S. 238, 248, 104 S.Ct. 615, 78 L.Ed.2d 443 (1984) (defining conflict as “an obstacle to the accomplishment of the full purposes and objectives of Congress”). State law is an obstacle “if it interferes with the methods by which the federal statute was designed to reach [its] goal.” Int’l Paper Co. v. Ouellette, 479 U.S. 481, 494, 107 S.Ct. 805, 93 L.Ed.2d 883 (1987); see Forest Park II v. Hadley, 336 F.3d 724, 733 (8th Cir.2003).
In the area of labor law, “[t]here is a strong presumption that Congress, in enacting the FLSA for the benefit of workers, did not intend to override the States’ traditional role in protecting the health and safety of their citizens.” Anderson, 508 F.3d at 193. “[T]he FLSA does not generally preempt state law claims in a given case.” Bouaphakeo v. Tyson Foods, Inc., 564 F.Supp.2d 870, 886 (N.D.Iowa 2008). Tellingly, the FLSA contains a savings clause, which provides: “No provision of this chapter ... shall excuse noncompliance with any Federal or State law ... establishing a minimum wage higher than the minimum wage ... or a maximum work week lower than the maximum workweek [sic] established under this chapter----” 29 U.S.C. § 218(a). Accordingly, the savings clause expressly allows states to legislate greater protections for the benefit of workers. See Anderson, 508 F.3d at 193. The parties’ interpretations of this savings clause guides their arguments about preemption.
The defendants contend any state law providing worker benefits equal to or less than the FLSA benefits is preempted. The defendants assert that since Nebraska law provides no greater benefits than the FLSA, the plaintiffs’ claims based on Nebraska law are preempted. See Anderson, 508 F.3d at 193 (deeming state claims to be preempted by the FLSA where those claims have merely duplicated FLSA claims). In contrast, the plaintiffs contend preemption occurs only when the state law benefits are less than the FLSA benefits. See DeKeyser v. Thyssenkrupp Waupaca, Inc., 589 F.Supp.2d 1026, 1031 (E.D.Wis.2008). The parties do not dispute the plaintiffs’ state law claims for minimum wage and overtime violations correspond to FLSA causes of action consisting of the same claims. See Filing No. H7—Reply p. 1; Filing No. 186—Brief p. 21.
3. Inherent Incompatibility
The defendants contend the inherent conflict between the opt-in procedure of § 216(b) and the opt-out procedure of Fed. R.Civ.P. 23 is sufficient legal justification for dismissing the plaintiffs’ state law claims. See Filing No. 126—Brief p. 8. The defendants note, however, the cases supporting their position rely on other grounds, such as a finding of preemption or declining to exercise supplemental jurisdiction, for dismissing state law claims. The plaintiffs deny inherent compatibility provides legal justification for summarily dismissing the state law claims.
“There is no legal doctrine, of which the [e]ourt is aware, that permits the [c]ourt to dismiss a cause of action solely on the grounds that it is ‘inherently incompatible’ with another action before it.” Salazar v. Agriprocessors, Inc., 527 F.Supp.2d 873, 879 (N.D.Iowa 2007) (alternations in original) (quoting Westerfield v. Wash. Mut. Bank, No. 06CV2817, 2007 WL 2162989, at *2 (E.D.N.Y. July 26, 2007) (unpublished)); see also Gardner v. W. Beef Props., Inc., No. 07CV2345, 2008 WL 2446681, at *2 (E.D.N.Y. June 17, 2008): Hendricks v. JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A, No. 3:08CV613, 2008 WL 5191819, *2-3 (D.Conn. Nov. 21, 2008). Compare Ellis v. Edward D. Jones & Co., LP., 527 F.Supp.2d 439, 448 (W.D.Pa.2007) (noting incompatibility between opt-in and opt-out procedures when dismissing duplicative state law claims after conflict preemption analysis). Based on the ease law in this circuit and others, the court declines to dismiss the plaintiffs’ state law claims based on incompatibility alone. Instead, the court will address the substantive arguments related to preemption and supplemental jurisdiction.
4. Supplemental Jurisdiction
The plaintiffs allege original jurisdiction for the plaintiffs’ FLSA claims is based upon 28 U.S.C. §§ 1331 and 1337 and the federal court has jurisdiction over the state law claims under the court’s supplemental jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1367. See Filing No. 81—Amended Complaint ¶¶ 5-6. Specifically,
[I]n any civil action of which the district courts have original jurisdiction, the district courts shall have supplemental jurisdiction over all other claims that are so related to claims in the action within such original jurisdiction that they form part of the same case or controversy under Article III of the United States Constitution. Such supplemental jurisdiction shall in-*285 elude claims that involve the joinder or intervention of additional parties.
28 U.S.C. § 1367(a).
The defendants do not deny supplemental jurisdiction is authorized pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1367(a) since the claims are related and form part of the same case or controversy and arise from a common nucleus of operative fact. See Filing No. 126—Brief p. 3; see also OnePoint Solutions, LLC v. Borchert, 486 F.3d 342, 350 (8th Cir.2007) (jurisdictional standards). Rather, the defendants argue the court should decline to exercise supplemental jurisdiction. See Filing No. 126—Brief p. 10.
Under the supplemental jurisdiction statute:
The district courts may decline to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over a claim under subsection (a) if—
(1) the claim raises a novel or complex issue of State law,
(2) the claim substantially predominates over the claim or claims over which the district court has original jurisdiction,
(3) the district court has dismissed all claims over which it has original jurisdiction, or
(4) in exceptional circumstances, there are other compelling reasons for declining jurisdiction.
28 U.S.C. § 1367(c).
Accordingly, “even if the court has the power in a constitutional sense to hear the entire case, it need not do so, for ‘pendent jurisdiction is a doctrine of discretion, not of plaintiff’s right.’ ” Kobe v. Stifel, Nicolaus & Co., Inc., 620 F.2d 1340, 1346 (8th Cir.1980) (quoting United Mine Workers v. Gibbs, 383 U.S. 715, 726, 86 S.Ct. 1130, 16 L.Ed.2d 218 (1966)). The court’s discretion “lies in considerations of judicial economy, convenience and fairness to litigants; if these are not present a federal court should hesitate to exercise jurisdiction over state claims.” Gibbs, 383 U.S. at 726, 86 S.Ct. 1130: see Glorvigen v. Cirrus Design Corp., 581 F.3d 737, 749 (8th Cir.2009).
Based on the supplemental jurisdiction statute, the defendants seek dismissal based on jurisdiction for two reasons. See Filing No. 126—Brief p. 10. First, the defendants contend the state law claims will substantially predominate over the federal claims because of the number of potential plaintiffs and the difference between the elements of proof in the state and federal claims. Id. at 16-18. Second, the defendants assert the incompatibility between the opt-in and opt-out procedures provides an “other compelling reason” to decline jurisdiction. Id. at 16,18-20.
a. Predominance
“[I]f it appears that the state issues substantially predominate, whether in terms of proof, of the scope of the issues raised, or of the comprehensiveness of the remedy sought, the state claims may be dismissed without prejudice and left for resolution to state tribunals.” Gibbs, 383 U.S. at 726-27, 86 S.Ct. 1130; see Aide v. Veracity Research Co., 641 F.Supp.2d 857, 864 (D.Minn.2009). “Predomination under section 1367 generally goes to the type of claim, not the number of parties involved. But the disparity in numbers of similarly situated plaintiffs may be so great that it becomes dispositive by transforming the action to a substantial degree.” De Asencio, 342 F.3d at 311 (noting a disparity between two prospective classes of 447 opt-in and 4,100 opt-out plaintiffs was one factor leading appellate court to reverse district court’s grant of supplemental jurisdiction). After review of the specifics of a case, “a district court will find substantial predomination where ‘a state claim constitutes the real body of a ease, to which the federal claim is only an appendage.’ ” De Asencio v. Tyson Foods, Inc., 342 F.3d 301, 309 (3d Cir.2003) (quoting Gibbs, 383 U.S. at 727, 86 S.Ct. 1130). In such a case, the state claim may fairly be dismissed.
In this case, the defendants contend the sheer difference in sizes for the two classes will profoundly affect the substantive rights of the parties and create predominate state law claims. See Filing No. 126—Brief p. 16-17. In this case, the current FLSA class contains 550 opt-in members. See Filing No. 127—Ex. 1 Costanza Aff. ¶4. By contrast, the potential class for the state law claims is approximately 3,490 members. Id.
The plaintiffs deny the difference in class sizes or discovery matters should weigh in favor of dismissal. See Filing No. 136— Brief p. 20-21. Rather, the plaintiffs contend what governs is the actual nature of the claims, that is whether “the state law claims are more complex or require more judicial resources to adjudicate or are more salient in the case as a whole than the federal law claims.” Id. at 21 (quoting In re Methyl Tertiary Butyl Ether (MTBE) Prods. Liab., 613 F.Supp.2d 437, 442-43 (S.D.N.Y.2009)). The plaintiffs argue the nature of the state and federal claims are the same, relying on the same types of facts and discovery requirements. Id. at 21.
The court finds the relevant consideration for the defendants’ motion to dismiss is the type of claims involved, rather than the potential difference in size of the two classes. See Lindsay v. Gov’t Employees Ins. Co., 448 F.3d 416, 425 (D.C.Cir.2006). At this time, the court is able to evaluate the types of claims made and finds the state claims to “essentially replicate the FLSA claims” accordingly, the state claims “plainly do not predominate.” See id. Specifically, the state and federal claims involve the same pay policy or practice used by the defendants for class members in each of the classes. Under these circumstances, the state claims cannot be found to be novel and complex in comparison to the FLSA claims. Furthermore, the size of the state law claims’ class is currently known. Although, it is likely to be larger than the FLSA class, the court will not speculate as to whether any possible disparity will affect the substantive rights of the defendants as to create predominate state law claims. See, e.g., Salazar, 527 F.Supp.2d at 884. Finally, the court finds the potential disparity in the size of the two class is an insufficient ground, by itself, to decline supplemental jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1367(c)(2).
b. Other Compelling Reasons
Aside from the issue of predominance, a “court may consider whether ‘exceptional circumstances’ exist and whether ‘there are other compelling reasons for declining jurisdiction’ under section 1367(c)(4).” Lindsay, 448 F.3d at 425 (quoting 28 U.S.C. § 1367(c)(1)). Such determination “lies in considerations of judicial economy, convenience and fairness to litigants; if these are not present a federal court should hesitate to exercise jurisdiction over state claims.” Gibbs, 383 U.S. at 726, 86 S.Ct. 1130.
The defendants argue subversion of congressional intent is a compelling reason to decline supplement jurisdiction. See Filing No. 126—Brief p. 18. The defendants contend allowing an opt-out class to proceed on claims mirroring the FLSA opt-in class claims would undermine congressional intent. Id.
However, the only circuit court to address the issue stated, “[w]e do not view the difference between the opt-out procedure for state law claims provided by Rule 23 as fitting the ‘exceptional eircumstances/other compelling reasons’ language of section 1367(c)(4).” Lindsay, 448 F.3d at 425 (circumscribing the district court’s review of authority to decline supplemental jurisdiction on remand). The Lindsay court determined, “[w]hile there is unquestionably a difference-indeed, an opposite requirement-between opt-in and opt-out procedures, we doubt that a mere procedural difference can curtail section 1367’s jurisdictional sweep.” Id. at 424 (referring specifically to section 1367(a)). Further, Congress has made no explicit or inferential attempt requiring courts to refuse to exercise supplemental jurisdiction. See Salazar, 527 F.Supp.2d at 884-85. In fact, “[t]he issue of congressional intent with respect to the FLSA is not an issue of judicial economy, convenience, fairness to the parties, or federal-state comity. As a result, it may not serve as a ‘compelling reason’ for declining supplemental jurisdiction.” Id. at 885 (quoting Bamonte v. City of Mesa, No. CV 06-1860, 2007 WL 2022011, at *4 (D.Ariz. July 10, 2007)); see also Guzman v. VLM, Inc., No. 07-CV-1126, 2008 WL 597186, at *9-*10 (E.D.N.Y. Mar. 2,2008).
The court finds convincing the rationale contained in Lindsay and Salazar. In sum, the values of judicial economy, convenience and fairness all favor exercising supplemental jurisdiction, and comity concerns are not strongly implicated. The factual overlap between the federal claims and the state claims is virtually total. It would illserve the interests of convenience or judicial economy to re-litigate in state court the defendants’ pay practices.
B. Motion for Class Certification
The plaintiffs filed a brief (Filing No. 113), an index of evidence (Filing No. 11b); and four separately filed declarations (Filing Nos. 115-118) in support of their motion for class certification. The defendants filed a brief (Filing No. 132) and an index of evidence (Filing No. 133) in opposition to class certification. The plaintiffs filed a brief (Filing No. Ib5) in reply.
Rule 23 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure governs the requirements for establishing and maintaining certification for a class action lawsuit. “In order to obtain class certification, a plaintiff has the burden of showing that the class should be certified and that the requirements of Rule 23 are met.” Coleman v. Watt, 40 F.3d 255, 258-59 (8th Cir.1994) (citing Smith v. Merck & Farmers Bank of W. Helena, 574 F.2d 982, 983 (8th Cir.1978)).
Rule 23(a) provides:
One or more members of a class may sue or be sued as representative parties on behalf of all members only if:
(1) the class is so numerous that joinder of all members is impracticable;
(2) there are questions of law or fact common to the class;
(3) the claims or defenses of the representative parties are typical of the claims or defenses of the class; and
(4) the representative parties will fairly and adequately protect the interests of the class.
See Fed.R.Civ.P. 23(a). The United States Supreme Court has summarized the four basic requirements as these: (1) numerosity; (2) commonality; (3) typicality; and (4) adequacy of representation. Amchem Prods., Inc. v. Windsor, 521 U.S. 591, 613, 117 S.Ct. 2231, 138 L.Ed.2d 689 (1997). The determination under Rule 23(a) is not perfunctory, “the court must conduct a ‘rigorous analysis’ to ensure that the prerequisites of Rule 23 are satisfied.” Elizabeth v. Montenez, 458 F.3d 779, 784 (8th Cir.2006) (quoting Gen. Tel. Co. of the S.W. v. Falcon, 457 U.S. 147, 161, 102 S.Ct. 2364, 72 L.Ed.2d 740 (1982)). “While class stipulations by the parties may be helpful, they are not complete substitutes for ‘rigorous analysis.’ ” Hervey v. City of Little Rock, 787 F.2d 1223, 1227 (8th Cir. 1986).
“Plaintiffs must meet all requirements of Rule 23(a) and fall within one of the categories of Rule 23(b) to certify their ... claims
In addition to the Rule 23(a) and (b) requirements, pursuant to Rule 23(c)(1)(B): “An order certifying a class action must define the class and the class claims, issues, or defenses, and must appoint class counsel under Rule 23(g).” The plaintiffs’ propose a class action, pursuant to Fed.R.Civ.P. 23, defined consistently with the FLSA collective action previously conditionally certified in this case. See Filing No. 112—Motion; Filing No. AO—Order. The proposed class consists of
All current and former non-exempt, hourly production and support employees who have been employed at any time by Nebraska Beef, Ltd. and/or Nebraska Beef, Inc. at the Omaha, Nebraska processing facility during the time period March 4, 2004 to the present, and who use personal protective equipment.
See Filing No. 112—Motion p. 1.
The plaintiffs contend the putative class members are all subject to the defendants’ common policy of requiring employees to perform work without compensation. See Filing No. 113—Brief p. 1-2. Specifically, the subject employees are required to engage in, at least some of, the following uncompensated activity: don their PPE, walk to various parts of the plant to obtain their PPE, wait in lines to obtain their PPE, sharpen their knives, sanitize their PPE, walk to various parts of the plant to return their PPE, and doff their PPE. The plaintiffs describe the pay system as a “gang time” system whereby the employees are paid for the period of time the production line is moving, rather than the actual time the employee is performing work. Id. at 2, 3-5. The plaintiffs argue that although the defendants dispute whether the practice is a violation of Nebraska law, the system is uniform among production workers at the facility. Further, all employees are subject to the same orientation program, thus are subject to the same promises regarding how pay will be recorded or paid. Id. at 2. The plaintiffs also contend that although the damages may be different between plaintiffs or difficult to calculate, such issue is not dispositive of the certification decision.
The defendants deny class certification is appropriate in this case. The defendants argue that although all of the putative class members may wear PPE, the type of PPE worn and whether or not such donning or doffing activity is compensable presents individual questions among class members. See Filing No. 132—Brief at 2. The defendants contend time spent donning or doffing non-unique gear in not compensable under the law. Alternatively, the defendants state evidence shows some employees are compensated for the time spent donning and doffing PPE. See id. at 3. Specifically, the defendants provide evidence the “gang time” begins at least five minutes before any member of the line is required to be present on the line. Id. Further, not all members of the line must be present at any one time because the employees need only be in position when the product is passing their stations. Id. This system allows additional compensated time, for example, for the person at the end of the line to don PPE and prepare for the shift prior to engaging in production line activity. Id. Additionally, the defendants argue the ability to calculate hours worked reaches, not only the damages issues, but also whether the defendants are subject to liability based on the nature of the claims. Id. at 12. Specifically, how much an employee earns and how long that employee takes to engage in previously uncompensated work will determine whether the defendants are liable on a minimum wage or overtime compensation violation. Id.
The court will review, seriatim, each of the requirements the plaintiffs must satisfy with regard to class certification.
i. Numerosity
The first prerequisite the plaintiffs must meet under Rule 23(a) is numerosity. Am-chem, 521 U.S. at 613, 117 S.Ct. 2231. Rule 23(a) requires “the class be so numerous that joinder of all members is impracticable.” See Fed.R.Civ.P. 23(a)(1). Rule 23(a) “requires only the impracticality, not the impossibility, of joinder.” United States Fid. & Guar. Co. v. Lord, 585 F.2d 860, 870 (8th Cir.1978). The plaintiffs need only show “that joining all members of the class would be difficult.” Caroline C. By and Through Carter v. Johnson, 174 F.R.D. 452, 462 (D.Neb.1996) (citations omitted) (stating “as few as 40 class members should raise a presumption that joinder is impracticable”). “The Eighth Circuit has not established strict requirements regarding the size of a proposed class[.]” Estate of Mahoney v. R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Co., 204 F.R.D. 150, 153 (S.D.Iowa 2001) (citing Emanuel v. Marsh, 828 F.2d 438, 444 (8th Cir.1987); Boyd v. Ozark Air Lines, Inc., 568 F.2d 50, 54 (8th Cir.1977)).
“Although mere allegations of numerosity are insufficient to meet this prerequisite, a plaintiff need not show the precise number of members in the class.... [Further,] where the numerosity question is a close one, a balance should be struck in favor of a finding of numerosity, since the court has the option to decertify pursuant to Rule 23(c)(1).” Evans v. U.S. Pipe & Foundry Co., 696 F.2d 925, 930 (11th Cir. 1983). Typically, the court may rely on the pleadings, however “it may be necessary for the court to probe behind the pleadings to ensure that the prerequisites of Rule 23 have been met.” Chesher v. Neyer, 215 F.R.D. 544, 546 (S.D.Ohio 2003) (citing Gen. Tel. Co. of S.W., 457 U.S. at 160, 102 S.Ct. 2364). A court “may consider reasonable inferences drawn from facts before [it] at the stage of the proceedings.” Senter v. General Motors Corp., 532 F.2d 511, 523 (6th Cir.1976): see Serfaty v. Int’l Automated Sys., Inc., 180 F.R.D. 418, 420 (D. Utah 1998).
In the instant case, there are potentially 3,490 class members at the Omaha, Nebraska processing facility. See Filing No. 127—Ex. 1 Costanza Aff. ¶ 4. Each of these employees is a potential class member, particularly because the defendants admit they use the same pay system for the workers defined by the class definition. The defendant does not dispute numerosity. See Filing No. 132— Brief p. 4.
After consideration of the number of persons in the proposed class, the nature of the action, the size of the individual claims, the inconvenience of trying individual suits, and other factors relevant to the practicality of joining all the putative class members, the court finds the plaintiffs satisfy the numerosity requirement. See Paxton v. Union Nat’l Bark, 688 F.2d 552, 559-60 (8th Cir.1982). Based upon the evidence presented, the large number of putative class members, over 3,000, justifies class treatment. It is evident a class of this size would promote judicial economy over individual suits, particularly under the circumstances of this case,
ii. Commonality
Second, the plaintiffs must prove the element of commonality. Amchem, 521 U.S. at 613, 117 S.Ct. 2231. Rule 23(a)(2) requires there be “questions of law or fact common to the class.” See Fed.R.Civ.P. 23(a)(2). “Rule 23 is satisfied when the legal question ‘linking the class members is substantially related to the resolution of the litigation.’ ” DeBoer v. Mellon Mortgage Co., 64 F.3d 1171, 1174 (8th Cir.1995) (quoting Paxton, 688 F.2d at 561). However, “[t]he rule does not require that every question of law or fact be common to every member of the class.” Paxton, 688 F.2d at 561. Further, commonality may be shown “where the question of law linking the class members is substantially related to the resolution of the litigation even though the individuals are not identically situated.” Id. (citation omitted). One district court has stated “the commonality requirement imposes a very light burden on the Plaintiff seeking to certify a class and is easily satisfied.” In re Hartford Sales Practices Litig., 192 F.R.D. 592, 603 (D.Minn.1999).
The plaintiffs argue there are common questions of law and fact because the case is based on whether the defendants failed to
iii. Typicality
Third, the class representatives have the burden to show typicality of their claims in relation to the other putative members of the class. Amchem, 521 U.S. at 613, 117 S.Ct. 2231. Rule 23(a) requires a named plaintiff to have claims or defenses which “are typical of the claims or defenses of the class.” See Fed.R.Civ.P. 23(a)(3). The Eighth Circuit, “long ago defined typicality as requiring a demonstration that there are other members of the class who have the same or similar grievances as the plaintiff.” Chaffin v. Rheem Mfg. Co., 904 F.2d 1269, 1275 (8th Cir.1990) (internal quotations and citations omitted). “[FJactual differences will not render a claim atypical if the claim arises from the same event or practice or course of conduct that gives rise to the claims of the class members, and if it is based on the same legal theory.” Beck v. Maximus, Inc., 457 F.3d 291, 296 (3d Cir.2006) (citations omitted and alteration in original); see Alpem v. UtiliCorp United, Inc., 84 F.3d 1525, 1540 (8th Cir.1996). The burden to establish typicality is “fairly easily met so long as other class members have claims similar to the named plaintiff.” DeBoer, 64 F.3d at 1174. However, the plaintiffs cannot show typicality where the question of liability can only be ascertained on an individualized inquiry for each class member. Parke v. First Reliance Standard Life Ins. Co., 368 F.3d 999, 1004-05 (8th Cir.2004) (denying class certification for denial of disability insurance benefits).
The plaintiffs contend the claims of the named plaintiffs are typical of the whole class and the named plaintiffs’ allegations are not based on conduct unique to them but rather on a pay system which affects all class members. See Filing No. 113—Brief p. 25-27. The defendants deny the plaintiffs can show typicality because proof of a violation of state law will require individualized inquiry. See Filing No. 132—Brief p. 5-7. Specifically, the defendants argue the court must determine whether each employee actually engaged in uncompensated work by evaluating the precise time it takes an employee to don or doff specific PPE and walk to a particular locker room, and when during the gang time period the employee is required to be at a work station based on its location (beginning or end) in the production line (i.e., how much non-production activity time for which the employee is already receiving compensation). Id. at 6. For these reasons, the defendants contend “whether the total of time spent on compensable work exceeds compensated time is not susceptible to common proof.” Id. at 7.
It is true “[a] proposed class representative is not adequate or typical if it is subject to a unique defense that threatens to play a major role in the litigation.” In re Milk Prods. Antitrust Litig., 195 F.3d 430, 437 (8th Cir.1999) (citing cases). By the same token, it is inappropriate to certify a class “where a putative class representative is subject to unique defenses which threaten to become the focus of the litigation.” Hanon v. Dataproducts Corp., 976 F.2d 497, 508 (9th Cir.1992). However, “differences in the claimed damages or the availability of certain defenses do not defeat typicality, as long as the class claims are generally based on the same legal or remedial theory.” Morris v.
As a possible unique defense, the defendants argue each employee will have to show whether he or she engaged in compensable work. After reviewing this argument in light of all the evidence presented, the court rejects the defendants’ argument because employees do not present unique arguments with regard to the types of activities that are allegedly unfairly uncompensated. Whether the employees are engaging in compensable pre- and post-shift activities will not depend on how much time an individual employee takes to don an apron. Instead the plaintiffs all rely on non-unique general allegations that particular categories of activities are compensable, yet the defendants fail to compensate for these activities. At a basic level, the claims and arguments made by the named plaintiffs are typical of the proposed class members. The plaintiffs do not rely on the time taken to perform the uncompensated activities by a single employee, but generally allege the average time is approximately an hour of uncompensated time per shift. The critical payment system, i.e., which activities are compensated, is not unique to a particular plaintiff or to the named plaintiffs. Most of the defendants’ employees are paid based on a system which excludes payment for certain activities. Accordingly, the plaintiffs have met their burden of showing their claims are typical of those of the putative class.
iv. Adequacy of Representation
The fourth prerequisite a plaintiff must meet under Rule 23(a) for class certification is adequacy of representation. Am-chem, 521 U.S. at 613, 117 S.Ct. 2231. Rule 23(a)(4) requires that “the representative parties will fairly and adequately protect the interests of the class.” See Fed.R.Civ.P. 23(a)(4). “The focus of Rule 23(a)(4) is whether: (1) the class representatives have common interests with the members of the class, and (2)whether the class representatives will vigorously prosecute the interests of the class through qualified counsel.” Paxton, 688 F.2d at 562 (citing Gonzales v. Cassidy, 474 F.2d 67, 72 (5th Cir.1973)).
The plaintiffs argue they and their counsel will adequately protect the interests of all proposed class members because the named plaintiffs have the same interests as all putative class members in recovering wages. See Filing No. 113—Brief p. 27. The defendants do not dispute the adequacy of counsel. See Filing No. 132—Brief p. 7. However, the defendants argue the class representatives have failed to prove they have common interests with other members of the class because their interests are unstated. Id. The plaintiffs counter that their interests have been stated in affidavits, which are contained in the record, and through their actions to date. See Filing No. 145—Reply p. 12-13. Further, the plaintiffs argue the defendants have failed to show any deficiency or indication the named plaintiffs interests are antagonistic to the putative class members. Id. at 13.
The court has reviewed the evidence presented and finds the plaintiffs have common interests with the proposed members of the class under the definition of the claim used by the plaintiffs and sufficient interest in prosecuting the matter on behalf of the class. In fact, as the plaintiffs have defined their claims, the named plaintiffs have interests identical to the interests of the class. The plaintiffs’ counsel also appears qualified. Thus, the undersigned magistrate judge finds the plaintiffs and their counsel will fairly and adequately protect the interests of the class, thus meeting the adequacy of representation element under Rule 23(a)(4).
2. Rule 23(b)(1) Requirements
For class certification, the plaintiffs must also prove this action may be maintained under Rule 23(b)(1), (2), or (3). Am-chem, 521 U.S. at 614, 117 S.Ct. 2231. The plaintiffs have moved to do so under Rule 23(b)(1) and/or Rule 23(b)(3). Under Rule 23(b)(1), the court must find:
prosecuting separate actions by or against individual class members would create a risk of:
(A) inconsistent or varying adjudications with respect to individual class members that would establish incompatible standards of conduct for the party opposing the class; or
*292 (B) adjudications with respect to individual class members that, as a practical matter, would be dispositive of the interests of the other members not parties to the individual adjudications or would substantially impair or impede their ability to protect their interests;
See Fed.R.Civ.P. 23(b)(1).
The plaintiffs argue the defendants’ pay system impacts each class member similarly and raises the same questions of law. See Filing No. 113—Brief p. 28. The plaintiffs also contend it is unlikely the defendants’ employees would pursue their claims individually due to the resources required to litigate and modest size of claims. Id. There is a risk that if each of the production employees were to litigate separately varying outcomes would result with regard to, for example, the types of activities which are compensable. Id. The defendants argue the individualized nature of the damage awards does not amount to an “incompatible standard of conduct” for the defendants. See Filing No. 132—Brief p. 8-9.
The court finds the defendant’s uniform pay system affects each employee in the same way, albeit to varying degrees. Further, a determination about whether the pay system is a violation of state statute should be uniform for each plaintiff and the defendants. See Thomas v. SmithKline Beecham Corp., 201 F.R.D. 386, 396-97 (E.D.Pa.2001) (“Certifications under [Rule 23(b)(1)] are common in labor relations cases because defendants often provide ‘unitary treatment to all members of [a] putative class [in this] ... area’ and thus the rights of absent ‘class member[s] [are often] ... implicated by litigation brought by other class members.’”) (alterations in original). The defendants may be subject to differing and incompatible standards of conduct if the outcomes of separate litigation resulted in different definitions of work or compensable activity. Under such circumstances, employees working side-by-side may have to be compensated differently for the same activity. Accordingly, class certification under Rule 23(b)(1) appears appropriate.
3. Rule 23(b)(3) Requirements
Under Rule 23(b)(3), the court must find “that the questions of law or fact common to class members predominate over any questions affecting only individual members, and that a class action is superior to other available methods for fairly and efficiently adjudicating the controversy.” See Fed. R.Civ.P. 23(b)(3). “The requirements of ‘predominance’ and ‘superiority’ are stated in Rule 23(b)(3) in the conjunctive; both must be present for an action to be maintained under that provision.” Bryant v. Bonded Account Serv./Check Recovery, 208 F.R.D. 251, 261 (D.Minn.2000).
i. Predominance
As to the first prong of the inquiry, the Supreme Court has ruled the “predominance inquiry tests whether proposed classes are sufficiently cohesive to warrant adjudication by representation.” Amchem, 521 U.S. at 623, 117 S.Ct. 2231 (citing 7A Wright, Miller & Kane, Fed. Practice & Proc. § 1777, at 518-19 (2d ed.1986)). “In order to ‘predominate,’ common issues must constitute a significant part of the individual cases.” Jenkins v. Raymark Indus., Inc., 782 F.2d 468, 472 (5th Cir.1986). “Where there is an essential factual link between all class members and the defendants, for which the law provides a remedy, questions of law or fact common to the class exist.” D'Alauro v. GC Sens. Ltd. P’ship, 168 F.R.D. 451, 458 (E.D.N.Y.1996) (citation omitted). Furthermore, “when one or more of the central issues in the action are common to the class and can be said to predominate, the action will be considered proper under Rule 23(b)(3) even though other important matters will have to be tried separately.” 7A Wright, et al, supra, § 1778.
The nature of the evidence that will suffice to resolve a question determines whether the question is common or individual. If, to make a prima facie showing on a given question, the member's of a proposed class will need to present evidence that varies from member to member, then it is an individual question. If the same evidence will suffice for each member to make a*293 prima facie showing, then it becomes a common question.
Blades v. Monsanto Co., 400 F.3d 562, 566 (8th Cir.2005) (internal citation omitted).
The defendants argue individual issues predominate in this ease because the plaintiffs rely on the existence of oral contracts and liability must be based on individual compensation experiences. See Filing No. 132—Brief p. 10-15. However, the court finds the employees do not present unique arguments with regard to oral contracts. The record shows the employees rely instead on non-unique employee training sessions and other non-unique representations for the basis of the oral contracts at issue. Additionally, the types of activities subject to compensation are uniform among the employees without regard to their individual work experiences. Accordingly, whether the employees are engaging in compensable pre- and post-shift activities will not depend on individual contract analysis or timing. In this case, common issues are the same in all class members’ cases and therefore the same issue “predominates” over their individual cases. Each case for each class member is about the defendants’ common pay system for activities by production employees at the Omaha, Nebraska facility. Because this same issue is common to all class members, regardless of the differences in individual experiences, the predominance element is satisfied.
ii. Superiority
For the second prong of the Rule 23(b)(3) inquiry, the class action must be “superior to other available methods for the fair and efficient adjudication of the controversy.” See Fed.R.Civ.P. 23(b)(3). “Implicit in the satisfaction of the predominance test is the notion that the adjudication of common issues will help achieve judicial economy. Having to engage in separate threshold inquiries for each class member prior to reaching the common issues does not promote such economy____[It] will create judicial dis economy.” Estate of Mahoney, 204 F.R.D. at 161 (quoting Valentino v. Carter-Wallace, Inc., 97 F.3d 1227, 1234 (9th Cir.1996): Smith v. Brown & Williamson Tobacco Corp., 174 F.R.D. 90, 94 (W.D.Mo.1997) (emphasis in original)).
The plaintiffs contend there is no alternative forum superior to a class action under the facts of this case. A class action would give thousands of workers an opportunity to resolve their claims in one lawsuit, as opposed to the same number of individual lawsuits over the same issue. See Filing No. 113—Brief p. 30-32. The defendants contend a class action under the circumstances is not superior for three reasons: “(1) the FLSA represents the superior method for adjudicating these claims; (2) class treatment of the plaintiffs’ claims for unpaid wages would thwart Congressional intent; and (3) considerations of preemption and supplemental jurisdiction weigh heavily against class certification.” See Filing No. 132—Brief p. 15-19. The defendants’ second and third arguments were addressed above. Accordingly, the court will focus on the defendants’ first argument here.
The defendants argue only those plaintiffs who “believe they were actually aggrieved by the defendants have now opted-in to the FLSA action.” Id. at 17. For this reason, the defendants contend the court already knows which potential class members “want to join this action.” Id. The defendants rely on an unpublished opinion reasoning an FLSA class was superior to, and obviated the need for, a Rule 23 class based on parallel state law claims:
Because all of the companies’ present and former employees will have the chance to decide whether to join the case, and because those who wish to do so will be before the Court, it makes no real sense to the Court to certify a class that will automatically include all of the employees unless they opt out.
Muecke v. A-Reliable Auto Parts & Wreckers, Inc., No. 01 C 2361, 2002 WL 1359411, at *7 (N.D.Ill. June 21, 2002).
However, the court finds the reasoning in cases rejecting the arguments raised by the defendants to be more persuasive. See Damassia v. Duane Reade, Inc., 250 F.R.D. 152, 161-64 (S.D.N.Y.2008). This is particularly true where, as here, the court determines the FLSA claims do not pre-empt the
Precisely quantifying these costs-to those wrongly included in class actions, or to those wrongly excluded from collective actions-is not possible, but there is no reason to think that the one will significantly outweigh the other. Indeed, it may be that in the wage claim context, the opt-out nature of a class action is a valuable feature lacking in an FLSA collective action, insofar as many employees will be reluctant to participate in the action due to fears of retaliation. Accordingly, the concern about including class members who do not really want to participate in the class deserves little weight in assessing whether a class action is superior to other available methods of adjudication.
Id. (internal citation and quotations omitted).
The undersigned finds resolution of the claims, at least as to the liability of the defendants to each individual class member, through a class action would, under the circumstances, be an efficient allocation of judicial resources. As stated above, resolution of the plaintiffs’ claims do not require the individualized scrutiny described by the defendants because the core issue and arguments of each putative class member is the same. A class action is a superior method of resolution of the issues compared to individual litigation, separate litigation of the state law claims, or an FLSA action alone. Accordingly, the undersigned magistrate judge will recommend class certification under Rule 23(b)(3). Upon consideration,
IT IS RECOMMENDED TO CHIEF JUDGE JOSEPH F. BATAILLON that:
1. The defendants’ Motion to Dismiss Pursuant to Fed.R.Civ.P. 12(b)(1) and 12(b)(6) (Filing No. 125 in case number 8:08CV90; Filing No. 227 in case number 8:08CV99) be denied.
2. The plaintiffs’ Motion for Class Certification Pursuant to Fed.R.Civ.P. 23 (Filing No. 112 in case number 8:08CV90; Filing No. 2U in ease number 8:08CV99) be granted. The Class should be defined as:
All current and former non-exempt, hourly production and support employees who have been employed at any time by Nebraska Beef, Ltd. and/or Nebraska Beef, Inc. at the Omaha, Nebraska processing facility during the time period March 4, 2004 to the present, and who use personal protective equipment.
ADMONITION
Pursuant to NECivR 72.2 any objection to these Findings and Recommendations shall be filed with the Clerk of the Court within fourteen (14) days after being served with a copy of these Findings and Recommendations. Failure to timely object may constitute a waiver of any objection. The brief in support of any objection shall be filed at the time of filing such objection. Failure to file a brief in support of any objection may be deemed an abandonment of the objection. Jan. 4, 2010.
. The magistrate judge set forth the specific facts in his findings and recommendations in each case. The court adopts these findings in their entirety for purposes of this motion and need not reiterate those facts in this order.
. Unless a notation is made to the contrary, all subsequent filing numbers refer to filings contained in case number 8:08CV90.
. On May 28, 2008, the plaintiffs filed an amended complaint. See Filing No. 11. A Consolidated Class and Collective Action Complaint was filed on June 3, 2009. See Filing No. 81.
. The record Tails to reflect the deTendants’ authority for filing the amended answer as no leave of court was given or written stipulation filed. See Fed.R.Civ.P. 15(a) (noting an amendment may only be filed as a matter of course before the case is scheduled for trial).
. The De Asencio court did not evaluate the argument under 28 U.S.C. § 1367(c)(4), but did address the issue under subsection (c)(2), finding "Congress’s interest in these matters is manifest.” See De Asencio, 342 F.3d at 309 n. 12, 310-11.