Vonseydewitz (Frederick) v. Warden

 66159 (Order to Show Cause, February 12, 2015). The Warden filed a
timely response disavowing the concession and arguing that Vonseydewitz
was entitled to the deductions only from his maximum, not his minimum
sentence.
At issue are the meanings and interrelations of a statute
regarding the application of statutory credits, NRS 209.4465(7)(b), and the
statute pursuant to which Vonseydewitz was sentenced, NRS
193.330(1)(a)(1). "Statutory interpretation is a question of law subject to
de novo review," State v. Catanio, 120 Nev. 1030, 1033, 102 P.3d 588, 590
(2004), and begins with the plain language of the statute in question,
McKay u. Bd. of Superuisors of Carson City, 102 Nev. 644, 648, 730 P.2d
438, 441 (1986). The statutes in effect at the time the offenses were
committed govern. Weaver u. Graham, 450 U.S. 24, 31-33 (1981);
Goldsworthy v. Hannifin, 86 Nev. 252, 255, 468 P.2d 350, 352 (1970).
Vonseydewitz committed his offenses between May 1, 1996, and August
31, 2006.
During the relevant time period, NRS 209.4465 2 provided that
statutory credits "[apply to eligibility for parole." 1997 Nev. Stat., ch.
641, § 4, at 3175. The statute also contained an exception: Credits would
not apply to parole eligibility if "the offender was sentenced pursuant to a
2Vonseydewitz claimed, and the Warden did not dispute below, that
NRS 209.4465 governs thefl application of statutory credits to
Vonseydewitz's sentences. The record before this court indicates that
NDOC is in fact applying statutory credits pursuant to NRS 209.4465,
since it is deducting 20 days' good-time credits per month from
Vonseydewitz's maximum sentence. Compare NRS 209.4465(1) (providing
for the deduction of 20 days' statutory credits), with NRS 209.446(1)
(providing for the deduction of 10 days' statutory credits).
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statute which specifies a minimum sentence that must be served before a
person becomes eligible for parole." Id. Vonseydewitz was sentenced
pursuant to NRS 193.330(1)(a)(1), which provides for a sentence of "a
minimum term of not less than 2 years and a maximum term of not more
than 20 years." NDOC appears to be applying NRS 209.4465(7)(b)'s
exception to Vonseydewitz and is not deducting his statutory credits from
his minimum sentence.
Although NRS 193.330(1)(a)(1) provided for a minimum term
of not less than two years, it does not necessarily follow that it specified a
minimum sentence that must be served before Vonseydewitz becomes
eligible for parole. "[I]t is the duty of this court, when possible, to
interpret provisions within a common statutory scheme 'harmoniously
with one another in accordance with the general purpose of those statutes'
and to avoid unreasonable or absurd results." Torrealba v. Kesmetis, 124
Nev. 95, 101, 178 P.3d 716, 721 (2008) (quoting S. Nev. Homebuilders v.
Clark Cnty., 121 Nev. 446, 449, 117 P.3d 171, 173 (2005)).
During the relevant time period, Nevada's sentencing statutes
primarily phrased parolable sentences 3 in one of two ways. See 1995 Nev.
Stat., ch. 443, § 1, at 1167-68 (NRS 193.130). The first way was expressed
as a "minimum-maximum" statute, which provided for a sentence of "a
minimum term of not less than [x] years and a maximum term of not more
than [y] years." See, e.g., NRS 193.330(1)(a)(1), (2); accord NRS
3 Naturally,parole eligibility is a moot question where an offender
cannot be paroled, such as with a sentence of death or life in prison
without the possibility of parole, or where he is sentenced to an
indeterminate sentence for a crime committed on or after July 1, 1995, see
NRS 213.120. Thus all further references herein to "sentences" mean
parolable sentences.
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200.730(2); NRS 193.130(2)(b); see also 1995 Nev. Stat., ch. 443, § 1, at
1167-68 (NRS 193.130(2)(e)). The second way was expressed as a "parole-
eligibility" statute, which provided for a "[maximum sentence], with
eligibility for parole beginning when a minimum of [x] years has been
served." See, e.g., NRS 200.030(4)(b)(2), (3); NRS 200.320; NRS
200.366(2)(a)(2).
Had the Legislature intended minimum-maximum sentencing
statutes to satisfy NRS 209.4465(7)(b)'s exception, it could readily have
done so by using the parole-eligibility verbiage. But "a material variation
in terms suggests a variation in meaning." Antonin Scalia & Bryan A.
Garner, Reading Law: The Interpretation of Legal Texts 170 (2012); see
also Sheriff v. Andrews, 128 Nev., Adv. Op. 51, 286 P.3d 262, 264 (2012)
(inferring that where the Legislature "clearly knows how to prohibit" an
act under one statute and does not prohibit it under a second statute, the
Legislature did not intend to prohibit it under the second statute). The
very different verbiage that parole-eligibility and minimum-maximum
sentencing statutes used to indicate the minimum sentence a court could
impose would thus be expected to have had some meaning. Parole-
eligibility statutes clearly fell within NRS 209.4465(7)(b)'s exception
because they specified that eligibility for parole began only after the
minimum sentence was served. In turn, the lack of reference to parole
eligibility in a minimum-maximum statute suggests that the minimum
term imposed was not the minimum term that must be served before an
offender was eligible for parole.
Further, adopting the Warden's interpretation would have
rendered NRS 209.4465(7)(b) nugatory in its entirety from its inception.
'No part of a statute should be rendered nugatory, nor any language
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turned to mere surplusage, if such consequences can properly be avoided."
Indep. Am. Party v. Lau, 110 Nev. 1151, 1154, 880 P.2d 1391, 1392 (1994)
(quotations omitted); Scalia & Garner, supra, at 176. Parole-eligibility
statutes clearly fell within NRS 206.4465(7)(b)'s exception, and if
minimum-maximum statutes also did, then the exception would have
swallowed the whole, depriving NRS 206.4465(7)(b)'s general rule that
statutory credits "[a]pply to eligibility for parole" of any applicability.
Rather than relying on the meaning of the relevant statutes,
the Warden turned to statutory history to rebut Vonseydewitz's claims.
However, this was premature without first having established that the
meaning of the statutes was not plain. See McKay v. Bd. of Supervisors of
Carson City, 102 Nev. 644, 648, 730 P.2d 438, 441 (1986). Further, the
Warden fails to engage in any analysis of NRS 209.4465(7)(b) in light of
the sentencing scheme in existence at the time it was enacted, instead
focusing on laws that predated the advent of NRS 209.4465. The
Warden's reference to 2007 statutory amendments is also unpersuasive as
he offers no authority in support of his claim that the belief of subsequent
legislatures is evidence of the intent of the legislature that enacted the law
in question. See Maresca v. State, 103 Nev. 669, 673, 748 P.2d 3, 6 (1987)
(stating that issues not supported by relevant authority or cogent
argument need not be considered); see also Scalia & Garner, supra, at 185
("[L]egislators are often—despite the presumption to the contrary—
unfamiliar with the enactments of their predecessors. They unwittingly
contradict them."). The Warden's brief reference to the canon of
constitutional avoidance is also unavailing because this canon "comes into
play only when, after the application of ordinary textual analysis, the
statute is found to be susceptible of more than one construction." Clark v.
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Martinez, 543 U.S. 371, 385 (2005). Based on the textual analysis above,
the statutes are not reasonably susceptible to more than one construction,
so it is unnecessary to resort to the canon of constitutional avoidance.
The Warden's final argument that NRS 213.120(2)'s language
prohibited the deduction of statutory credits from minimum sentences also
fails. During the relevant time period, NRS 213.120(2) stated, "Any
credits earned to reduce his sentence pursuant to chapter 209 of NRS while
the prisoner serves the minimum term of imprisonment may reduce only
the maximum term of imprisonment imposed and must not reduce the
minimum term of imprisonment." 1995 Nev. Stat., ch. 443, § 235, at 1260
(emphasis added). This language appears to have been in conflict with the
general rule of NRS 209.4465(7)(b) that credits apply to parole eligibility.
Statutes should be "interpreted in a way that renders them
compatible, not contradictory." Scalia & Garner, supra, at 180; Nevada
State Dep't of Motor Vehicles v. Turner, 89 Nev. 514, 517, 515 P.2d 1265,
1266 (1973). Thus where a general and a specific statute conflict, the
more specific is construed as an exception to the general so that, when
read together, "the two provisions are not in conflict, but can exist in
harmony." Scalia & Garner, supra, at 183; see RadLAX Gateway Hotel,
L.L.C. v. Amalgamated Bank, 566 U.S. „ 132 S. Ct. 2065, 2071
(2012); Lader v. Warden, 121 Nev. 682, 687, 120 P.3d 1164, 1167 (2005).
The two statutes were compatible because the specific provisions of NRS
209.4465(7)(b) allowing for the deduction of statutory credits earned
pursuant to that section was an exception to NRS 213.120(2)'s more
general prohibition against reducing the minimum sentence. See
Demosthenes v. Williams, 97 Nev. 611, 637 P.2d 1203 (1981) (analyzing
the relationship between "the 'general' parole statute," NRS 213.120, and
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a more specific statutory-credits statute which preceded NRS 209.4465).
Finally, Vonseydewitz's claim that NDOC is failing to deduct
statutory credits from his minimum term because it is applying NRS
209.4465(8) in violation of the federal Ex Post Facto Clause, see U.S.
Const. art. 1, § 10, was repelled by the record. NDOC's responses to
Vonseydewitz's inmate grievances indicate that NDOC is not applying
NRS 209.4465(8) but rather is misapplying the exception in NRS
209.4465(7)(b). NRS 209.4465(7)(b)'s exception refers to sentencing
statutes, but rather than relying on Vonseydewitz's sentencing statute,
NRS 193.330(1)(a)(1), NDOC is relying on the verbiage in his judgment of
conviction.
For the foregoing reasons, we conclude that NDOC has been
improperly denying Vonseydewitz the deduction of statutory credits from
his minimum sentence, and we
ORDER the judgment of the district court REVERSED AND
REMAND this matter to the district court for proceedings consistent with
this order. 4
4Wehave considered all pro se documents filed or received in this
matter. We conclude that appellant is only entitled to the relief described
herein.
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I947A ex.
cc: Sixth Judicial District Court Dept. 1
Frederick Vonseydewitz
Attorney General/Carson City
Pershing County Clerk
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