DocketNumber: 17625
Citation Numbers: 774 P.2d 1003, 105 Nev. 237
Judges: Mowbray
Filed Date: 5/19/1989
Status: Precedential
Modified Date: 8/7/2023
On October 26, 1988, in an opinion authored by former Chief Justice E. M. Gunderson,
Pursuant to NRAP 40, both parties to this appeal subsequently filed timely petitions for rehearing challenging different facets of this court’s decision. Thereafter, on December 30, 1988, forty-six days after the time to file a petition for rehearing had expired
On February 24, 1989, former Chief Justice Gunderson filed a personal response to Combined’s allegations challenging his prior participation in this appeal. Among other things, his response expresses the view that Combined’s allegations of ethical impropriety constitute procedurally improper, belated attempts to obfuscate the issues, delay the final resolution of this matter, and abuse the appellate processes of this court.
Having carefully considered all the papers and documents tendered in this matter, and for the reasons set forth below, we deny all the petitions and motions presently pending in this docket, with the above-noted exception of Combined’s request for leave to file its latest proposed reply.
I. AINSWORTH’S PETITION FOR REHEARING
In his petition for rehearing, Ainsworth requests reconsideration and clarification of footnote 2 of the opinion so as to permit him to collect post-judgment interest on the jury’s award of punitive damages.
First, Ainsworth has raised these particular legal arguments for the first time on rehearing. Consequently, they constitute improper argument under NRAP 40(c)(1). Second, in Ramada Inns v. Sharp, 101 Nev. 824, 711 P.2d 1 (1985), we observed that the purposes underlying compensatory and punitive damages distinguish a plaintiff’s entitlement to prejudgment interest on such awards. While compensatory damages are intended to compensate a wronged party, punitive damages are solely designed to punish and deter fraudulent, malicious or oppressive conduct. See also NRS 42.010. A plaintiff is therefore never entitled to punitive damages as a matter of right. Thus, in rejecting Ainsworth’s arguments on appeal respecting his entitlement to interest, we applied our prior reasoning and holding in Ramada Inns to the question of post-judgment interest, and concluded that the purposes and policies underlying awards of punitive damages would not be furthered by an award of any interest in this case. The authorities Ainsworth has cited for the first time on rehearing do not alter our conclusion in this regard. Third, we have concluded that other more appropriate means are available to deter frivolous litigation and dilatory tactics. See NRCP 11; NRAP 38. In sum, this court did not misapprehend or overlook any material matters in this regard. Nor has Ainsworth presented any persuasive reasons demonstrating that a departure from our prior holding would “promote substantial justice.” Accordingly, we deny Ainsworth’s petition for rehearing. See NRAP 40(c).
First, Combined contends that this court’s opinion assumes material facts not found in the record and misstates others that are. Specifically, Combined complains that the opinion unfairly and inaccurately represents that, at the time Combined denied Ainsworth’s first claim for benefits, it had reason to know from its review of the initial claims form that a doctor’s statement respecting the cause of Ainsworth’s stroke was nothing more than an “hypothesis.” See Ainsworth, 104 Nev. at 589, 763 P.2d at 674. Combined correctly notes that the initial doctor’s report contained in the first claims form submitted by Mrs. Ainsworth simply stated that a disease of the arteries was the cause of Ainsworth’s stroke.
Combined further contends, however, that the opinion inaccurately states that “Combined sent [Mrs. Ainsworth] a third denial letter” prior to receiving the results of its medical consultant’s second evaluation of the claim. See Ainsworth, 104 Nev. at 589, 763 P.2d at 674. We concede the opinion misstates this fact, and we hasten to correct our inaccurate summary of that sequence of events. As Combined observes, the undisputed testimony on this
Although the opinion does misstate this sequence of events, we are not persuaded that this court thereby overlooked a material matter, or labored under a material misapprehension. See NRAP 40(c). The opinion otherwise accurately sets forth substantial evidence supporting the jury’s verdict. Accordingly, this matter does not alter our consensus that the record as a whole provides substantial support for the jury’s verdict, and we therefore conclude that rehearing is not warranted on this basis.
Second, Combined argues that, in the opinion, this court overlooked and omitted facts favoring Combined’s position that it did not act in a manner deserving of punitive damages. In its latest reply, Combined further complains that this court did not give appropriate deference to the district court’s view of the evidence. Specifically, Combined argues that this court:
could only read about what the trial judge experienced in person, yet the Court concluded she was wrong in her view of the facts and law on punitive damages. But see Jeffers v. Bob Kaufman Machinery, 101 Nev. 684, 686-87, 707 P.2d 1153, 1154 (1985) (in considering a district court’s decision to withdraw the issue of punitive damages from the jury, “we give deference to the district court’s weighing of the evidence”).
Combined’s contentions, however, fail to recognize that, under the well-established standard of review governing appeals from judgments notwithstanding a jury’s verdict, our primary focus was not with each and every fact before the jury favoring Combined’s position, nor was our primary focus with the district judge’s view of the facts. Rather, our main concern was with whether the jury’s view of the facts was supported by any substantial evidence in the record. See Jacobson v. Manfredi, 100 Nev. 226, 679 P.2d 251 (1984). Although in Jeffers we gave deference to the district court’s weighing of the evidence, where the district court had withdrawn the issue of punitive damages from the jury during the trial, we also reversed the district court’s separate post-trial grant of a judgment notwithstanding the jury’s verdict on the underlying cause of action. In so doing, we explained that the standard governing our review of an order granting a motion for judgment n.o.v. compels us to view the evidence that was before the jury “in a light most favorable to the nonmovant.” We further observed that, in reviewing a grant of a
Similarly, as our opinion in Ainsworth clearly states, our review of the evidence in this record was guided by this standard of review. See Ainsworth, 104 Nev. at 590, 763 P.2d at 675. Former Chief Justice Gunderson, therefore, quite properly confined our opinion’s recital of the facts to the substantial evidence in the record supporting the jury’s verdict. Contrary to Combined’s contention, we did not thereby unfairly resolve the evidence against Combined. We simply reviewed all the evidence in the light most favorable to Ainsworth, as we are required to do under the pertinent standard of review. We further considered all the pertinent facts and contentions raised by the parties before issuing our opinion reversing the district court’s order. Therefore, we conclude rehearing is unwarranted on this basis as well.
Third, Combined alleges that the opinion “finds Combined guilty of oppression for having written and interpreted the policy as it did.” Combined further asserts that the case we cited for this alleged “finding” did not involve punitive damages and allegedly supports Combined’s position. See Ainsworth, 104 Nev. at 592, 763 P.2d at 676, citing Catania v. State Farm Life Ins. Co., 95 Nev. 532, 598 P.2d 631 (1979). As Ainsworth responds, however, this court did not “find” Combined guilty of oppression, the jury did. We merely held that substantial evidence supported the jury’s verdict. The opinion simply does not hold that the policy language itself was evidence of oppression. Rather, it observes that the Ainsworths were entitled to have the policy language applied as the average man would understand it. The Catania case is appropriate support for that proposition. Consequently, not only do Combined’s contentions in this regard misstate our primary holding and analysis, they completely fail to demonstrate competent grounds for rehearing.
Fourth, Combined alleges that this court announced a “new standard” for punitive damages and that the “new standard” should only be applied prospectively, if at all. Contrary to Combined’s contention, however, we announced no new standards, nor did we hold, as Combined asserts, that proof sufficient to establish bad faith will, without more, also support an award of
Where, as here, substantial evidence indicates that an insurer knowingly refused payment of a valid claim for urgently needed policy benefits in bad faith, and the insurer not only knew the claimant was in dire need of those benefits, but also had reason to know that it was probable that the claimant would suffer unjust hardship if deprived of those benefits, in our view, a finding of oppression is amply justified.
Fifth, Combined asserts that rehearing is warranted because the amount of punitive damages is excessive. In the papers before us, Combined frequently complains that the punitive damage award is over six times greater than any other such award previously affirmed by this court. Combined further objects to our consideration of the fact that the award constitutes only .4 percent of its 1985 total assets. It argues that the award represents more than 400 percent of the “total revenues Combined derived from its operations in Nevada in 1986,” and that assessing punitive damages on the basis of its “policyholder reserves ... is like assessing punitive damages against a bank based on total deposits, as if the depositors’ money were the bank’s.” Finally, Combined also criticizes the opinion’s application of the factors we previously set forth in Ace Truck v. Kahn, 103 Nev. 503, 746 P.2d 132 (1987), as appropriate guidelines upon which to assess the excessiveness of an award of punitive damages. According to Combined, our opinion is “irreconcilably inconsistent” with Ace Truck because it allegedly revives the old “financial annihilation” test and the “shock the conscience rule” that Ace Truck allegedly rejected. We disagree.
Initially, we acknowledge that the jury’s verdict of approximately $6,000,000 is considerable. We note, however, that in
Additionally, the factors we considered in our evaluation of the verdict are far from inconsistent with the guidelines set forth in Ace Truck. As we stated in Ace Truck, as well as in our previous opinion in this case, the financial position of the defendant remains a relevant circumstance in evaluating excessiveness. Under our holding in Ace Truck, we may still appropriately consider “any circumstances which relate to the limits of punishment and deterrence that can be properly imposed in a given case.” Ace Truck, 103 Nev. at 510, 746 P.2d at 137. Thus, we appropriately considered that the $6,000,000 verdict was only .4 percent of Combined’s total 1985 assets in concluding that the verdict was not excessive. Further, we properly evaluated whether Combined’s financial position and whether the nature of its misconduct warranted an award sufficient to cause it real
Moreover, we note that because our opinion in Ace Truck was issued after this appeal was briefed and argued, it was entirely proper for this court thoroughly to analyze the verdict in light of the numerous guidelines announced in Ace Truck, as well as in accordance with a more traditional analysis. In sum, we were not persuaded under any of those guidelines that the verdict in this case was unwarranted. Combined’s belated contentions on rehearing, therefore, relate to matters that we have previously, thoroughly considered — notwithstanding Combined’s failure to focus on them — and we have not altered our prior consensus. Accordingly, we conclude that Combined’s contentions in this regard state no competent grounds for rehearing.
Finally, Combined alleges for the first time on rehearing that Ainsworth’s counsel may have improperly orchestrated communications to Combined, prior to the filing of this action, that did nothing to inform Combined that it was mistakenly denying the claims. Specifically, Combined asserts that Ainsworth’s counsel may have failed to identify himself and “set out his role and knowledge of the facts” in an attempt to “set-up” a claim against Combined for bad faith and punitive damages. Combined further asserts that Ainsworth’s counsel’s conduct should be fully explored in an evidentiary hearing and that, therefore, this court’s “opinion should be withdrawn and the matter remanded to the district court for further proceedings pursuant to NRCP 60(b).” We again disagree.
Combined’s allegations are entirely speculative. Further, the scant factual assertions submitted in support of these allegations were clearly known to Combined prior to or during the course of the proceedings below. As counsel for Ainsworth observes, Combined had every opportunity to raise these concerns in the district court during or after the trial, but failed to do so. Moreover, it was Combined’s responsibility to evaluate and pay the claim fairly, in good faith and in a manner free of malice or oppression, not Ainsworth’s counsel’s responsibility. We conclude, therefore, that Combined’s contentions in this regard are not only improperly raised for the first time on rehearing, but are also wholly
In light of the above, we hereby deny Combined’s petition for rehearing. NRAP 40(c).
III. COMBINED’S MOTIONS CHALLENGING FORMER CHIEF JUSTICE GUNDERSON’S PARTICIPATION IN THIS APPEAL
On December 30, 1988, the last judicial day of 1988, Combined filed a motion in this court stating in part:
This motion . . . requests Chief Justice Gunderson to disqualify himself from participating in this appeal from this time forward. In the alternative, in the event Chief Justice Gunderson declines to voluntarily step aside, the motion requests the Court to disqualify him. In either event, the motion also asks the Court to vacate its opinion in this appeal and schedule re-argument on the merits at the earliest time convenient to the Court.
As counsel for Combined were presumably well-aware, however, on January 2, 1989, the very next judicial day, Justice-Elect Rose officially succeeded to former Chief Justice Gunderson’s seat on the Nevada Supreme Court. See Nev. Const, art. 6, § 3 (justices of supreme court hold office . . . from and including the first Monday of January next succeeding their election). Although upon his retirement Chief Justice Gunderson was duly commissioned a Senior Justice of the Nevada Court System, he may not now lawfully participate in any decision of this court except upon an order of the Chief Justice specifically assigning him to sit temporarily in his capacity as a Senior Justice. See Nev. Const, art. 6, § 19(1)(a) and 19(1)(c); SCR 10; see also Fox v. Fox, 84 Nev. 368, 441 P.2d 678 (1968) (decree filed by a district judge after the expiration of his term was invalid); Lagrange Constr. v. Del E. Webb Corp., 83 Nev. 524, 435 P.2d 515 (1967) (judge whose term had expired had no power or authority to perform any judicial function). Without a specific order of assignment, Senior Justice Gunderson may perform only “routine ministerial acts.” SCR 10(3). No order directing Senior Justice Gunderson to participate, in any judicial capacity in this matter has been entered, and Combined has cited no authority in support of its assertion that Senior Justice Gunderson’s disqualification is
Combined also argues, however, that former Chief Justice Gunderson’s participation in these proceedings was improper and that vacatur and reargument are required because (1) under NRS 1.225, he entertained a disqualifying bias or prejudice for and against the litigants and their counsel; (2) under the Nevada Code of Judicial Conduct, his impartiality was reasonably and sufficiently subject to question so as to create a disqualifying appearance of impropriety; and (3) under the due process clause of the constitution, his alleged partiality denied Combined its right to a fair hearing before an impartial tribunal. Combined asserts that, under these provisions, the former Chief Justice should have disqualified himself from any participation in this matter or disclosed certain facts to Combined’s counsel prior to taking part in this appeal. We disagree. For the reasons which follow, we conclude vacatur and reargument are unwarranted as a matter of law because none of the factual allegations Combined has asserted in support of these contentions constitute competent grounds for disqualification under our statutes, our rules of judicial conduct, or the constitution.
A. Combined’s allegations respecting procedural rulings, the oral argument and former Chief Justice Gunderson’s response of February 24, 1989.
First, Combined contends that this appeal was handled in a manner that was contrary to this court’s “normal procedure.” Combined asserts that these “procedural irregularities” evidence former Chief Justice Gunderson’s bias or create a disqualifying appearance of impropriety. Specifically, Combined complains that Ainsworth’s counsel properly perfected this appeal only after
We observe, however, that the two orders issued by this court in December of 1986, were entered prior to the date that Justice Gunderson became Chief Justice, and were not even signed by Justice Gunderson. Although former Chief Justice Gunderson did sign a third order, after he became Chief Justice, allowing this appeal to proceed, such orders advising counsel of jurisdictional defects revealed by our preliminary review of the records on appeal are by no means “contrary to this court’s normal procedure.” They are issued as a matter of course to insure that this court’s jurisdiction to entertain an appeal has been properly invoked, and to insure that appeals are resolved on the merits whenever possible.
Moreover, this court’s order of May 29, 1987, denying Combined’s request for a postponement of the oral argument, concluded in part that “the United States Supreme Court may not reach any issue that is directly relevant to this case.” As it turns out, that was precisely the result. See Bankers Life and Cas. Co. v. Crenshaw, 486 U.S. 71, 108 S.Ct. 1645 (1988) (Supreme Court did not reach insurer’s claims that punitive damage award violated due process and other constitutional provisions because such claims were not raised and passed upon in state court). Therefore, Combined has not only failed to allege any legally cognizable grounds establishing bias or an appearance of impropriety, it has also failed to demonstrate that it suffered any prejudice from this court’s procedural rulings. Accordingly, we conclude that Combined’s contentions in this regard are entirely frivolous and warrant our summary rejection.
We have carefully reviewed the official reporter’s master recording of the oral argument, which constitutes the formal record of that hearing, and we conclude that counsel’s “statements of mere conclusions” are not only legally insufficient to support Combined’s motions, but are also belied by the tone, tenor and substance of former Chief Justice Gunderson’s
Additionally, former Chief Justice Gunderson’s remarks simply reveal judicial familiarity with the factual record that was before this court. Although he may have expressed strong views regarding the jury’s uncontested finding of bad faith, and regarding the separate, additional facts in the record evidencing the oppressive nature of Combined’s conduct, his expression of those views at the oral argument exhibited no bias stemming from an extrajudicial source. See Goldman v. Bryan, 104 Nev. 644, 653, n. 6, 764 P.2d 1296, 1301 (1988) (what a judge learns in his official capacity does not establish disqualifying bias under NRS 1.225, or a disqualifying appearance of impropriety under the code of judicial conduct); In re Guardianship of Styer, 536 P.2d 717 (Ariz.Ct.App. 1975) (although a judge may have a strong opinion on merits of a cause or a strong feeling about the type of litigation involved, the expression of such views does not establish disqualifying bias or prejudice). See also Aetna Life Insurance Co. v. Lavoie, 475 U.S. 813, 820-21 (1986) (general claim of hostility on part of state supreme court justice towards insurance companies that were dilatory in paying just claims fell “well below” level of claims constituting sufficient grounds establishing constitutional violation under due process clause); In re International Business Machines Corp., 618 F.2d 923, 931-32 n. 11 (2nd Cir. 1980) (where, under federal provision similar to
Third, in its latest reply, Combined also asserts that former Chief Justice Gunderson’s response to Combined’s accusations “condemns Combined and its counsel on facts found by the Justice outside the record of this case.” Thus, Combined claims that the response “on its face disqualifies Justice Gunderson.” We observe, however, that, although former Chief Justice Gunderson’s response does indicate that, after the opinion in this case issued, his adverse judicial impressions of the respondent insurance company may have been reinforced by extrajudicial, post-opinion reading, his response recites no facts supporting a reasonable inference of preconceived bias against the insurance company stemming from an extrajudicial source at or prior to the date this case was decided.
Further, although former Chief Justice Gunderson’s response candidly acknowledges that he harbored preconceived, negative impressions respecting the legal abilities of one of Combined’s counsel, his response also indicates that those impressions were based upon his perception of counsel’s prior “work product and performance in this court.” Thus, those perceptions constitute neither an extrajudicial, nor a disqualifying bias. See generally Goldman v. Bryan, 104 Nev. 644, 764 P.2d 1296 (1988); see also In re Cooper, 821 F.2d 833, 838-42 (1st Cir. 1987) (a judge is not required to “mince words” respecting counsel who appear before him; it is a judge’s job to make credibility determinations, and when he does so, he does not thereby become subject, legitimately, to charges of bias). To whatever extent former Chief Justice Gunderson’s response may evidence negative, personal impressions about Combined’s counsel, based upon counsel’s prior legal associations, his performance on the bar examination or his marital situation, those impressions were formed during the course of his judicial and administrative duties as a Justice and Chief Justice of this court.
Additionally, those negative impressions extended only to counsel for the litigant involved, not to the litigant itself. Generally, an allegation of bias in favor of or against counsel for a litigant states an insufficient ground for disqualification because it is not indicative of extrajudicial bias against the party. See In re Petition to Recall Dunleavy, 104 Nev. at 784, 769 P.2d at 1275, citing Gilbert v. City of Little Rock, Ark., 722 F.2d 1390, 1398-99 (8th Cir. 1983), cert. denied, 466 U.S. 972 (1984); see also Davis v. Board of School Com’rs of Mobile County, 517 F.2d 1044, 1050 (5th Cir. 1975) (if a party could successfully challenge a judge based upon allegations of bias against party’s attorney, it “would bid fair to decimate the bench” and lawyers, once in a controversy with a judge, “would have a license under which the judge would serve at their will”), cert. denied, 425 U.S. 944 (1976).
Lastly, if we assume that counsel for Combined has seriously tendered his allegations of bias or prejudice arising out of former Chief Justice Gunderson’s alleged hostility at oral argument, then we must also assume that,.shortly after the oral argument, counsel was on notice of at least some of the facts asserted in support of these contentions. Counsel, however, electing to gamble on the outcome of our decision, waited over sixteen months until the decision was announced before tendering these contentions to this court. Similarly, counsel was aware of the nature and circumstances surrounding the previously discussed procedural rulings of this court, not only well in advance of the issuance of this court’s decision, but also well in advance of the oral argument.
We have previously held that time limitations on a challenge to a district judge’s impartiality are not extended for litigants who knew or should have known the necessary facts at an earlier date.
We conclude, therefore, that the factual allegations Combined has asserted in these respects are legally insufficient to support the relief requested. Additionally, we conclude that Combined waived its right to raise these issues at this late date because its counsel, knowing the subsequently asserted factual basis for these allegations, did not promptly tender an objection to this court, but instead remained silent and gambled on the outcome of the appeal.
B. Combined’s allegations respecting Ainsworth’s counsel’s association with former Chief Justice Gunderson’s 1982 campaign for judicial office.
Combined disingenuously alleges that former Chief Justice Gunderson should have disqualified himself from any participation in this appeal because he had a close and undisclosed, political relationship with counsel for Ainsworth. Combined observes that both counsel for Ainsworth acted as Washoe County campaign co-chairmen in the former Chief Justice’s 1982 campaign for re-election to this court.
In rejecting a similar contention as legally insufficient to support disqualification or vacatur, we recently held:
[Intolerable results would . . . obtain if a litigant could disqualify a member of this court solely because counsel for the litigant’s adversary had years before contributed to the justice’s campaign. The citizens of this state have voted to retain an elected judiciary and the Nevada Constitution specifically provides that the justices of this court shall be elected. See Nev. Const, art. 6, § 3. ... If the mere fact that an attorney had contributed to a judge’s campaign consti*261 tuted a reasonable ground for the subsequent disqualification of that judge, upon a challenge made after the judge has ruled on the merits of a motion; the conduct of judicial business in the courts of this state would be severely and intolerably obstructed.
See In re Petition to Recall Dunleavy, 104 Nev. at 644, 769 P.2d at 1275 (1988). In Dunleavy, we further observed:
In a small state such as Nevada, with a concomitantly limited bar membership, it is inevitable that frequent interactions will occur between the members of the bar and the judiciary. Thus, allegations of bias based upon a judge’s associations with counsel for a litigant pose a particularly onerous potential for impeding the dispensation of justice.
Id.; cf. United States v. Murphy, 768 F.2d 1518, 1537-38 (7th Cir. 1985), cert. denied, 475 U.S. 1012 (1986). Moreover, as we noted above, an allegation of bias in favor of or against an attorney for a litigant generally states an insufficient ground for disqualification because it is not indicative of extrajudicial bias against a party. See Dunleavy, supra.
In the instant case, we similarly conclude that counsel’s associations with the campaign in issue, years before this case came before this court, do not presently constitute legally competent grounds for recusal, vacatur or reargument under our statutes or code of judicial conduct. Nor do such associations establish the direct, substantial, pecuniary, and conflicting interests which have been held to warrant recusal and vacatur under the due process clause. See Aetna Life Insurance Co. v. Lavoie, 475 U.S. 813 (1986). This state’s constitution and code of judicial conduct specifically compel and countenance the election of all state judges, and leading members of the state bar play important and active roles in guiding the public’s selection of qualified jurists. Under these circumstances, it would be highly anomalous if an attorney’s prior participation in a justice’s campaign could create a disqualifying interest, an appearance of impropriety or a violation of due process sufficient to require the justice’s recusal from all cases in which that attorney might be involved.
Additionally, we note that Combined has conspicuously refrained from addressing opposing counsel’s averments that their association with the campaign was fully disclosed in numerous public, political advertisements and was well-known among members of the state bar long before this appeal was ever perfected. See Adair v. Adair, 670 P.2d 1002, 1003 (Okl.Ct.App. 1983) (where counsel failed to refute opposing counsel’s averment that he was informed prior to trial of opposing counsel’s
Finally, in response to Combined’s allegations, former Chief Justice Gunderson asserts that an objective assessment of his prior associations with the law firms representing both parties to this appeal reveals no reasonable basis upon which to conclude that he was biased in favor of counsel for Ainsworth. Specifically, former Chief Justice Gunderson avers that the law firm presently representing Combined in this proceeding, Lionel, Sawyer & Collins, was also supportive of his campaign for re-election. Moreover, the response indicates that a senior partner in that firm has not only been a friend, political ally and supporter of the former Chief Justice, but years ago was also the former Chief Justice’s law partner. The response also cites numerous published decisions of this court in which the former Chief Justice ruled against the positions espoused by counsel for Ainsworth in matters that had substantial monetary significance.
C. Combined’s allegations respecting the Nevada Trial Lawyers Association.
First, Combined contends that former Chief Justice Gunderson improperly participated in this matter because he failed to disclose that the Nevada Trial Lawyers Association (NTLA) “had previously honored [him] for his support of causes they espouse,” and that it “did so again shortly before the opinion favoring Ainsworth in this appeal.” Combined asserts that, not only are both Ainsworth’s counsel active members of the NTLA, but that the NTLA filed a brief in this appeal as amicus curiae in favor of Ainsworth’s position. Incredibly, Combined also alleges
As the responsive affidavits supplied by counsel for Ainsworth establish, in September of 1988, at the NTLA’s annual convention, former Chief Justice Gunderson was presented with a “special recognition award” for eighteen years of dedicated service to the People of the State of Nevada. Contrary to Combined’s contention, the award was not in recognition for any unspecified support the former Chief Justice allegedly provided to the causes the NTLA espouses. The special award consisted of a modest plaque entitled, “Lifetime Dedication to Nevada’s Justice System Award.”
In support of its assertion that the acceptance of the award constituted a violation of the Canons of the Code of Judicial Conduct, Combined cites a “quiz” that appeared in the November 1, 1988, issue of the ABA Journal and an ABA Informal Ethics Opinion which the quiz purports to construe. See ABA Comm, on Ethics and Professional Responsibility, Informal Op. 86-1516 (1986). These authorities suggest that a “specialized bar association” which has a clearly definable litigation posture, may not ethically establish “a judicial award program which the association acknowledges could likely result in the selection of a judge whose philosophy is similar to that of the association.” Id. As noted, however, the NTLA is a much more broadly based bar association than Combined attempts to portray. Further, as Ainsworth has observed, numerous jurists have been similarly honored by the NTLA and its parent organization, the Association of Trial Lawyers of America. Notably, the entire Nevada Supreme Court was similarly honored by the NTLA in 1986. Under these circumstances, it cannot be reasonably contended by an objective person, knowing all the facts and circumstances, that by accepting such an award, any of these members of the judiciary, including the former Chief Justice, lent “the prestige of [their] office[s] to advance the private interests of others. ...” Nor did they thereby “convey or permit others to convey the impression” that the organization was in a special position to influence them. See Nev. Code of Judicial Conduct Canon 2B; see also Nev. Code of Judicial Conduct Canon 5C(5)(a) (a judge may accept a gift incident to a public testimonial to him). Accordingly, we reject these allegations as wholly insufficient to support
Second, Combined asserts that a “substantial and pervasive appearance of impropriety” exists in this case because Laura FitzSimmons, the attorney who signed the amicus brief on behalf of the NTLA, simultaneously represented former Chief Justice Gunderson in another unrelated matter. Combined contends that vacatur and reargument are warranted because the former Chief Justice should have disclosed this attorney-client relationship or recused himself from participating in this appeal. See Potashnick v. Port City Const. Co., 609 F.2d 1101 (5th Cir.) (judge was disqualified from case where, during the litigation before him, judge was not only being represented in another matter by counsel for the litigant, but also had personal business dealings with that counsel), cert. denied, 499 U.S. 820 (1980); ABA Comm, on Ethics and Professional Responsibility, Informal Op. 1477 (1981) (a judge must recuse himself in cases in which a litigant is represented by the judge’s own attorney). We disagree.
We are persuaded by the responsive affidavits of FitzSimmons and other members of the NTLA amicus curiae committee that FitzSimmons’ involvement in Ainsworth was extremely limited and cannot reasonably support any inference of impropriety. For example, the affidavits establish that FitzSimmons did not author the amicus brief, but merely signed it, at the request of the chairman of the NTLA amicus curiae committee, because she was the only Northern Nevada member of the committee available who could do so in time to insure that the brief was promptly filed with the clerk of this court in Carson City. Further, FitzSimmons avers that she “knew very little about the facts of the [Ainsworth] case,” that she had “absolutely no motive” to attempt to aifect the outcome of the appeal, that she did not participate in and only attended a portion of the oral argument, and that she “never discussed this case with Chief Justice Gunderson before his retirement from the court.”
Lastly in this regard, we note that FitzSimmons has averred that her husband serves on the Board of Governors of the State Bar of Nevada with one of Combined’s present co-counsel on appeal, as well as with a member of a firm that remains one of Combined’s counsel of record. On information and belief, FitzSimmons avers that her representation of former Chief Justice Gunderson was discussed among the members of the Board and was known to Combined’s counsel well before this appeal came before this court. Once again, however, Combined’s counsel have not refuted the averment and have conspicuously refrained from any comment respecting when they became aware of the alleged factual basis for their complaints of impropriety and bias. Accordingly, we conclude that Combined has not only asserted allegations that are legally insufficient to support the relief requested under NRS 1.225, the code of judicial conduct or the due process clause, but its failure to tender a prompt objection constitutes a waiver of its right to raise the issue at this point in these proceedings. See Jacobson v. Manfredi, 100 Nev. at 230, 679 P.2d at 254; Phillips v. Amoco Oil Co., 799 F.2d at 1472; Adair v. Adair, 670 P.2d at 1003.
D. Combined’s allegations respecting former Chief Justice Gunderson’s involvement in unrelated litigation.
Combined further maintains that an appearance of impropriety exists because of former Chief Justice Gunderson’s alleged “undisclosed relationship” with counsel for Ainsworth and with attorney FitzSimmons in unrelated litigation pending in the state district court at the time this case initially came before us. See Flangas v. Manoukian, Case No. A208009, Eighth Jud. Dist. Ct., Clark Co. (1986). The unrelated conspiracy litigation in question has a tortuous history that has no substantive connection
More specifically, Combined speculates that (1) the former Chief Justice was allied with attorneys Neumann and FitzSimmons in pursuit of a common goal; (2) Neumann may have entered the Flangas case at the urging of former Chief Justice Gunderson; and (3) Neumann, FitzSimmons and the former Chief Justice may have discussed the Ainsworth case in private, undisclosed interviews respecting the Flangas litigation. These speculative, conclusory allegations, however, are insufficient on their face to establish legally cognizable grounds for recusal. See Goldman v. Bryan, 104 Nev. 644, 764 P.2d 1296 (1988).
Moreover, the allegations are refuted by the affidavits and verified responses of the concerned parties. For example, the averments of both attorney Neumann and the former Chief Justice indicate that they were not “allied in pursuit of a common goal,” and that they did not discuss the Ainsworth case in any interviews conducted in connection with the Flangas case. Further, the affidavits of Neumann and Flangas deny that Neumann entered the litigation at the urging of the Chief Justice; rather, it appears that Neumann was recommended to Flangas by an attorney in
E. Combined’s allegations respecting Mrs. Gunderson and Peavine, Inc.
In 1985, counsel for Ainsworth, Peter C. Neumann, formed Peavine, Inc., for the purpose of obtaining an FCC permit to operate a new television station in the Reno, Nevada area. Neumann withdrew Peavine’s application to the FCC and dissolved the corporation later that same year when it became clear that it had little chance of successfully competing against other applicants for the permit. Apparently, with the intention of being repaid by the corporation if it became successful, Neumann personally paid the expenses incident to the formation of the corporation and incurred as a result of filing the FCC application. Neumann avers, however, that during its short-lived existence, Peavine, had no assets or liabilities, no stock was ever issued by Peavine to any person, and “no funds or monies were ever received” by the corporation or any of the individuals involved. Among others, former Chief Justice Gunderson’s wife and brother-in-law were two of the individuals involved in Peavine. Combined alleges that Mrs. Gunderson’s involvement in the Peavine venture “supplies an additional ground for disqualification of Justice Gunderson, vacatur, and rehearing in this case.” We disagree.
Combined asserts that former Chief Justice Gunderson should have disclosed “his wife’s financial dealings with Neumann in this case” because Nevada is a community property state and Mrs. Gunderson’s “interest in an exposure to liability of the debts of Peavine would presumptively be shared by her husband.” We note, however, that Canon 6 of the Nevada Code of Judicial Conduct only requires a judge to report “extrajudicial” income. Further, Canon 6C provides that compensation or income of a judge’s spouse, attributed to the judge because of
Moreover, the Peavine venture was abandoned long before this appeal was docketed in this court. There was no business relationship in existence at the time this case came before this court which could have been affected by the outcome of this appeal or created an appearance of impropriety. Thus, the legal authorities cited by Combined are clearly distinguishable from the instant situation. Cf. Liljeberg v. Health Services Acquisition Corp., 486 U.S. 847, 108 S.Ct. 2194 (1988) (judge had fiduciary interest in litigation before him, sufficient to warrant his disqualification under 28 U.S.C. § 455, where, at the time of trial, judge was trustee for university that had substantial financial interest in the outcome of the litigation); Aetna Life Insurance Co. v. Lavoie, 475 U.S. 813 (1986) (vacation of state supreme court opinion required, where, at the time' opinion was issued, state supreme court justice had a direct, pecuniary interest in outcome of appeal); Potashnick v. Port City Const. Co., 609 F.2d 1101 (5th Cir.) (judge was disqualified from case where, during the litigation before him, judge was not only being represented in another matter by counsel for litigant, but judge had personal business dealings with that counsel as well), cert. denied, 449 U.S. 820 (1980). Further, Combined’s allegations completely fail to establish that, during his tenure on this court, former Chief Justice Gunderson ever had any direct, ongoing pecuniary interest in the outcome of any litigation before this court, including the Ainsworth litigation. See Nev. Code of Judicial Conduct Canons 3C(1)(d) and 6C; NRS 1.225(2)(a). The long abandoned business link between Neumann and Mrs. Gunderson is simply too remote in time as well as in substance from the Ainsworth case. See In re Drexel Burnham Lambert Inc., 861 F.2d 1307 (2nd Cir. 1988) (where party to litigation before judge had been retained by a firm under contract with judge’s wife’s family to arrange financing for sale of family business, judge’s connection with party was too remote to warrant recusal even though wife was expected to receive $30 million from the sale).
We conclude, therefore, that Combined’s allegations are wholly insufficient, under NRS 1.225, the Nevada Code of Judi
IV. COMBINED’S MOTION FOR AN EVIDENTIARY HEARING AND DISCOVERY
Combined has moved this court for an evidentiary hearing and discovery on its factual allegations of bias and impropriety. As discussed above, however, we have concluded that Combined’s factual allegations present no legally competent grounds supporting a reasonable inference of bias, prejudice or impropriety under NRS 1.225, the Nevada Code of Judicial Conduct or the due process clause of the constitution. Under such circumstances, “summary dismissal of the instant challenge is warranted as a matter of law, and no formal hearing is required.” See In re Petition of Dunleavy, 104 Nev. at 784, 769 P.2d at 1274. Further, we are persuaded that most, if not all, of the factual allegations Combined has asserted in support of its motions were known or should have been known to Combined’s counsel well before this court issued its opinion. Such prior notice forecloses any right Combined might have otherwise asserted to an evidentiary hearing or discovery. Moreover, as previously noted, any issue respecting former Chief Justice Gunderson’s present disqualification has been rendered moot by his retirement. Therefore, the
Finally in this regard, Combined asserts that a hearing and discovery are necessary because it has a right to inquire into the “origin, history and role of the ‘bench memo’ which was prepared before oral argument” by former Chief Justice Gunderson’s law clerk. Combined, however, has established no factual circumstances or legal cause why it should have the right to inquire into the confidential work product of this court. Nor has our independent inquiry into the circumstances surrounding the preparation of that memorandum revealed any. Even if the former Chief Justice did influence his law clerk’s preparation of that memorandum, such interaction between a justice and his law clerk is entirely proper. Thus, Combined has neither alleged nor demonstrated any facts or circumstances entitling it to an evidentiary hearing on this question. In any event, our inquiry into the matter reveals that the contents of the law clerk’s memorandum in the Ainsworth case resulted entirely from that individual’s independent research and analysis, free of any direct influence from former Chief Justice Gunderson. Accordingly and in light of the above, we deny Combined’s motion for an evidentiary hearing or discovery.
V. AINSWORTH’S MOTION FOR SANCTIONS
Ainsworth requests this court to impose sanctions upon Combined and its counsel for abusing the appellate processes of this court and for knowingly filing false and frivolous claims for the sole purpose of delay. See NRAP 38. As discussed above, we are persuaded that counsel for Combined has tendered a number of entirely frivolous allegations. Further, the manner in which Combined has litigated this matter in this court clearly suggests that it has attempted to misuse the appellate processes of this court for the sole purpose of delaying a final resolution of this litigation. Nonetheless, we have concluded that Ainsworth’s motion for sanctions should be denied.
As previously noted, the punitive damage award in this matter is the largest ever affirmed by this court. In light of the substantial penalty that Combined has already incurred, we are reluctant to impose further punishment against the company in the form of sanctions, and decline to do so.
For the reasons expressed above, we hereby deny the petitions and motions presently pending in this docket, and we direct the clerk of this court to issue the remittitur forthwith.
After serving on this court for eighteen years, Chief Justice Gunderson did not seek re-election to a fourth term of office. His elected term formally expired on January 2,1989, when then Justice-elect Rose succeeded to that office. See Nev. Const. art. 6, § 3. Thus, neither Justice Rose nor former Chief Justice Gunderson participated in the court’s deliberations on the petitions for rehearing and the motions resolved in this opinion.
In an effort to impose a degree of judicial decorum in these proceedings, and pending our consideration of the timeliness and procedural propriety of the various documents before us, Chief Justice Young entered orders on February 24, 1989, and March 10, 1989, directing “the clerk of this court to neither receive, nor file, any further papers in this matter unless the Chief Justice or Acting Chief Justice first has expressly granted a party leave to file such papers.” Pursuant to those directives, Combined has requested leave of Chief Justice Young to file a reply primarily addressing former Chief Justice Gunderson’s personal response of February 24, 1989. We have carefully considered the matters set forth in Combined’s latest proposed reply, and we conclude that, under the circumstances present here, Combined’s reply may be made a part of the official record of this proceeding. See Component Systems v. District Court, 101 Nev. 76, 79 n.2, 692 P.2d 1296, 1299 (1985). Accordingly, we hereby direct the clerk of this court to file that document.
We observe, however, that sound judicial policy underlies the absence of any provisions in our rules permitting the filing of replies to oppositions to motions and petitions without the express leave of this court. See NRAP 27; NRAP 40. No litigant has an unqualified right to inundate a court with motions, supplements, errata, responses, exhibits and replies belatedly asserting arguments that it previously failed to raise. Nor do litigants have unfettered license to utilize such methods to manipulate judicial proceedings and unreasonably delay a final resolution of litigation. Moreover, although we have concluded that Combined’s additional papers do not necessarily
Ainsworth initially asserted these same arguments in a motion to amend the opinion. Combined contends that the motion is procedurally improper. Any perceived procedural errors arising out of the fact that Ainsworth initially raised these contentions by motion, were remedied and rendered moot when Ainsworth subsequently filed his timely petition for rehearing seeking the same relief. Accordingly, and in light of our decision denying Ainsworth’s petition for rehearing, we also deny as moot Ainsworth’s initial motion to amend.
NRAP 40(c) provides:
(1) Matters presented in the briefs and oral arguments may not be*244 reargued in the petition for rehearing, and no point may be raised for the first time on rehearing.
(2) The court may consider rehearings in the following circumstances:
(i) When it appears that the court has overlooked or misapprehended a material matter in the record or otherwise, or
(ii) In such other circumstances as will promote substantial justice.
Specifically, the doctor’s report stated, “Stroke occurred from disruption of atheromatous plaque during angiogram.”
During the oral argument of this appeal, Justice Steffen specifically focused on this issue and questioned appellant’s counsel in detail as to whether Combined’s initial denial of the claim was in fact reasonably based on the doctor’s first report. As that colloquy clearly reveals, and as our opinion reflects, Combined’s subsequent failure to investigate and evaluate the claim fairly and its subsequent denials of the Ainsworths’ repeated requests for reconsideration, after it had reason to know of Ainsworth’s dire need for benefits, constitute the conduct that supports the jury’s punitive damage award.
It could be argued, however, that an insurer’s bad faith refusal to honor claims under health, accident and life policies is per se tantamount to oppression. People place inordinate reliance on the integrity of insurance companies to provide them the security for which they have bargained and paid. In the instant case, the Ainsworths had faithfully paid their premiums to Combined for thirteen years under the belief that if and when an accident occurred, they would enjoy the financial security they expected their policy to provide them. Instead, Combined made every effort to convince the Ainsworths that they were not entitled to their policy benefits. Perhaps most egregiously, Combined’s agents attempted to convince the Ainsworths that Combined had diligently sought to validate and honor their claim, but could not do so because the event upon which the claim was based was not covered by the policy. In many other instances of bad faith denials, disappointed, mistreated insureds are no longer insurable and thus unable to obtain coverage from other, more responsible insurance companies.
As our prior opinion in this matter noted, an insurer like Combined has a special relationship with its insureds which is distinguishable from the relationship between parties to ordinary contracts. This special relationship exists in part because, as insurers are well aware, consumers contract for insurance to gain protection, peace of mind and security. See Fletcher v. Western National Life Insurance Co., 89 Cal.Rptr. 78, 95 (Cal.Ct.App. 1970); see also K Mart Corp. v. Ponsock, 103 Nev. 39, 732 P.2d 1364 (1987). In addition to the jury’s uncontested finding that Combined intentionally refused to pay the valid policy claim in bad faith, the record manifestly supports a legitimate inference that Combined had knowledge that its refusal
This court issued its opinion in Ace Truck v. Kahn, 103 Nev. 503, 746 P.2d 132 (1987), on November 30, 1987, six months after the Ainsworth appeal was orally argued, but nearly one year before our opinion in Ainsworth was issued. We nonetheless considered it appropriate to analyze the size of the verdict in this case under the standards announced in Ace Truck. Further, following the issuance of the Ace Truck opinion, the parties were permitted to file supplemental briefs on appeal. Nonetheless, Combined still did not address in a meaningful way the specific factors set forth in Ace Truck. As noted, we deem it of some significance that Combined did not attempt to present a compelling, factually complete and legally tenable argument on appeal addressing the propriety of a substantial reduction in the award. Although Combined’s briefs asserted in a superficial and cursory manner that the verdict “shocked the conscience,” that the jury received no proper guidance on the question of damages, and that the jury “only heard counsel’s impassioned argument that damages would be assessed as a percentage of the Combined’s net worth,” the major focus of Combined’s argument in its briefs on appeal was that the verdict constituted an excessive fine or a violation of due process under the constitution. Further, Combined’s briefs made only passing reference to this court’s inherent authority to issue a remittitur of the verdict in requesting such action as an alternative to reversal or remand. At oral argument, Combined’s counsel made no reference whatsoever to these issues. This court may have been much more receptive to Combined’s contentions, if they had been cogently presented on appeal rather than belatedly asserted in a petition for rehearing.
Counsel for Ainsworth denies Combined’s allegations as “absurd, unfounded and insulting,” and has moved to strike this particular portion of Combined’s argument. In light of our conclusion that Combined’s petition for rehearing is without merit, we deny Ainsworth’s motion as moot.
The pertinent provisions of NRS 1.225 and the Canons of the Nevada Code of Judicial Conduct are set forth in an appendix to this opinion.
For example, a similar order was issued by this court in April of 1988, in an unrelated appeal in which one of Combined’s present co-counsel represents the appellants as counsel of record. Like the order signed by former Chief Justice Gunderson in this case, our order in that unrelated case advised counsel that the appeal could proceed because counsel had properly cured a jurisdictional defect pursuant to the directives of an earlier order in which we called that defect to counsel’s attention. Further, that order stated that this court had determined that oral argument was warranted and directed the clerk to schedule that appeal for oral argument on the court’s “first available calendar.” See United Fire Ins. Co. v. McClelland, Docket No. 18705 (order filed April 26, 1988). Quite clearly, therefore, counsel for Combined recklessly failed to investigate this court’s policies and procedures before tendering the conclusory allegation that the rulings complained of were “contrary to normal procedure.”
Combined also complains that this court improperly filed former Chief Justice Gunderson’s response of February 24, 1989, because that document was not properly served on counsel for Combined pursuant to NRAP 25. In support of this assertion, Combined cites authorities supporting the proposition that a judge is a “party” to a proceeding involving the issue of that judge’s disqualification. See Harvey v. Lewis, 158 N.W.2d 809 (Mich.Ct.App. 1968). We note, however, that Combined was notified of the filing of the response and no prejudice whatsoever to Combined’s position is either alleged or apparent as a result of any failure to serve that document. Moreover, we note that, in spite of Combined’s insistence that former Chief Justice Gunderson should be considered a “party” to these proceedings, counsel for Combined never served former Chief Justice Gunderson with any of the numerous papers that it has filed with the clerk of this court after his official retirement from his elected office. Any inference that this court has somehow unfairly treated Combined and its counsel is, therefore, wholly unreasonable.
It should also be noted that former Chief Justice Gunderson, who responded to Combined’s accusations at the request of this court, was informed by the Clerk of the Court that service of his response was unnecessary because he was not a party, and the Clerk would supply notice of the
The factual allegations in Combined’s initial motion of December 30, 1988, were supported in part only by the unsworn statement of Combined’s counsel. Neither NRS 1.225 nor the Nevada Code of Judicial Conduct presently provides that factual allegations in a motion to disqualify a supreme court justice must be made upon affidavit. Compare NRS 1.235 (requiring the filing of supporting affidavits in motions seeking disqualification of district judges). We take this opportunity to note, however, that in our future consideration of motions to disqualify a judge or justice, we shall deem it appropriate to substantially discount factual allegations that are not supported by sworn statements and that are not otherwise verifiable fromsthe record before us. Because we have not heretofore addressed this problem in a published decision, and because Combined’s factual allegations are otherwise legally insufficient, we do not premise any of our conclusions in this matter on counsel’s initial failure to provide his sworn supporting affidavit, nor is it necessary to address the effectiveness of counsel’s subsequent affidavit submitted in an attempt to remedy the motion’s initial deficiency.
Although we anticipated and would have much preferred a more restrained response from the former Chief Justice, it is not difficult to
See Sierra Pac. Power Co. v. Rinehart, 99 Nev. 557, 665 P.2d 270 (1983); Davies v. Butler, 95 Nev. 763, 602 P.2d 605 (1979); Allen v. Anderson, 93 Nev. 204, 562 P.2d 487 (1977); State v. Kallio, 92 Nev. 665, 557 P.2d 705 (1976).
We note that several attorneys in the firm presently representing Combined in this appeal are apparently also members of the NTLA, and, therefore, presumably had knowledge of the award at the time it was conferred. Moreover, the award in question was disclosed and reported in newspapers throughout the state at the time. In one such report, it was noted that former Chief Justice Gunderson had not only been honored by the NTLA, but he had also recently received the American Judicature Society’s “Herbert Harley Award,” as well as the American Bar Association’s annual award for excellence in judicial education. See Gunderson Cited For His Dedication, Las Vegas Sun, September 23, 1988; see also Justice Gunderson Honored, Reno Gazette-Journal, September 16, 1988; Nevada Trial Lawyers Honor Gunderson, Las Vegas Sun, September 16, 1988. Combined has not refuted the averments presented by Ainsworth that its counsel knew or had reason to know of the award prior to the issuance of this court’s decision. It would appear, therefore, that Combined’s counsel could have tendered a much more timely objection to the former Chief Justice’s participation, but instead, did not object on these tenuous grounds until well after this court’s
Combined similarly complains that the counsel who signed the amicus brief on behalf of the NTLA in this appeal hosted an “invitation only” retirement party for former Chief Justice Gunderson on January 6, 1989. We conclude that any inference of impropriety arising out of said counsel’s voluntary involvement in that event, after the former Chief Justice’s retirement from this court, is wholly unreasonable. We reject this contention as entirely frivolous.
We also note that FitzSimmons’ representation of former Chief Justice Gunderson in the above referenced unrelated matter concluded in April of 1987, after the NTLA brief was filed in this case, but before this case was orally argued, and well before the opinion was filed.
The subpoena in question, which the district court quashed as “invalid, burdensome, and oppressive,” sought evidence that the district court concluded had been entrusted to former Chief Justice Gunderson in custodia legis by the federal court. See Flangas v. Manoukian, Case No. A208009, Eighth Jud. Dist. Ct., Clark Co. (orders filed November 7, 1986, and March 20, 1987). Combined argues that former Chief Justice Gunderson was not entrusted with any evidence by the federal court in custodia legis. We may appropriately take judicial notice of the public record of the state district court proceedings, and we have done so. See Jory v. Bennight, 91 Nev. 763, 542 P.2d 1400 (1975); Cannon v. Taylor, 88 Nev. 89, 493 P.2d 1313 (1972). Our review of the pertinent orders entered by the district court reveals that former Chief Justice Gunderson’s recital of his role in that litigation is fully supported by the public record of the state district court proceedings and that the district court previously resolved this and other issues raised by Combined, respecting former Chief Justice Gunderson’s role in that litigation, adversely to the position now espoused by Combined.
We further note that the unrelated litigation in question was highly publicized within the state and involved, among other things, certain actions of the Board of Governors of the State Bar of Nevada. As previously noted, one of Combined’s present co-counsel on appeal, as well as a member of the firm which represented Combined below, are members of the Board of Governors. Thus, it strains credulity to suppose that Combined’s counsel were not aware of the various individuals and attorneys involved in the Flangas case, well in advance of the date this case was argued or decided. Under these circumstances, we are persuaded that Combined waived its right to tender an objection on these grounds at this late date. See Jacobson v. Manfredi, 100 Nev. at 230, 679 P.2d at 254; Phillips v. Amoco Oil Co., 799 F.2d at 1472; Adair v. Adair, 670 P.2d at 1003.
Combined also contends that Neumann’s personal efforts and services on behalf of Peavine, Inc., constituted a “gift, bequest, favor or loan” to Mrs. Gunderson under Nevada Code of Judicial Conduct Canon 5C. In light of the fact that Mrs. Gunderson never received anything of any real, tangible worth as a result of her involvement in Peavine, we conclude that Neumann’s efforts on behalf of Peavine cannot be reasonably characterized as a “gift” under Canon 5C, and do not establish any reasonable inference of favoritism or impropriety. Combined also alleged that there was no public record of Mrs. Gunderson’s business relationship with Neumann and Peavine, Inc. Although there is evidence that this assertion may have been knowingly false, it is clear from the record that such a relationship was revealed in a public notice published in Reno’s largest newspaper of general circulation on four separate occasions. Moreover, Combined’s bald assertion that Mrs. Gunderson’s involvement with Neumann and Peavine, Inc., and Justice Gunderson’s failure to disclose the benefits from such involvement, constituted violations of Nevada’s Judicial Code is specious. At most, Mrs. Gunderson may have had an expectancy of value if Neumann’s efforts as an attorney had borne fruit for Peavine, Inc. They did not. Mrs. Gunderson received neither value nor liability. Whatever expectancy she may have had did not materialize. Furthermore, if Mrs. Gunderson had received compensation in the form of stock or income for her efforts, Justice Gunderson’s community property interest in any such emoluments would not have been reportable by him under the Judicial Code. See Canon 6C.