State v. Greenleaf

1. The exceptions relating to the sufficiency of the witness list and to the time of furnishing the same are overruled, for reasons well expressed in Lord v. State, 18 N.H. 173, 176.

2. The statement of the solicitor in opening, to which exception has been taken, does not, upon any fair construction, involve a declaration that the respondent was personally bound to become a witness and answer the state's evidence, or stand convicted; but means only that the facts proposed to be shown, unless in some way met in defence, would constitute indubitable proof of guilt. If the language used might, unexplained, be understood in the objectionable sense, such misunderstanding was made impossible by the immediate instruction of the court.

3. The force of the blow on the side of the head in comparison with the other blows, and the number of blows necessary to cause the cuts on the top of the head, in the absence of direct evidence, could only be determined by the appearance of the wounds viewed with a knowledge of the structure of the skull and its capacity for resistance at the points of impact. As the significance of the wounds might not be as apparent to a juror as to one having technical training and professional experience in such matters, we think the evidence of Dr. Beaton was competent. State v. Knight, 43 Me. 11,130; State v. Pike, 65 Me. 111; Commonwealth v. Piper, 120 Mass. 185; Colt v. People, 1 Park Cr. Rep. 611, 620; Gardiner v. People, 6 Park Cr. Rep. 155; People v. Schmidt, 168 N.Y. 568, 569, 578; Davis v. State, 38 Md. 15,37; State v. Clark, 12 Ired. 151; State v. Morphy, 33 Ia. 270, 272; State v. Porter, 34 Ia. 131.

4. The objection to each witness for the government as offered, upon the ground of the insufficiency of the list, like the objection to the list itself, is overruled, and upon the same authority and for the same reasons.

5. It was a vital question in the case whether certain fractures of the top of Mrs. Folsom's skull were caused by blows inflicted by the respondent, or by contact with a stone in the ground while accidentally falling from her carriage. The state claimed that if the impact had been the result of a fall, as contended by the respondent, it would not have crushed the skull at the top in the way it appeared; that the thickness of the skull at that point would have protected it; and that the fracture would have been at the base of the skull, where it is comparatively thin. In this view, we think it was competent for the state's medical expert to illustrate by means of a candle inside the skull, the relative thickness of its different parts, and to testify, "from my experience and observation of many cases in hospitals, I have learned that when a body falls from a height and strikes on the head, the most usual place of fracture is at the base of the skull." See authorities collected under division 3.

6. The remark of the solicitor after one of his questions had been objected to and ruled out, — "I think the witness has made that sufficiently clear," — if open to objection at all, "belongs at most to that class of irregularities not so inconsistent with legal fairness as to require the granting of a new trial." Guertin v. Hudson, ante, p. 505; Gilman v. Laconia, ante, p. 212.

7. It is found that the abodes of Lafayette and Stetson were stated in the witness list in accordance with the fact. The exceptions based upon the ground that they were not correctly stated are therefore overruled.

8. "At the close of the evidence for the state, the state claiming that the evidence proved murder in the first degree and not any other degree of murder or manslaughter, the defendant moved that he be discharged, upon the ground that there was not sufficient evidence to be submitted to the jury to justify their finding him guilty of murder in the first degree. The court denied the motion, and the defendant excepted."

In this connection, it is contended by the respondent that the amendment of section 7, chapter 282, of the General Laws, by inserting the words "with a design to effect death" (Comm'rs' Rep. P. S., c. 277, s. 7; P. S., c. 278, s. 7), as descriptive of one kind of manslaughter in the first degree, has made a higher measure of proof necessary to establish murder, unless distinction between that crime and manslaughter is to be obliterated.

The fallacy of this contention is in the assumption underlying it: that the words "with a design to effect death" necessarily imply murder, and are inconsistent with manslaughter, as those crimes were known at common law. At common law, killing with design might be either murder or manslaughter. Malice was the distinguishing element. Without malice, killing with design was only manslaughter, as killing in passion under provocation. With malice, killing with design was murder, as killing in obedience to "the dictate of a wicked, depraved, and malignant heart." State v. Pike,49 N.H. 399, 404. This court has said: "It is not true that manslaughter is necessarily killing without a design to effect death. Some cases of manslaughter are of this kind. But there are other cases, where, notwithstanding the intention clearly was to destroy life, the offence is reduced to manslaughter, by circumstances of great and sudden provocation, or the like." State v. Butman, 42 N.H. 490, 492. The authorities "clearly show that the crime of manslaughter may be intentionally committed," and independently of statute. State v. Calligan, 17 N.H. 253, 255; Rex v. Taylor, 5 Bur. 2793; State v. McDonnell, 32 Vt. 491, 492; Gann v. State,30 Ga. 67; Hornsby v. State, 94 Ala. 55; Dennison v. State, 13 Ind. 510; Maher v. People, 10 Mich. 212; Nye v. People, 35 Mich. 16; People v. Freel,48 Cal. 436; 4 Bl. Com. 191; 1 Whart. Cr. L., s. 304; 2 Bish. Cr. L. (7th ed.), s. 676; 21 Am. Eng. Enc. Law 172.

As the statute stood before the amendment in question, manslaughter "with design," of the character illustrated by the foregoing cases, if provided for at all, was included in the classification of manslaughter in the second degree, and punished less severely than manslaughter without design, under circumstances otherwise the same. To correct this absurdity, not to change the common-law distinction between murder and manslaughter or the rules of proof relating to the same, was the evident and only purpose of the amendment. It may be said now as truly as before the amendment, that sections 1 and 7, chapter 278, of the Public Statutes, and associated sections, make nothing murder which was not murder at common law, and nothing manslaughter which was not manslaughter at common law, but merely divide each into two degrees, and provide punishment variable according to the degree. State v. Pike, 49 N.H. 399, 403; State v. Almy, 67 N.H. 274,275; State v. Carr, 53 Vt. 37, 45; State v. Dowd, 19 Conn. 388, 392; Nye v. People, 35 Mich. 16, 17, 19; 1 Whart. Cr. L., s. 377.

In dividing murder into degrees our legislature has provided: "All murder committed by poison, starving, torture, or other deliberate and premeditated killing, or committed in perpetrating or attempting to perpetrate arson, rape, robbery, or burglary, is murder of the first degree; and all murder not of the first degree is of the second degree." P. S., c. 278, s. 1. The distinction between the degrees thus created lies not in the presence or absence of malice, as in case of murder and manslaughter, for malice is indispensable to both degrees; but it depends upon whether the killing is with deliberation and premeditation or otherwise, excepting murder accomplished in perpetrating or attempting to perpetrate arson, rape, or burglary, and that is made murder in the first degree regardless of intent to kill, because of the peculiarly vicious character of the collateral offences.

It follows, that to warrant conviction of murder in the first degree, the state must show beyond a reasonable doubt not only killing with malice, but must go further and show that the killing was deliberate and premeditated, unless done in perpetrating or attempting to perpetrate one of the collateral felonies named in the statute. State v. Pike, 49 N.H. 399; Buel v. People, 78 N.Y. 492, 499; People v. Schmidt, 168 N.Y. 568, 574, 575,576; Nye v. People, 35 Mich. 16, 17, 19; 21 Am. Eng. Enc. Law 145, 167.

Malice is not an inference of law from the mere act of killing; but like any other fact in issue, it must be found by the jury upon competent evidence. See Review of Trial of Prof. Webster, by Joel Parker, 72 North Amer. Rev. 178; 2 Cool. Black. (3d ed.) 395, note; Whart. Cr. Ev. (9th ed.), s. 738; 2 Bish. Cr. L. (7th ed.), s. 673; 21 Am. Eng. Enc. Law 139. In this view, the argument of the respondent's counsel, based upon the doctrine of implied malice, would seem to be irrelevant.

As to the element of deliberation and premeditation, while it need not be shown that the killing was deliberated and premeditated for any particular length of time (State v. Carr, 53 Vt. 37, 46, 47; Walk. Am. Law 538, 539; 2 Bish. New Cr. L., s. 728; 1 Whart. Cr. L., s. 380), yet we think it is quite evident from the kinds of murder which the statute specifically designates as deliberate and premeditated, — namely, murder by poison, starving, and torture, — followed as those terms are by the words "or other deliberate and premeditated killing," that the legislature used the words "deliberate and premeditated" in no narrow or technical, but in their natural and ordinary sense, and intending to exclude from the operation of the death penalty murder committed on the impulse of the moment, without actual deliberation and premeditation, unless committed in perpetrating arson, rape, robbery, and burglary. They were "meant to distinguish between an act done with murderous intent, with a purpose of mind to kill, and an act done upon sudden impulse, without meditation or murderous intent." State v. Carr, 53 Vt. 37, 47. "It was rightly considered that what is done against life deliberately, indicates a much more depraved character and purpose than what is done hastily or without contrivance. But it is a perversion of terms to apply the term ``deliberate' to any act which is done on a sudden impulse." Nye v. People, 35 Mich. 16, 17, 19. "There must be not only an intention to kill, but there must also be a deliberate and premeditated design to kill. Such design must precede the killing by some appreciable space of time. But the time need not be long. It must be sufficient for some reflection and consideration upon the matter, for choice to kill or not to kill, and for the formation of a definite purpose to kill. And when the time is sufficient for this, it matters not how brief it is. The human mind acts with celerity which it is sometimes impossible to measure; and whether a deliberate and premeditated design to kill was formed, must be determined from all the circumstances of the case." People v. Majone,91 N.Y. 568, 576;People v. Schmidt, 168 N.Y. 568. "The questions for the jury are: Had the slayer space and opportunity for reflection? Did he think over what he was about to do? Did he coolly form a settled purpose? Was his mind sedately and considerately made up to take life? If these questions be answered in the affirmative, the verdict must be murder in the first degree. If not, and yet the killing was done purposely and maliciously, it must be murder in the second degree," unless, committed in perpetrating or attempting to perpetrate arson, rape, robbery, or burglary. Walk. Am. Law (7th ed.) 538, 539.

The contention, that even if the respondent murdered Mrs. Folsom in attempting to perpetrate rape it was not an attempt within the meaning of the statute, because not far enough advanced toward consummation, is contrary to reason and authority. Lewis v. State, 35 Ala. 380, 388; Taylor v. State, 50 Ga. 79; 1 Bish. Cr. L. (7th ed.), s. 733. That the respondent actually attempted rape, and killed Mrs. Folsom as a means or outcome of such attempt, were, however, facts which the state was bound to establish beyond a reasonable doubt to warrant conviction of murder in the first degree upon that ground. Kelly v. Commonwealth, 1 Grant Cas. 484; Pliemling v. State, 46 Wis. 516.

The state was also bound to establish beyond a reasonable doubt the malice and deliberation essential to convict in the first degree upon the other ground. In short, "no man should be deprived of his life under the forms of law unless the jurors who try him are able, upon their consciences, to say that the evidence before them, by whomsoever adduced, is sufficient to show beyond a reasonable doubt the existence of every fact necessary to constitute the crime charged." Davis v. United States,160 U.S. 469.

But while malice and deliberation when essential to murder in the first degree, like the attempt to perpetrate rape when that is relied upon to bring killing within the capital classification, must be established beyond a reasonable doubt, direct evidence is not necessary for this purpose. The character of the weapon employed, the force and number of blows inflicted, the location and severity of the wounds, the place of the crime, previous remarks and conduct indicating preparation, subsequent acts and statements, and every circumstance having a legitimate bearing upon the subject, may be considered by the jury. People v. Schmidt, 168 N.Y. 568; Whart. Cr. Ev. (9th ed.), s. 738; 1 Whart. Cr. L., s. 381; 21 Am. Eng. Enc. Law 161.

The evidence in the present case is too voluminous to reproduce or satisfactorily epitomize. Suffice it to say, we have examined it in its length and breadth, and applied to it the legal tests already indicated. While the evidence is circumstantial, conflicting, and unsatisfactory, and, unaided by the appearance of the witnesses and other legitimate advantages of presence at the trial and scene of the alleged killing, not such as to remove doubt from the judicial mind, yet the court are of the opinion that it was sufficient to warrant its submission to the jury upon the material questions: (1) whether the respondent killed Mrs. Folsom; (2) whether he did it with malice, deliberation, and premeditation; (3) whether he did it in attempting to perpetrate rape. The motion to discharge was therefore properly denied.

9. The remark of the attorney-general after the defendant's witness Lawson had testified, to the effect that his testimony did not contradict the testimony of the state's witness Hamilton, as claimed by the defence, but confirmed it, and the remark of the attorney-general in connection with the cross-examination of the defendant's witness Angell, — "I don't know about this stump speech business; I object to his making a stump speech here to display his knowledge," — stand like the remark of the solicitor covered by exception 6; and if open to objection at all, belong "to that class of irregularities not so inconsistent with legal fairness as to require the granting of a new trial." Guertin v. Hudson, ante, p. 505.

10. Professor Wood and Professor Angell having testified for the state and defence respectively, drawing opposite conclusions, we think it was competent for the state in the cross-examination of Angell to ask him if he had known of Professor Wood some time, and if the latter was regarded as an eminent authority in these matters, — not for the purpose of showing as affirmative evidence the ability and standing of Professor Wood, but merely by way of cross-examination, for the purpose of discrediting the witness and weakening his testimony, before the jury upon the points at issue between him and Professor Wood.

11. The remark of the state's counsel in the course of his closing argument to the jury, — "Why, it seems that for some reason or other, when this affair in regard to Mrs. Folsom came out, everybody went down there to see about Greenleaf," — was calculated to convey to the jury the idea that Greenleaf was such a character that all eyes immediately turned toward him as the perpetrator of the crime. That it was improper and prejudicial does not admit of doubt. When objected to, it was not retracted, but persisted in. The court did not order it stricken out, nor is it found that it did not prejudice the jury. Verdicts in civil cases without number have been set aside because of remarks of counsel no more prejudicial. Hilliard v. Beattie, 59 N.H. 462; Perkins v. Burley, 64 N.H. 524; Jordan v. Wallace, 67 N.H. 175; Heald v. Railroad, 68 N.H. 49; Greenfield v. Kennett, 69 N.H. 419.

Greenfield v. Kennett, supra, was an action in assumpsit for lumber sold. The plaintiff's counsel in his closing argument said that he "should be willing to try this case before a jury composed of parties with whom he [the defendant] had dealt." The defendant objecting, the plaintiff withdrew the remark and asked the jury not to consider it. The court at the time, and again in the charge, instructed the jury to disregard it. Nevertheless, the verdict was set aside. Manifestly, the remark in that case was no more prejudicial than the remark now under consideration. Furthermore, in that case counsel who made the remark withdrew it and asked the jury not to consider it, and the court repeatedly instructed the jury not to regard it; while in the present case the remark was persisted in after objection, and it does not appear that the jury were instructed to disregard it. Greenfield v. Kennett presents no extreme illustration of the principle. In the mass of authorities upon this subject in this jurisdiction, well collected in Story v. Railroad, 70 N.H. 364, may be found other cases quite as much in point.

If the opinion anywhere exists that the rule established in this jurisdiction is too strict for the practical administration of justice, all must nevertheless agree, that such being the rule in the most petty civil case, it would be absurdly inconsistent, and bring both the rule and the court into contempt, to suspend or juggle with it in a case involving human life, however dastardly the alleged crime, disreputable the accused, or clamorous the public. "A highly-wrought condition of the public mind, the popular horror and indignation that arise upon the commission of a dreadful crime, are not favorable to the calm and dispassionate application of a just and humane law. They do not always leave the vision clear. But popular clamor, however loud, cannot be permitted to invade this place without imperiling the most sacred rights of the innocent as well as the guilty. The rule which we apply in the trial of a wretch who has ravished and killed an innocent girl, and then, with the incarnate spirit of a fiend, torn and cut and mutilated her body in a way that causes the blood to curdle and the heart to rise in almost uncontrollable rage, is the same rule which we must apply to the trial of the innocent victim of a wicked and audacious conspiracy, or of one who, without fault, has become entangled in a mesh of circumstances which threaten an innocent life." Ladd, J., in State v. Lapage, 57 N.H. 245, 301.

12. The remark of counsel for the prosecution in closing argument, — "This statement was taken right off the very next day after the affair happened," — referring to a portion of the testimony of the government's witness Graney, was manifestly intended to persuade the jury that his testimony was true, because he had stated the same thing in the same way immediately after the alleged crime. There was no evidence that Graney had ever given a statement prior to testifying on the stand, and there was nothing in the record from which such an inference could be legitimately drawn. As the assertion was wholly unsupported by evidence and calculated to prejudice the respondent by securing for vital statements of the witness a higher degree of credit than otherwise, and the evil not having been remedied as the law requires (Story v. Railroad, 70 N.H. 364, 376), but aggravated by persistence, it stands upon the record as reversible error, under the rulings of this court fully collected in Story v. Railroad,70 N.H. 364, 372, 373, 374, 375, 376, 386, 387. The point that the exception to this statement was too general, if ever entitled to consideration in a capital case where the exception involves a question of fair trial, has little weight in the present instance, the purpose and application of the exception being obvious and unmistakable from the connection in which it was made.

13. In view of the conclusions reached respecting the argument of the state's counsel in the particulars covered by the two preceding heads, we will not consider the argument in other particulars claimed by the defence to be exceptionable.

14. In the charge, the court, after instructing the jury in regard to murder in the first degree, said: "There is no contention on the part of the state or the defendant that there is any other offence than that of murder in the first degree. You are therefore required to either acquit the defendant or find him guilty of murder in the first degree." To this instruction the defendant's counsel assented, and during his closing argument he said: "This is an indictment for murder in the first degree. The state charges George H. Greenleaf with the premeditated murder of Mrs. Folsom. They charge it in the first degree, and in no other degree. There is no evidence introduced here by the state or by any one else that changes the issue in that respect." Some three months after the trial the defendant asked for an exception to the part of the charge above quoted; his request was not granted. His position now is, that fundamental error was committed, because the question of the degree of the crime, if murder, was not left to the jury, but was determined by the court; and he calls attention to section 2, chapter 278, of the Public Statutes, which provides: "If the jury shall find a person guilty of murder, they shall, by their verdict, find also whether it is of the first or second degree."

If it is assumed, without deciding the point, that the respondent is entitled to the benefit of his exception taken long after the trial, it is not necessary to determine at this time the questions raised thereby. Whether the charge of the court was erroneous, as now claimed by the respondent, and, if it was, whether he did not effectually waive his right to take advantage of it by assenting thereto at the trial, or whether it was competent for him to bind himself by such assent, are questions of so much difficulty that it is not deemed advisable to express an opinion upon them. As there must be a new trial for other reasons, it would not be useful to determine these questions, in anticipation that they will again be presented upon the next trial.

Exceptions sustained: verdict set aside.

All concurred.