Judges: Proctor
Filed Date: 5/19/1958
Status: Precedential
Modified Date: 10/19/2024
The opinion of the court was delivered by
The primary issue presented on this appeal is one of choice of law between the workmen’s compensation acts of New Jersey and Pennsylvania which deal differently with the right of an injured employee of a subcontractor to maintain a common law negligence action against a general contractor, where each state has a legitimate interest in the work-injury.
The plaintiff, William F. Wilson, was employed in New Jersey, where he resided, by J. W. Tragle of Haddonfield, New Jersey. The defendant, Andrew Faull, who resides in and maintains a place of business in New Jersey, entered into a contract in Pennsylvania with the owner of a building in Philadelphia to make certain repairs and improvements upon the building. The defendant then subcontracted with Tragle, by an agreement made in New Jersey, for the latter to supply and install a cornice on the building, the defendant agreeing to erect a scaffold on the job-site for Tragle’s employees. The plaintiff while working at the Philadelphia job-site was injured when he fell from the scaffold erected by defendant. The defendant provided workmen’s compensa
Under the Pennsylvania workmen’s compensation act “an employer who permits the entry, upon premises occupied by him or under his control, of a laborer or an assistant hired by an employer or contractor [the word contractor being defined in section 25 of the act as to include a subcontractor to whom a principal contractor has sublet any part of the work which such principal contractor has undertaken], for the performance upon such premises of a part of the employer’s regular business entrusted to that employee or contractor, shall be conclusively presumed to have agreed to pay such laborer or assistant compensation” in accordance with the act, and such laborer or assistant is “conclusively presumed to have agreed to accept [it]” unless the employer posts upon the premises a notice of intention not to pay such compensation or the laborer elects not to accept such compensation by written notice to the employer. Purdon’s Pa. 8tat. Annot., Tit. 77, section 462 (1952). Acceptance of the provisions of section 462 by the parties operates as a surrender of their rights “to any form or amount of compensation or damage for any injury or death occurring in the course of the employment, or to any method of determination thereof,” other than as provided in the act. Purdon, op. cit., supra, sec. 481. It is undisputed that none of the parties took any action designed to prevent the provisions of section 462 from applying and that the injury occurred in the performance of a part of defendant’s regular business upon premises under his control. It is clear, therefore, that the plaintiff was a statutory employee and the defendant was a statutory employer within the provisions of the Pennsylvania statute.
Under the Pennsylvania statute the general contractor is substituted for the subcontractor for compensation purposes and is deemed to enter into an employer-employee relationship with the employees of a subcontractor who are working on premises under the general contractor’s control.
The New Jersey compensation law treats the problem of the general contractor’s liability in. a somewhat different manner. A general contractor is liable for the payment of compensation to employees of a subcontractor only in the event that the subcontractor has failed to secure workmen’s compensation insurance. In the event the general contractor becomes liable for compensation payments he is granted a right of reimbursement from the derelict subcontractor. N. J. S. A. 34:15-79. Where the subcontractor takes out compensation insurance, as in the present case, the general contractor is treated as a third party and is not granted immunity from a common law negligence suit by an employee of a subcontractor. Corbett v. Starrett Bros., 105 N. J. L. 228 (E. & A. 1928). Under the provisions of N. J. S. A. 34:15-40 the employee’s common law right to maintain a suit for damages against third-party tortfeasors is preserved. The employee’s right to compensation benefits does not operate as a bar to such an action. This section also subrogates the employer or his insurance carrier to the employee’s claim against a third-party tortfeasor to the extent of medical expenses incurred and compensation benefits paid to the employee. Thus, under the New Jersey act a general contractor is treated as a third party subject to a common law tort action by the employees of a subcontractor, at least where the subcontractor has taken out compensation insurance. See Corbett v. Starrett, supra.
Plaintiff obtained an award of workmen’s compensation benefits in New Jersey, pursuant to the New Jersey compensation act, against Tragle, his immediate employer.
The problem presented here where the compensation) statutes of two states deal differently with the plaintiff’s: right to maintain a common law tort action is not simply one of classification of the substantive field involved. The classification of the plaintiff’s claim as one involving “tort law” or “contract law” or “employment relations law,” with the consequence that the court need then only mechanically apply the respective choice of law rule, i. e., the law of the state of the injury, or of the state where the employment contract was entered into, or of the state with the most
Workmen’s compensation laws were designed to provide an expeditions and certain remedy for employees who sustain work injuries by the statutory imposition of absolute but limited and determinate liability upon the employer, Cardillo v. Liberty Mutual Insurance Co., 330 U. S. 469, 67 S. Ct. 801, 91 L. Ed. 1028 (1947); Sexton v. Newark District Telegraph Co., 84 N. J. L. 85 (Sup. Ct. 1913). These laws generally provide that'the compensation remedy is exclusive. The theory behind this exclusiveness is that the laws provide predictable compensation for any on the job injury. They represent a compromise that inures to the ultimate benefit of both employer and employee. The employee surrenders his right to seek damages in an action at law in return for swift recovery independent of proof of fault. The employer gives up common law defenses to negligence suits and assumes an absolute liability to provide compensation; in return he is granted immunity from common law negligence suits by his employees. See United States Casualty Co. v. Hercules Powder Co., 4 N. J. 157 (1950).
While a variety of circumstances could operate to provide more than one state with a legitimate interest in the redress of a work-connected injury, the typical conflict of laws problem arises where an employee is injured in one state, but resides in or is employed in another state, and he seeks a remedy in either the state of the injury or the state of the contract or the state of the employment relation. If the injured employee is seeking a compensation remedy, application by the forum of its compensation law, whether it be the state of the injury or the state of the contract or the state of the employment relation, does no violence to the basic principles of workmen’s compensation. The employee is provided a prompt and certain recovery and the employer’s liability is limited to that provided by the com
However, where the injured employee seeks to maintain a common law tort action against his employer in one of two or more states having a legitimate interest in the work-injury, the forum has almost invariably applied the law of the state in which the employer has provided compensation insurance and whose law granted such employer immunity from common law negligence actions by the employee, and dismissed the suit. Jonathan Woodner Co. v. Mather, 93 U. S. App. D. C. 234, 210 F. 2d 868, 873 (D. C. Cir. 1954), certiorari denied 348 U. S. 824, 75 S. Ct. 39, 99 L. Ed. 650 (1954), citing 2 Larson, Workmen’s Compensation Law, § 88.10 (1952); Ewan, “Workmen’s Compensation and Conflict of Laws,” 11 Minn. L. Rev. 329, 347 (1927); Ewan, “Workmen’s Compensation add the Conflict of Laws,” 20 Minn. L. Rev. 19, 33-34 (1935). This choice of law has been made by the state of the forum, whether it was the state of the injury, Barnhart v. American Concrete
“The rationale underlying these cases, though not articulated, seems clear. The employer has incurred the burden of providing workmen’s compensation insurance. The employee has foregone his right to sue the employer for negligence. But both have also gained. The employer has gained an immunity from common law suit. The employee has gained a right to relief even where his injury did not arise through the fault of his employer. The courts clearly consider that this system of mutual give and take would be upset if the employee could sue for negligence in another jurisdiction.”
Where an injured employee sues his employer for damages in the state of the injury, and the law of the state of contract or employment relation bars such an action, Professor Larson states the following reason for the forum’s choice of the law of the state of contract or employment relation:
“* * * the local state may reserve the right to apply its own statute in order to insure that its benefits are conferred on an employee for when it does this, no irremediable harm can possibly ensue to either of the parties. This refusal to enforce the affirmative benefits of the foreign compensation act hurts no one, for if rights exist thereunder they are not less enforcible in the foreign state after the first award than before. But if the defenses created by the foreign state are not enforced, irremediable harm to the employer is the result. Because of this distinction, then, a foreign exclusive remedy defense to common law suits against the employer will usually be honored, although on the same facts, the benefits of the foreign act would be required to give way to the benefits of the local act, if the employee chose to pursue his compensation rights locally.” 2 Larson, op. cit., supra, § 88.10 (1952).
We think this reasoning would apply with equal force where the employee sues his employer for damages in the
There is no constitutional impediment to the choice of law in this manner. The case of Carroll v. Lanza, 349 U. S. 408, 75 S. Ct. 804, 99 L. Ed. 1183 (1955), relied on by the plaintiff, held that insofar as the full faith and credit clause is concerned it does not make a material difference that a common law action, rather than a claim for compensation, is asserted by an employee. While Lanza indicates what a state may do in disregard of a law of a sister state, without violating the full faith and credit clause, it does not purport to formulate a “choice of law” rule as to what a state should do in that regard. The court left open to each state the ultimate decision as to choice of law when it said:
“Missouri can make her Compensation Act exclusive, if she chooses, and enforce it as she pleases within her borders. Once that policy is extended into other States, different considerations come into play. Arkansas can adopt Missouri’s policy if she likes. Or, as the Pacific Employers Insurance Co. case teaches, she may supplement it or displace it with another, insofar as remedies for acts occurring within her boundaries are concerned.” 349 U. S. at page 413, 75 S. Ct. at page 807, 99 L. Ed. at page 1189.
Moreover, the Lanza case did not involve a suit by an employee against his employer or against a person who was required to provide compensation benefits. Cf. Bradford Electric Light Co. v. Clapper, 286 U. S. 145, 52 S. Ct. 571, 76 L. Ed. 1026, 82 A. L. R. 696 (1931).
As the authorities previously cited indicate, a material difference is discernible in the selection of the appropriate law where the claim is one for common law damage. Fundamental compensation policy dictates that where an employer is required to provide compensation benefits by the law of the state having a legitimate interest in a work-injury, under which the injured employee could claim a compensation remedy against the employer, the state of the forum should recognize the correlative immunity conferred upon such an employer by the law of the foreign state.
This question was squarely presented in Jonathan Woodner Co. v. Mather, supra, on facts strikingly similar to those in the case sul judice. In that case the plaintiff, Mather, was employed in the District of Columbia, where he resided, by the Colonial Electric Company. He was injured while working on a construction project in Maryland. The defendant, Jonathan Woodner Company, was the general contractor on the project. The Colonial Electric Company was a subcontractor. Under Maryland’s compensation law a general contractor is required to provide compensation insurance for the employees of his subcontractors and in return is relieved from common law liability to such employees. Under the District of Columbia’s compensation law the general contractor is liable for the payment of compensation to employees of a subcontractor only if the subcontractor failed to carry compensation insurance. The court assumed that under the District’s compensation law that where only a subcontractor had compensation insurance the general contractor remains subject to common law liability to the employees of a subcontractor. Colonial Electric Company had workmen’s compensation insurance for Mather’s benefit under both the Maryland and the District of Columbia compensation acts. The Jonathan Woodner Company had compensation insurance under the Maryland act. Mather, however, did not claim compensation under either act. Instead, he sued the Jonathan Woodner Company, the general contractor, for negligence in the District of Columbia and recovered a judgment for damages in the trial court. The Court of Appeals reversed the judgment, holding that the compensation law of Maryland, which barred the action, applied. The court, while alluding to the general conflict
“As we have no legislative or judicial policy against the application of the bar of the Maryland Act, that bar should prevail. The principles of the employee-employer cases apply here, for although this case differs from them in some respects it is essentially like them. Jonathan Woodner Company was not the immediate employer of Mather. Yet it was required by the law of the state where the work was done and where the injury occurred to provide compensation insurance. Mather also had his immediate employer to look to for compensation. Yet it was unquestionably of advantage to him for the principal contractor to be obliged to participate for his benefit in the workmen’s compensation system of Maryland. As in the ordinary employee-employer situation, therefore, a balance was struck. Both employee and principal contractor are in some ways damaged and in other ways benefited by the Max-yland Act. If the employee were allowed to sue for damages in another jurisdiction, in eases where the Maryland Act could apply, this balance would be upset.”
We think the rule announced in the Woodner case is sound. The basis for the court’s conclusion was that there is no substantial difference between an immediate employer-subcontractor who is obligated to provide compensation coverage for his employees, and a general contractor, who, under the law of the state of the injury, is substituted in the employment relation for the immediate employer and becomes primarily liable for workmen’s compensation to the employees of the immediate employer. In this aspect the
Application of the Pennsylvania law in this situation is not obnoxious to our public policy. The fundamental principle of workmen’s compensation, as mentioned above, is certainty of remedy for the injured employee and absolute but limited and determinate liability for the person designated to provide compensation. This principle remains unaltered irrespective of the person designated to bear the compensation liability, whether he be called an employer, statutory employer, general contractor or anything else. See 2 Larson, §§ 12.31, 12.50. While New Jersey imposes primary compensation liability upon the subcontractor, and Pennsylvania imposes primary compensation liability upon the general contractor, both persons have the obligation to provide compensation coverage within the framework of the respective acts. The general contractor under the Pennsylvania act is as much an employer for compensation purposes as is the subcontractor under the New Jersey act, and on principles of comity we should give full effect to the law of Pennsylvania which grants him immunity from common law liability. Cf. Stacy v. Greenberg, 9 N. J. 390 (1952). The considerations that underlie the grant of immunity to a person who provides compensation benefits are not lessened by a mere difference between the Law of New Jersey and that of Pennsylvania in the designation of the person who must bear that responsibility. Mere differences in law do not connote differences in public policy. See Buzzone v.
Choice of law in the situation presented here should not be governed by wholly fortuitous circumstances such as where the injury occurred, or where the contract of employment was executed, or where the parties resided or maintained their places of business, or any combination of these “contacts.” Rather, it should be founded on broader considerations of basic compensation policy which the conflicting laws call into play, with a view toward achieving a certainty of result and effecting fairness between the parties within the framework of that policy. The injured workman has a prompt and practical compensation remedy in any state having a legitimate interest in his welfare. The person who provides that compensation in an interested state has a definitive liability which is predictable with some degree of accuracy and is granted an immunity from an employee’s suit for damages which does not disappear whenever his enterprise chances to cross state lines and the suit is brought in another state. “The main desideratum should be certainty so that employers may arrange insurance and other matters accordingly, and so that needless litigation may be prevented.” Dwan, 11 Minn. L. Rev., supra, at page 352. Such a rule would in no way affect the right of a state to grant an injured employee benefits under its own compensation system where the state of the forum has a legitimate interest in the work-injury. See Gotkin v. Weinberg, 2 N. J. 305 (1949). This was in fact done in the present case. These considerations lead us to conclude that the compensation law of Pennsylvania should be selected to govern the plaintiff’s action. That law bars his action.
New Jersey’s compensation policy which gives Tragle or his insurance carrier rights in the nature of subrogation
The choice of law here made is not contrary to that made in Stacy v. Greenberg, 9 N. J. 390 (1952.), upon which the plaintiff relies. The Stacy case is distinguishable on its facts. There the plaintiffs, who resided and were employed in New York by a New York corporation, were injured through the alleged negligence of the defendant, a co-employee, while driving through New Jersey enroute to New York from an employment assignment in Pennsylvania. The plaintiffs instituted a common law negligence suit in New Jersey. Under the New York compensation act, an employee who is injured in the course of his employment is denied the right to sue a co-employee for negligently causing such an injury. Under the New Jersey act such a suit is not precluded. This court held that since the plaintiffs’ “contact with our State was purely casual,” the New Jersey compensation law was not applicable and that inasmuch as the New York law was not obnoxious to our public policy, principles of comity required that our courts give effect to the New York compensation law. The case did not involve a common law suit by an employee against a person who had provided compensation coverage as in the present case. Significantly, the court stated that “the complex problem of the application of conflicting workmen’s compensation acts to an accident with which two or more states may have some legitimate concern” was not present.
The judgment of the Appellate Division is reversed and the judgment of the trial court is reinstated.