In Re McWilliams

384 B.R. 728 (2008)

In re James M. McWILLIAMS and Coretta McWilliams a/k/a Coretta Capers, Debtors.

No. 04-1805 (DHS).

United States Bankruptcy Court, D. New Jersey.

April 2, 2008.

Raymond and Raymond, Herbert B. Raymond, Esq., East Orange, NJ, for the Debtors James M. McWilliams and Coretta McWilliams a/k/a Coretta Capers.

New Jersey Department of Labor and Workforce Development, Unemployment Insurance, Peter C. Harvey, Attorney General for the State of New Jersey, Heather Lynn Anderson, Deputy Attorney General for the State of New Jersey, Trenton, NJ, for the New Jersey Department of Labor and Workforce Development, Unemployment Insurance.

OPINION

DONALD H. STECKROTH, Bankruptcy Judge.

On or about November 13, 2005, James and Coretta McWilliams (hereinafter "Debtors") filed a motion for turnover of unemployment benefits. The Debtors argue that the New Jersey Department of Labor and Workforce Development, Unemployment Insurance (hereinafter "NJDOL") wrongfully withheld post-petition unemployment benefits as a setoff against a pre-petition debt in violation of the automatic stay. The NJDOL filed opposition to the Debtors' motion arguing that the withholding of unemployment benefits is a recoupment not subject to the automatic stay, relying on Lee v. Schweiker, 739 F.2d 870 (3d Cir.1984).

The Court has jurisdiction over this matter pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1334 and the Standing Order of Reference from the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey dated July 23, 1984. This matter is a core proceeding pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 157(b)(2)(A) and (G). Venue is proper under 28 U.S.C. § 1409 and 1409. The following shall constitute this Court's findings of fact and conclusions of law pursuant to Federal Rule of Bankruptcy Procedure 7052. For the reasons that follow, the Debtors' motion is denied.

In 2001, the NJDOL paid Mr. McWilliams unemployment benefits based upon representations made by him that he was unemployed. In actuality, Mr. McWilliams was employed by Public Service Electric from January 14, 2001 through May 19, 2001, while receiving such benefits. On June 14, 2004, the NJDOL sent Mr. McWilliams a fact-finding notice, to which he failed to respond. Subsequently, the NJDOL conducted a hearing wherein Mr. McWilliams was found to have willfully committed fraud by representing that he was unemployed. Mr. McWilliams did not appeal the finding.

On October 5, 2004, the Debtors filed a voluntary petition for relief under Chapter 7 of the Bankruptcy Code. The case was later converted to a Chapter 13 proceeding. The NJDOL filed a proof of claim in the amount of $6,750. Post-petition, Mr. McWilliams filed a second application with the NJDOL requesting unemployment benefits. The NJDOL again determined Mr. McWilliams was eligible for benefits. However, instead of reimbursing benefits, the NJDOL withheld payments in the amount of $4,753, representing the principal amount of the pre-petition debt. The NJDOL is no longer withholding benefits from Mr. McWilliams.

Section 553 of the Bankruptcy Code provides that a debt owed by a creditor to a debtor may be "setoff by a claim the creditor holds against the debtor. 11 U.S.C. § 553(a) (2008). Only debts and claims that arose prior to the commencement of the debtor's case may be setoff against one another. Id. Pre-petition claims against the debtor may not be setoff against post-petition debts owed to the debtor. Id.

The common law doctrine of recoupment provides an exception to setoff in bankruptcy cases. Recoupment is applied when the limitations of setoff in bankruptcy prove inequitable. Univ. Med. Ctr. v. Sullivan (In re Univ. Med. Ctr.), 973 F.2d 1065, 1079 (3d Cir.1992), superseded by statute on other grounds, Bankruptcy Abuse Prevention and Consumer Protection Act of 2005, Pub.L. No. 109-8, 105 Stat. 80, as recognized in In re Mu'min, 374 B.R. 149 (Bankr.E.D.Pa. 2007). In order for the recoupment doctrine to be applied, both debts must arise out of a single integrated transaction such that it would be inequitable for the debtor to enjoy the benefits of that transaction without also meeting its obligations. Id. at 1081. In the context of bankruptcy, recoupment has most often been applied when the creditor's claim against the debtor and the debtor's claim against the creditor arise from the same contract. Lee, 739 F.2d at 875. Because recoupment does not involve separate mutual debts, it is an exception to the automatic stay. Id. In order to determine if recoupment is proper, the Court must look to the particular facts and equities of each case. In re Malinowski 156 F.3d 131, 135 (2d Cir. 1998).

The Third Circuit has not directly addressed the applicability of the recoupment doctrine with respect to the overpayment of unemployment benefits. In arguing that the NJDOL's actions violated the automatic stay, the Debtors rely upon Lee, in which the Court of Appeals addressed the applicability of the recoupment doctrine to the overpayment of Social Security benefits. In Lee, the Court distinguished contract recoupment cases from social welfare benefit recoupment cases, noting that social welfare payments were "statutory ``entitlements' rather than contractual rights." Lee, 739 F.2d at 876. Finding Social Security benefits to belong to the former group, the Court held that the Social Security Administration's attempt to recover pre-petition overpayments of Social Security benefits by withholding postpetition benefits was in violation of the automatic stay. Id.

The Debtors also rely upon In re Malinowski where the Court held that the New York Department of Labor improperly recouped its overpayment in violation of the debtor's stay. 156 F.3d at 135. However, Malinowski is a Second Circuit case and involved New York rather than New Jersey unemployment compensation law. While New Jersey's statute expressly provides for recoupment, New York's statute does not. Further, in Malinowski, the Debtor had not been accused of fraud, a fact the Court found significant in light of the equitable nature of the recoupment remedy and as grounds to distinguish it from the line of cases discussed below. Id.

The applicability of the recoupment doctrine in the specific context of unemployment benefits has been addressed in two recent decisions within this district in cases closely analogous to the case at bar. In In re Mewborn, The Honorable Gloria M. Burns of the United States Bankruptcy Court for the District of New Jersey determined that the NJDOL's post-petition withholding to counter pre-petition overpayments of unemployment benefits was a proper recoupment, and not in violation of the automatic stay. 367 B.R. 529, 541 (Bankr.D.N.J.2006). In an opinion reviewing the case law across the circuits with respect to this issue, Judge Burns concluded that state Departments of Labor are entitled to recoup fraudulently received unemployment compensation benefits against future benefits. In distinguishing state unemployment benefits from the Social Security benefits at issue in Lee, Judge Burns determined "[r]ecoupment is justified because unemployment compensation is a societal contract and not an entitlement." Id. at 539 (citations omitted).

In In re Sarmiento & Ramos, 2007 WL 2688907, 2007 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 67275 (D.N.J.2007), The Honorable Peter G. Sheridan of the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey reversed an order of the Bankruptcy Court and held that the NJDOL's recoupment of unemployment benefits was a proper recoupment and therefore not in violation of the automatic stay. Citing In re Mewborn and finding the presence of fraud and lack of state resources to bring criminal proceedings against abusers of the system, the district court held recoupment to be an appropriate remedy when fraud is proven.

Following Mewborn and Sarmiento & Ramos and the case law relied upon therein, this Court holds that the NJDOL's attempt to recoup pre-petition payments caused by the Debtor's fraud by withholding post-petition benefits is not a violation of the automatic stay. As recognized in Mewborn and the line of cases upon which it relies, the nature of unemployment benefits is distinguishable from a government benefit such as Social Security, which is largely the product of an employee's labor and individual contributions. In re Mewborn, 367 B.R. at 537 (citing Ross v. Mo. Div. of Emp. Sec. (In re Ross), 104 B.R. 171, 173 (E.D.Mo.1989)). In contrast, an individual makes only minimal payments to an unemployment insurance fund, which acts as insurance for society at large. Id. at 540. Unlike a beneficiary of unemployment benefits, a Social Security claimant cannot be disqualified from receiving benefits. Id. Thus, while Social Security is a clearly recognizable social welfare benefit or "statutory entitlement," unemployment benefits are of a different nature. Id.

The receipt of unemployment benefits instead creates a societal contract, establishing a "continuous and ongoing relationship" between the state and the recipient, with both benefits and obligations accruing to the latter.^[1]Id. at 536 (quoting In re Maine, 32 B.R. 452, 455 (Bankr. W.D.N.Y.1983)). In order to begin receiving benefits, an applicant must meet certain eligibility requirements and is subject to continuing obligations once payments begin. N.J.S.A 43:21-4. While employed, an individual has the obligation to contribute to the state unemployment insurance fund for the benefit of others who are currently unemployed or who become so thereafter. When unemployed, an individual benefits from the deposits made into the fund as a building block permitting the re-establishment of financial livelihood. Despite the fact that the receipt of benefits may be sporadic, the contractual agreement between a recipient and the state is an ongoing one and New Jersey's unemployment benefits statute specifically provides for recoupment of payments obtained through fraud. In re Mewborn, 367 B.R. at 540 n. 6 (citing N.J. S.A. 43:21-16(d)(1) (2004)). As unemployment compensation is a societal contract rather than an entitlement and the payment of pre-petition benefits obtained through fraud and the recovery of these payments post-petition arise out of the same transaction for the purposes of recoupment, the Third Circuit's integrated transaction test is satisfied and recoupment of unemployment benefits after the petition date does not violate the automatic stay. Id. at 537-38 (citing In re Stratman, 217 B.R. 250, 252-53 (Bankr.S.D.Ill.1998); In re Adamic, 291 B.R. 175 (Bankr.D.Colo.2003)).

Support for the recoupment provision can also be gleaned from New Jersey courts and the public interest. In re Mewborn, 367 B.R. at 540. The recoupment provisions of New Jersey's statute are "``designed to preserve the Unemployment Trust Fund for the payment of benefits to those individuals entitled to receive them.'" Id. (quoting Bannan v. Board of Review, 299 N.J.Super. 671, 691 A.2d 895, 897 N.J.Super. Ct. (App.Div.1997)). The State has a responsibility to serve "``not only the interests of the individual unemployed, but also the interests of the general public'" In re Mewborn, 367 B.R. at 540 (quoting Bannan, 691 A.2d at 897). To allow wrongdoers to commit fraud without redress through the protections afforded to a debtor under bankruptcy laws would be to cause a breach of state lawmakers' fiduciary responsibilities toward the state unemployment compensation fund entrusted to their care. In re Sarmiento, 2007 WL 2688907 at *1, 2007 LEXIS 67275 at *3.

However, as recoupment is an equitable remedy, the Court must examine the particular facts of each case in determining whether recoupment is proper. In re Mewborn 367 B.R. at 541. Here, Mr. McWilliams fraudulently misrepresented his employment status in order to receive unemployment benefits. Thus, this Court finds that NJDOL's recoupment was proper under the specific facts at hand.

For the reasons set forth above, the Debtors' motion requesting turnover of unemployment benefits is denied. An Order in conformance with this Opinion has been entered by the Court and a copy is attached hereto.

NOTES

[1] In In re Univ. Med. Ctr., the Third Circuit noted that an express contractual right is not necessary to effect a recoupment. 973 F.2d at 1080.