STATE OF NEW JERSEY v. DUKE DUGUAY (E194341, MERCER COUNTY AND STATEWIDE)

NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE
APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION
This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court ." Although it is posted on the
internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited. R. 1:36-3.
SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY
APPELLATE DIVISION
DOCKET NO. A-2204-20
STATE OF NEW JERSEY,
Plaintiff-Respondent,
v.
DUKE DUGUAY,
Defendant-Appellant.
________________________
Submitted January 19, 2022 – Decided February 1, 2022
Before Judges Rothstadt and Mayer.
On appeal from the Superior Court of New Jersey, Law
Division, Mercer County, Municipal Appeal No.
E194341.
The Hernandez Law Firm, PC, attorneys for appellant
(Thomas Cannavo, of counsel and on the brief).
Angelo J. Onofri, Mercer County Prosecutor, attorney
for respondent (Patrick L. Harty, Assistant Prosecutor,
of counsel and on the brief).
PER CURIAM
Defendant Duke Duguay appeals from a March 29, 2021 order finding him
guilty of driving while intoxicated (DWI), N.J.S.A. 39:4-50, after a de novo
review of his municipal appeal by a Law Division judge. We affirm.
On June 15, 2019, after drinking at least six beers, defendant decided to
drive his car and got into an accident with another vehicle. The police officers
arriving at the accident scene suspected defendant of DWI and performed
several field sobriety tests. Defendant failed the field sobriety tests and an
Alcotest performed at the police station.1 As a result, the police charged
defendant with DWI and other motor vehicle violations.
Defendant retained an attorney and counsel requested discovery from the
municipal prosecutor, including "[a] copy of video and audio recordings in DVD
or CD-[r]om format, of MVR, station house (including booking room, holding
cell, breath test room, etc.)." Counsel also asked the municipal prosecutor to
preserve the police department's videotape of defendant during the booking
process.
After receiving discovery from the municipal prosecutor, defendant's
attorney noticed the State produced only sixteen minutes of the total twenty-
1
Based on the Alcotest results, defendant had a blood alcohol content of .31,
more than three times the legal driving limit.
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minute observation period associated with defendant's booking process.
According to the Alcotest operator, tape of the missing four minutes of the
booking procedure existed. In July 2019, defense counsel requested the missing
four minutes of videotape from the municipal prosecutor. On October 7, 2019,
the prosecutor informed defendant's attorney the missing four-minutes from
defendant's booking room video were no longer available.
The DWI trial was adjourned several times. Due to COVID and the
suspension of municipal court trials, the May 15, 2020 trial was adjourned and
no new date was assigned.
On August 11, 2020, defendant's attorney filed a motion to exclude the
Alcotest results and dismiss the case based on a violation of defendant's right to
a speedy trial. During oral argument, the municipal prosecutor explained the
confusion regarding the missing four minutes of videotape. According to the
municipal prosecutor, in July 2019, an officer at the police station said there was
video footage of defendant in the booking room. Thereafter, a lieutenant
confirmed video footage was available and obtainable. Three months later, the
municipal prosecutor learned the officers were misinformed and the footage was
no longer available.
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The municipal court judge heard the arguments of counsel on the pending
motions. After applying the factors in Barker v. Wingo, 407 U.S. 514, 530
(1972), the judge denied defendant's motion to dismiss the matter on speedy trial
grounds because the delays were reasonable and defendant was not prejudiced
by the delays. The judge also denied defendant's motions to dismiss the DWI
charge, exclude the Alcotest results, or allow an adverse inference against the
State based on the failure to preserve evidence. The judge found no evidence
the State acted in bad faith. Additionally, the judge concluded the partial loss
of videotape evidence was immaterial because the State produced sixteen
minutes of videotape and defendant suffered no prejudice as a result of the
missing four minutes of video footage.
After the municipal court judge denied the motions, defendant entered a
conditional guilty plea to the DWI charge, preserving his right to appeal the
judge's orders denying his pretrial motions. The municipal court judge
sentenced defendant to loss of driving privileges for nine months, twelve hours
at the Intoxication Drivers' Resource Center, installation of an ignition interlock
device to run concurrent suspension of defendant's driver's license, and various
monetary fines and assessments. The municipal court judge stayed suspension
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of defendant's license and installation of an ignition interlock device pending
his appeal to the Superior Court, Law Division.
On March 12, 2021, the Law Division judge heard argument on
defendant's motions on the municipal appeal. In a March 29, 2021 order, the
Law Division judge denied defendant's speedy trial motion and dismissal
motion. The Law Division judge noted there were multiple reasons for the trial
delay, including reasons attributable to defendant and his counsel. Moreover,
the judge determined defendant suffered no prejudice because the municipal
court judge stayed defendant's sentence pending appeal to the Superior Court.
Additionally, the Law Division judge found no evidence the State engaged
in bad faith by not producing four minutes of the videotape evidence. The judge
held the State made good faith and genuine efforts to locate the missing four
minutes of videotape. He concluded there was no evidence the State
intentionally, deliberately, or purposefully destroyed four minutes of the station
house booking room video. Further, the Law Division judge held "there is no
suggestion . . . the four minutes of the booking room observation . . .would have
gleaned any exculpatory evidence or compelling evidence whatsoever . . . ." On
the motion for an adverse inference based on the failure to preserve evidence,
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the Law Division judge made "the very same findings of fact and conclusions of
law as [the municipal court judge]."
The Law Division judge imposed the same sentence and monetary
penalties as the municipal court judge. He also stayed suspension of defendant's
driver's license and installation of an ignition interlock devices pending appeal
to this court.
On appeal, defendant raises the following arguments:
POINT I
THE LAW DIVISION ERRED IN DENYING THE
SPEEDY TRIAL DISMISSAL MOTION.
POINT II
THE LAW DIVISION ERRED IN FAILING TO
DISMISS THE DWI OR EXCLUDE EVIDENCE DUE
TO DELIBERATE DESTRUCTION OF THE DWI
VIDEO EVIDENCE SHOWING PART OF THE
TWENTY-MINUTE OBSERVATION PERIOD.
A. The police conduct of not preserving the in-station
booking room video after it was requested without
justification constitutes prima facie or sufficient
evidence of "bad faith" requiring dismissal of the DWI,
or exclusion of the breath test results.
B. If "bad faith" is not found, this court should
nevertheless find a due process spoliation of evidence
violation based on the State Constitution and
fundamental fairness to defendant as expressed in the
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Arizona v. Youngblood concurring opinion of Justice
Stevens and other jurisdictions.
POINT III
THE LAW DIVISION ERRED IN FAILING TO
APPLY AN ADVERSE INFERENCE OR ANY
REMEDY TO THE UNDISPUTED DISCOVERY
VIOLATION DUE TO DESTRUCTION OF
EVIDENCE.
On appeal from a municipal court to the Law Division, the standard of
review is de novo on the record. Pressler and Verniero, Current N.J. Court
Rules, cmt. 1.1 on R. 3:23-8 (2022). Our review of the findings of the
municipal court and the Law Division "is exceedingly narrow." State v.
Locurto, 157 N.J. 463, 470 (1999). Where the challenged decision turns
exclusively on a legal issue, we review the matter de novo. State v. Stas, 212
N.J. 37, 49 (2012).
We first consider defendant's argument the Law Division judge erred in
denying his motion to dismiss based on the State's violation of his right to a
speedy trial. We disagree.
A determination by a trial judge whether defendant was deprived of his
right to a speedy trial should not be overturned unless the decision is clearly
erroneous. State v. Tsetsekas, 411 N.J. Super. 1, 10 (App. Div. 2009). Thus,
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we will reverse only if the decision is shown to be so erroneous that no
reasonable analysis could have produced it.
A defendant has a constitutional right to a speedy trial. U.S. Const.
amend. VII; N.J. Const. art. I, ¶10. Courts determine whether the delay is
reasonable using the four-factor test in Barker: length of delay, reason for the
delay, defendant's assertion of his right, and prejudice to the defendant. 407
U.S. at 530; State v. Cahill, 213 N.J. 253, 258 (2013). None of the factors are
determinative and the absence of one or some does not mean the right has not
been violated. Cahill, 213 N.J. at 267.
While the State concedes defendant asserted his right to a speedy trial, we
agree with the Law Division judge that defendant failed to satisfy the other
Barker factors in support of his speedy trial motion.
There is no bright light cutoff or mathematical formula for calculating an
unreasonable delay and courts must balance the factors in deciding speedy trial
applications. Barker, 407 U.S. at 530. New Jersey courts have held that delays
longer than the sixty-day goal for disposition of DWI cases 2 were reasonable.
See, e.g., State v. Szima, 70 N.J. 196 (1976) (concluding a twenty-two-month
2
See Supreme Court Directive #1-84, Directive on Statewide Backlog
Reduction, issued July 26, 1984.
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delay was not unreasonable); State v. Fulford, 349 N.J. Super. 183, 195 (App.
Div. 2002) (upholding denial of defendant's speedy trial motion despite thirty -
two month delay attributable to the State where the delay benefited defendant
by allowing him to retain his driver's license); State v. Prickett, 240 N.J. Super.
139, 141 (App. Div. 1990) (affirming Law Division judge's denial of speedy
trial motion in a DWI case where the trial occurred more than six months after
arrest through no fault of defendant).
While the delay in this case was fifteen months, the length of the delay
alone does not control the analysis and we must consider the other Barker
factors. Defendant argued the trial delay caused him to suffer prejudice based
on the prolonged anxiety associated with the possibility of losing his driving
privileges. The municipal judge found no prejudice because "[v]irtually[] every
defendant must live with the uncertainty, embarrassment, anxiety, and suspense
of the pending prosecution . . . ." The municipal court judge found no evidence
the trial delay hampered defendant's ability to mount a proper defense. Further,
the reason for the delay related in part to the State's efforts to locate the missing
four minutes of booking room videotape as requested by defense counsel as well
as the suspension of in-personal trials due to the COVID pandemic.
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The Law Division judge reached the same conclusion. He found the trial
delay resulted in no prejudice to defendant because the municipal court judge
granted defendant's request for a stay of the sentence. He also concluded the
delay was partially caused by the State's good faith efforts to provide the missing
four minutes of the booking video. Additionally, the Law Division judge
determined the length of the delay was reasonable based on the suspension of
trials due to the COVID pandemic and defendant's reluctance to appear in-
person for the DWI trial despite the safety protocols implemented by the
municipal court.
Having reviewed the record, we agree that the Barker factors weighed in
favor of the State and supported denial of defendant's speedy trial motion.
Considering the overall length of the delay (fifteen months), the legitimate
reasons for the delay, and the lack of prejudice to defendant, there was no
violation of defendant's constitutional right to a speedy trial.
We next address defendant's argument that the Law Division judge erred
in denying his dismissal motion or, alternatively, failing to exclude t he
videotape evidence because the police failed to preserve the entire twenty
minutes of the in-station booking room video. We disagree.
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Under Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83 (1963), the State violates a
defendant's due process rights if it withholds exculpatory evidence. See State
v.Carrero, 428 N.J. Super. 495, 515-16 (App. Div. 2012). However, where the
State fails to preserve potentially useful evidence, a defendant is required to
demonstrate the police acted in bad faith to establish a due process violation.
Arizona v. Youngblood, 488 U.S. 51, 57-58 (1988); see also State v. Reynolds,
124 N.J. 559, 569 (1991) (adopting this standard in New Jersey).
"Without bad faith on the part of the State, 'failure to preserve potentially
useful evidence does not constitute a denial of due process of law.'" George v.
City of Newark, 384 N.J. Super. 232, 243 (App. Div. 2006) (quoting
Youngblood, 488 U.S. at 57). Where evidence has been destroyed, the court
must focus on "(1) whether there was bad faith or connivance on the part of the
government, (2) whether the evidence . . . was sufficiently material to the
defense, [and] (3) whether [the] defendant was prejudiced by the loss or
destruction of the evidence." State v. Hollander, 201 N.J. Super. 453, 479 (App.
Div. 1985) (citations omitted).
Defendant cites several out-of-state cases in support of dispensing with
the bad faith analysis. However, our Supreme Court follows the bad faith
requirement under Youngblood. See State v. Marshall, 123 N.J. 1, 109 (1999)
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(declining to follow other jurisdictions that have determined proof of bad faith
is not required). We are bound by the decisions of our Supreme Court.
The municipal court and Law Division judges concluded the State's failure
to preserve four-minutes of video did not amount to bad faith. The judges
determined the State made good faith efforts to locate the missing minutes of
videotape based on mistaken information provided by two officers at the police
station. Defendant failed to demonstrate the loss of the four minutes of
videotape was intentional. Moreover, the State produced sixteen minutes of the
twenty-minute booking videotape, and defendant failed to articulate how the
missing four minutes would have revealed exculpatory evidence in his DWI
case.
Here, there is no evidence the State knowingly destroyed the footage. Nor
did defendant demonstrate the missing four minutes were favorable or material
to his defense. Further, defendant proffered no evidence the missing four
minutes differed in any meaningful way from the existing sixteen minutes of
footage produced by the State. Consequently, the record in this case is bereft of
any evidence the missing four minutes of video footage were exculpatory under
Brady. Thus, we are satisfied the defendant's due process rights were not
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violated based on the State's failure to preserve four minutes of the twenty
minutes of the booking video.
We next consider defendant's argument the municipal court and Law
Division judges erred in failing to sanction the State for a discovery violation
based on the destruction of four minutes of videotape evidence. Again, we
disagree.
It is well settled that courts have discretion regarding the imposition of
sanctions. See State v. Richardson, 452 N.J. Super. 124, 137 (App. Div. 2017)
(citing State v. Dabas, 215 N.J. 114, 141 (2013)) ("We recognize that trial courts
are vested with the discretion to fashion an appropriate sanction for a violation
of discovery obligations."). "A trial court's resolution of a discovery issue is
entitled to substantial deference and will not be overturned absent an abuse of
discretion." State v. Stein, 225 N.J. 582, 593 (2016).
The rules governing discovery in municipal courts provide municipal
court judges with discretion in reviewing a party's failure to comply with
discovery. See R. 7:7-7(j) (providing that where a party fails to comply with
discovery, "the court may . . . enter such other order as it deems appropriate.");
see also State v. Wolfe, 431 N.J. Super. 356, 363 (App. Div. 2013) (allowing
municipal courts broad discretion in deciding appropriate sanctions, if any, for
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the failure to provide discovery). Further, the discretionary nature of sanctions
for discovery violations is supported by our decision in Richardson, where we
held the trier of fact may draw an adverse inference against the State for the
destruction of evidence, but the trier of fact was not required to do so.
Richardson, 452 N.J. Super. at 136, n.5.
In reviewing the applicable court rules and case law, the municipal court
and Law Division judges determined the missing four-minutes of the twenty-
minute booking video did not warrant the drastic and severe remedy of excluding
the videotape evidence or drawing an adverse inference against the
State. On this record, we are satisfied both judge judges did not abuse their
discretion in declining to sanction the State for the missing four minute of the
booking video.
We affirm defendant's conviction and vacate the stay of the sentence. We
direct defendant, within fifteen days of the issuance of this opinion, to surrender
his driver's license to the Lawrence Township Municipal Court and comply with
the remaining terms and conditions of the sentence imposed by the Law Division
judge.
Affirmed.
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