RAYMOND GONZALEZ v. WORLD MISSION SOCIETY, CHURCH OF GOD, ETC. (L-1025-18, BERGEN COUNTY AND STATEWIDE)

NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE
APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION
This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court ." Although it is posted on the
internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited. R. 1:36-3.
SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY
APPELLATE DIVISION
DOCKET NO. A-3389-19
RAYMOND GONZALEZ,
Plaintiff-Respondent,
v.
WORLD MISSION SOCIETY,
CHURCH OF GOD, A NJ
NONPROFIT CORPORATION,
Defendant-Appellant.
_____________________________
Argued January 12, 2022 – Decided February 24, 2022
Before Judges Gilson, Gooden Brown, and Gummer.
On appeal from the Superior Court of New Jersey, Law
Division, Bergen County, Docket No. L-1025-18.
Steven L. Procaccini argued the cause for appellant
(Nissenbaum Law Group, LLC, attorneys; Steven L.
Procaccini, of counsel and on the briefs; Corey L.
LaBrutto, on the briefs).
Peter L. Skolnik argued the cause for respondent (Clark
Guldin, attorneys; Peter L. Skolnik, of counsel and on
the brief).
PER CURIAM
Defendant World Mission Society, Church of God (defendant or World
Mission) appeals from a series of orders that denied its motion to compel
discovery, declared a confidentiality agreement unenforceable, and denied in
part its request for injunctive relief. Having reviewed the arguments, we affirm
and find no basis to reverse any of the orders entered by the trial court.
I.
This appeal arises out of a dispute between World Mission and plaintiff
Raymond Gonzalez (plaintiff or Gonzalez), a former member of World Mission.
We discern the relevant facts from the record.
In 2005, Gonzalez became a congregant of World Mission, which is a non-
profit religious organization. When he joined World Mission, Gon zalez was an
eighteen-year-old college student. Eventually, Gonzalez dropped out of college,
became a "deacon" at World Mission, and helped to develop various websites
and email systems for World Mission. He, however, was never an employee of
World Mission.
Gonzalez also was involved with certain litigations in which World
Mission was a party, and he had communications with attorneys representing
World Mission. Several of those litigations involved a former congregant ,
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Michele Colón. Colón had criticized World Mission and described it as a "cult"
that destroys families and uses mind control over its members.
In December 2011, World Mission filed a defamation action against Colón
in Virginia (Colón I). That matter was dismissed for lack of personal
jurisdiction over Colón. Shortly thereafter, World Mission filed an identical
defamation action against Colón in the Law Division in Bergen County (Colón
II). Gonzalez took part in discussing legal strategies concerning Colón I and
Colón II. In February 2015, the court granted summary judgment in favor of
Colón in Colon II, and World Mission did not file a timely appeal.
On January 1, 2012, Gonzalez signed a confidentiality agreement
(Confidentiality Agreement), which stated that he would treat "all information
disclosed by [World Mission] to" him as confidential information that "shall not
be disclosed to any third party." In relevant part, the Confidentiality Agreement
stated:
It is recognized that it may be necessary or desirable to
exchange confidential information between [World
Mission] and Member for the purpose of spiritual or
personal understanding.
....
1. Except as otherwise provided in this Agreement, all
information disclosed by [World Mission] to the
Member is Confidential Information, and (1) shall
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remain the exclusive property of [World Mission], (2)
shall be used by the Member only for the Purpose set
forth above, (3) shall be protected by the Member and,
(4) all confidential information acquired by the
Member during mutual membership with [World
Mission] shall not be disclosed to any third[-]party for
any purpose nor transmitted by any means.
2. Confidential Information shall constitute all
information concerning [World Mission] (whether
prepared by [World Mission], its representatives,
members or others), whether furnished before or after
the date of this Agreement and regardless of the manner
in which it is furnished and includes, without limitation,
any:
(i) Teachings . . .
(ii) Books published by [certain publishers
or] any other information or publication
prepared by [World Mission] through any
means of transmission.
(iii) Information from counseling sessions
....
(iv) Notes or recordings taken by Member
in any indoor or outdoor service or event.
3. Except as specifically authorized by [World
Mission] in writing, the Member shall not reproduce,
use, distribute, disclose or otherwise disseminate the
Confidential Information and shall not take any action
causing, or fail to take any action necessary to prevent,
any Confidential Information disclosed to the Member
pursuant to this Agreement to lose its character as
Confidential Information.
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....
5. The Member's duty to protect the Confidential
Information pursuant to the Agreement extends both
during the term of this Agreement (including any
extension or renewal thereof) and after its expiration or
termination.
Gonzalez and World Mission dispute Gonzalez's role in the preparation of
the Confidentiality Agreement. World Mission contends that Gonzalez drafted
the agreement. By contrast, Gonzalez asserts that he was given a draft of the
agreement and then he acted as a scribe by incorporating edits dictated by
another congregant.
What is not in dispute is that Gonzalez signed the Confidentiality
Agreement at a meeting held on January 1, 2012. That meeting was attended by
approximately seventy World Mission parishioners, deacons, missionaries, and
pastors. No attorney attended the January 1, 2012 meeting, and Gonzalez signed
the Confidentiality Agreement without consulting a lawyer.
Gonzalez claims that no one explained the Confidentiality Agreement to
him, and he was ordered to sign the Agreement or face excommunication from
World Mission. World Mission disputes Gonzalez's contention and asserts that
the Confidentiality Agreement was explained, and no threats were made to
Gonzalez before he signed it. In December 2012, eleven months after signing
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the Confidentiality Agreement, Gonzalez ceased attending and ended his
relationship with World Mission.
In 2013, Colón filed a lawsuit against World Mission alleging that it had
fraudulently extracted donations of money and hacked into her private internet
account, causing her severe emotional distress (Colón III). Eventually, the
claims in Colón III were dismissed except for Colón's claim of invasion of
privacy.
In 2016, Colón filed a second action against World Mission (Colón IV).
By that time, the claims in Colón II had been dismissed. Colón alleged that
World Mission had abused process in bringing Colón I and Colón II and had
intentionally inflicted emotional distress on her.
In August 2017, Gonzalez signed a certification that was filed in Colón
IV. Gonzalez also provided Colón's counsel with information and documents.
As a result, in late August 2017, five years after he left World Mission, World
Mission claimed Gonzalez had breached the Confidentiality Agreement by
disclosing confidential information to Colón and her lawyer. Accordingly,
World Mission moved to strike Gonzalez's certification in Colón IV and sought
a protective order preventing disclosure of information World Mission asserted
was protected by the Confidentiality Agreement.
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The court in Colón IV granted that application in an order filed on
September 29, 2017. Without addressing the validity of the Confidentiality
Agreement, the court prohibited Gonzalez from disclosing confidential
information as defined in the Confidentiality Agreement. Gonzalez and Colón
were also ordered to produce to World Mission "any and all documents"
constituting "confidential information" under the Confidentiality Agreement. In
response to that order, Gonzalez produced approximately 7,000 pages of
documents to World Mission.
In December 2017, Gonzalez, representing himself, filed this declaratory
judgment action seeking to invalidate the Confidentiality Agreement. He
alleged twelve "counts," asserting that the Confidentiality Agreement was
overbroad and vague, a product of undue influence, duress, and fraud, and that
the Agreement was procedurally and substantively unconscionable and lacked
consideration. In response, World Mission filed an answer and counterclaims
for (1) breach of contract; (2) breach of fiduciary duty; (3) conversion; and (4)
injunctive relief.
Thereafter, Gonzalez retained an attorney and the parties engaged in
discovery. The litigation quickly became contentious, and there were numerous
disputes concerning discovery. World Mission served interrogatories and
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document demands, and Gonzalez answered that he had produced all responsive
information and documents in Colón IV. For its part, World Mission refused to
provide Gonzalez with a statement of its alleged damages or to produce certain
electronic documents.
Those discovery disputes also arose in Colón III and Colón IV. World
Mission declined to produce to Colón documents Gonzalez had produced to
World Mission, contending that those documents were confidential and
privileged. Sometime thereafter, Gonzalez removed the materials he considered
privileged from the production he had made to World Mission, uploaded those
remaining documents to a folder on Dropbox, an online file hosting service, and
shared a link to that folder with Colón.
World Mission, Gonzalez, and Colón moved and cross-moved to compel
discovery from each other. Those motions and cross-motions were filed both in
this action and in Colón III and Colón IV. On February 1, 2019, the judge
overseeing this matter and the judge overseeing the Colón matters jointly heard
arguments on the motions and cross-motions to compel discovery. 1 The ensuing
1
We note that it is an unusual procedure for two judges overseeing separate
matters to address motions jointly and to issue joint orders and opinions.
Because no party has raised an issue concerning that practice, we do not
comment on it further, but we also do not endorse that practice. Indeed, we note
that the trial court had previously denied motions to consolidate the matters.
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oral argument was long, with numerous contentions. The judges asked counsel
to bring any missed issues to their attention, but World Mission never expressly
discussed the interrogatory or document demand it now seeks to raise on this
appeal.
On February 5 and 11, 2019, the judges issued orders in this matter and
the Colón matters addressing the discovery disputes. In this matter, the judge
granted in part and denied in part World Mission's motion to compel discovery,
but it did not expressly address World Mission's interrogatories or document
demands to Gonzalez. In Colón IV, the judge ordered World Mission to produce
to Colón the documents Gonzalez had produced to World Mission.
Thereafter, the parties continued to dispute whether most of the
documents produced by Gonzalez were protected by the attorney-client
privilege, the work-product doctrine, or the "church autonomy" doctrine.
Eventually, approximately 5,000 pages of documents were turned over to the
court for in-camera review.
In the February 2019 orders, the judges also directed Gonzalez to move
to declare the Confidentiality Agreement invalid. Accordingly, in March 2019,
Gonzalez filed that motion. World Mission simultaneously moved for a
protective order in Colón III and Colón IV, seeking an order requiring Colón to
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destroy the documents she had received via the Dropbox link created by
Gonzalez.
On May 13, 2019, after hearing oral argument, the judges in this matter
and the Colón matters issued a joint order declaring the Confidentiality
Agreement "invalid, unenforceable and void." The judges also issued a fifty-
two-page written opinion explaining that ruling.
Initially, the judges found that the matter was ripe for declaratory
judgment. In that regard, the judges noted that World Mission had not filed an
action against plaintiff before he brought his declaratory judgment action. In
addition, the judges found that plaintiff had no adequate remedy available at
law.
The judges then found three grounds for invalidating the Confidentiality
Agreement. First, they held that the Agreement was substantively
unconscionable. Examining the Confidentiality Agreement, the judges held that
the information it sought to protect was not the type of information protectable
by confidentiality agreements. The judges also found that the Agreement was
not clear in setting expectations as to what was covered and what obligations
the Agreement imposed.
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Second, the judges found that the Confidentiality Agreement was
procedurally unconscionable. In viewing the bargaining powers between
Gonzalez and World Mission, the judges found that the agreement was a contract
of adhesion.
Third, the judges found that the Confidentiality Agreement was
unenforceable because it lacked consideration. They rejected World Mission's
argument that Gonzalez had signed the Agreement in connection with his
continued employment at World Mission. The judges found that the Agreement
had not been offered in connection with Gonzalez's employment; instead, it was
offered to Gonzalez, as well as other members of World Mission, as
congregants.2
Finally, the judges found that the Confidentiality Agreement violated
public policy and was not enforceable because it was against the public's
interest. Noting that both the New Jersey Legislature and courts have disfavored
non-disclosure agreements, the judges found that World Mission had not
identified any interests worthy of protection. In addition, the judges declined to
2
At oral argument before us, counsel for World Mission acknowledged that
Gonzalez was never employed by World Mission.
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excise the offending portions of the Confidentiality Agreement to make it
enforceable.
The judges denied without prejudice World Mission's request for a
protective order. Instead, they appointed a special discovery master to review
the thousands of pages of documents in dispute and provide the court with a
report making recommendations concerning which documents were protected
by privileges and which were subject to production.
Thereafter, World Mission dismissed its counterclaims for conversion,
breach of contract, and breach of fiduciary duty. Consequently, World Mission's
only remaining claim was for injunctive relief.
In September 2019, World Mission moved for summary judgment on its
injunctive-relief claim. World Mission sought an injunction to prevent
Gonzalez and Colón from using or disclosing documents World Mission claimed
were protected by the attorney-client privilege, the work product doctrine, or the
church autonomy doctrine. The Church also renewed its application for a
protective order to prevent the disclosure of those documents. Gonzalez cross-
moved to dismiss the injunction claim.
On February 12, 2020, the two judges jointly signed and filed an order in
this matter and the Colón matters addressing the claims of privilege and the
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request for a protective order. The judges also issued a written opinion. In
short, the judges found some but not all the documents to be protected by
privileges. Having reviewed a report by the special discovery master, the judges
identified, in Appendices A and B to their order, the limited number of
documents that were protected by the privileges.
On February 20, 2020, the two judges jointly executed and filed an order
granting in part and denying in part World Mission's summary judgment motion.
They found that most documents possessed by Gonzalez were not protected from
disclosure. In making that ruling, the judges rejected World Mission's broad
assertions of attorney-client privilege, attorney work-product doctrine, and
cleric-penitent privilege. In short, Gonzalez was permanently enjoined from
disseminating privileged documents identified in Appendix A to the February
12, 2020 order. Gonzalez was also permanently enjoined from disseminating
the email addresses, phone numbers, and home addresses of World Mission's
congregants.
World Mission moved to stay the trial court's summary judgment order.
The trial court, however, denied that motion. World Mission then applied to us
for emergent relief to stay the order, but we denied that request.
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On March 19, 2020, the trial court amended its February 20, 2020 order.
The amended order clarified that (1) Gonzalez's cross-motion for summary
judgment was granted in part and denied in part; and (2) all of Gonzalez's other
claims in his declaratory judgment action were voluntarily dismissed.
Consequently, the March 19, 2020 order made clear that it was a final order
because the court had ruled on Gonzalez's claim for declaratory relief and World
Mission's counterclaim for injunctive relief. World Mission thereafter filed a
timely notice of appeal.
II.
On appeal, World Mission presents three main arguments, with numerous
sub-arguments. First, it contends that the trial court erred by denying its motion
to compel Gonzalez to respond to interrogatories and document demands.
Second, World Mission argues that the trial court erred by declaring the
Confidentiality Agreement invalid and unenforceable. Finally, it asserts that the
court erred by imposing an inadequate injunction on Gonzalez. We are not
persuaded by any of these arguments, and we affirm the interim and final orders
entered by the court in this matter.
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A. The Discovery Requests
We review trial court orders concerning discovery using an abuse of
discretion standard. Pomerantz Paper Corp. v. New Cmty. Corp., 207 N.J. 344,
371 (2011). Accordingly, we "generally defer[] to a trial court's disposition of
discovery matters unless the court has abused its discretion or its determination
is based on a mistaken understanding of the applicable law." C.A. ex rel.
Applegrad v. Bentolila, 219 N.J. 449, 453 (2014) (quoting Pomerantz, 207 N.J.
at 371). An abuse of discretion "arises when a decision is 'made without a
rational explanation, inexplicably departed from established policies, or rested
on an impermissible basis.'" Flagg v. Essex Cnty. Prosecutor, 171 N.J. 561, 571
(2002) (quoting Achacoso-Sanchez v. Immigr. & Naturalization Serv., 779 F.2d
1260, 1265 (7th Cir. 1985)). Here, we discern no abuse of discretion.
World Mission argues that it was denied meaningful discovery and takes
issue with Gonzalez's refusal to answer its interrogatories and document
requests. The parties' discovery disputes, together with other issues, were
addressed by the trial court during a hearing on February 1, 2019. World
Mission complains that it never had the opportunity to argue for the discove ry
it was seeking. The record rebuts that argument. The court heard extensive
arguments for three hours and expressly directed counsel to identify specific
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issues they wanted the court to address given that there were so many issues
raised by the various parties. Because World Mission did not expressly raise
the interrogatories and document demands, it is hard to identify any abuse of
discretion by the trial court.
More substantively, World Mission fails to identify specific discovery that
relates to the substantive issue of the enforceability of the Confidentiality
Agreement and the injunction it sought against Gonzalez. World Mission
identifies interrogatories seeking general information such as "each and every
person" with "any knowledge or information relating" to Gonzalez's claims or
defenses. World Mission also contends that it needed discovery concerning
Gonzalez's drafting, understanding, and execution of the Confidentiality
Agreement. It fails, however, to explain how any of that alleged discovery
would go to the legal issue of the enforceability of the Confidentiality
Agreement. World Mission also fails to explain how any of that general
information would affect its request for injunctive relief concerning documents
that had been produced in discovery. Consequently, we discern no abuse of
discretion concerning the trial court's order related to discovery and the orders
issued on February 5 and 11, 2019.
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B. The Confidentiality Agreement
World Mission argues that the trial court committed reversible error in
declaring the Confidentiality Agreement unenforceable on procedural and
substantive grounds. Procedurally, World Mission contends that the court used
the wrong standard for a declaratory judgment and erred in voiding the entire
agreement. Substantively, World Mission asserts that material issues of
disputed fact precluded a declaration that the Confidentiality Agreement is
unenforceable. We disagree.
Under the Uniform Declaratory Judgment Act, N.J.S.A. 2A:16-50 to -62,
a person "whose rights, status or other legal relations are affected" by a written
contract "may have determined" and obtain a declaration concerning "any
question of construction or validity arising under" the contract. N.J.S.A. 2A:16-
53. "A contract may be construed either before or after a breach thereof."
N.J.S.A. 2A:16-54. A controversy is appropriate for declaratory judgment
where the facts "present 'concrete contested issues conclusively affecting' the
parties' adverse interests." In re N.J. Firemen's Ass'n Obligation, 230 N.J. 258,
275 (2017) (quoting N.J. Tpk. Auth. v. Parsons, 3 N.J. 235, 240 (1949)).
We review rulings on procedures concerning declaratory judgments for an
abuse of discretion. In re State Comm'n of Investigation, 108 N.J. 35, 46 (1987);
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Util. Blade & Razor Co. v. Donovan, 33 N.J. Super. 566, 570-71 (App. Div.
1955). Here, the trial court correctly found that the validity of the
Confidentiality Agreement was an issue appropriate for declaratory judgment.
The validity of the Confidentiality Agreement was not expressly put at issue in
the Colón matters. Instead, World Mission sought to enforce the Confidentiality
Agreement against Gonzalez, who was not a party to that action. Accordingly,
when Gonzalez filed this declaratory-judgment action, he had a right to
determine the validity of that Agreement, and there was a clear judicable
controversy concerning the validity of the Agreement.
The real issue is the substantive ruling on the validity of the
Confidentiality Agreement. That issue is a question of law, which we review de
novo. Goffe v. Foulke Mgmt. Corp., 238 N.J. 191, 207 (2019).
A contract arises from an offer and acceptance and must be sufficiently
definite so that the performance expected of each party can be ascertained with
reasonable certainty. Weichert Co. Realtors v. Ryan, 128 N.J. 427, 435 (1992).
Moreover, "contracts are enforceable only if they are supported by
consideration." Sipko v. Koger, Inc., 214 N.J. 364, 380 (2013).
The trial court found the Confidentiality Agreement unenforceable on
several different grounds, including procedural unconscionability, substantive
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unconscionability, and lack of consideration. We need only address the lack of
consideration.
There was no consideration supporting the Confidentiality Agreement.
The Agreement is clear on its face that it did not relate to Gonzalez's role at
World Mission's IT department or his involvement in litigation. Instead, by its
express terms it addressed his role as a congregant of World Mission. World
Mission, however, provided no consideration for the Confidentiality Agreement.
The Confidentiality Agreement was completely one-sided: it only restricted
Gonzalez. At the time that Gonzalez signed the Agreement in January 2012, he
was already a congregant and deacon. World Mission did not provide any
consideration. On that basis alone, the Agreement is unenforceable as a matter
of law.
C. The Injunction
World Mission contends that the trial court erred in denying in part its
request for injunctive relief concerning the protection of documents and
information. That issue came before the trial court on a motion and cross-motion
for summary judgment.
We review rulings on motions for summary judgment de novo, applying
the same standard as the trial court. Davis v. Brickman Landscaping, Ltd., 219
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N.J. 395, 405 (2014). Accordingly, we consider "whether the competent
evidential materials presented, when viewed in the light most favorable to the
non-moving party, are sufficient to permit a rational factfinder to resolve the
alleged disputed issue in favor of the non-moving party." Id. at 406 (quoting
Brill v. Guardian Life Ins. Co. of Am., 142 N.J. 520, 540 (1995)). If there are
no genuine issues of material fact, we "decide whether the trial court correctly
interpreted the law." DepoLink Ct. Reporting & Litig. Support Servs. v.
Rochman, 430 N.J. Super. 325, 333 (App. Div. 2013) (quoting Massachi v. AHL
Servs., Inc., 396 N.J. Super. 486, 494 (App. Div. 2007)).
A party seeking a permanent injunction is required to demonstrate that its
"legal right to such relief has been established and that the injunction is
necessary to prevent a continuing, irreparable injury." Verna v. Links at
Valleybrook Neighborhood Ass'n, Inc., 371 N.J. Super. 77, 89 (App. Div. 2004).
Equitable remedies such as injunctive relief will generally be reversed only for
an abuse of discretion. Sears Mortg. Corp. v. Rose, 134 N.J. 326, 354 (1993).
World Mission sought an injunction preventing Gonzalez from disclosing
certain documents based on the attorney-client privilege, work-product doctrine,
and the cleric-penitent privilege. Those contentions were first reviewed by a
special discovery master and then by the trial court.
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Initially, we note that World Mission has not properly presented this issue
for our review. Under Rule 2:6-1(a)(1)(I), defendant was required to provide us
with the "parts of the record . . . as are essential to the proper consideration of
the issues." World Mission, however, did not submit any of the documents
considered by the trial court in ruling on the injunctive relief. Instead, this court
has only Appendices A and B, which were attached to an order and are merely
brief descriptions of the contents of the documents and materials. Because we
cannot review the substance of World Mission's contention, we dismiss this
aspect of its appeal for failure to comply with Rule 2:6-1(a)(1). Noren v.
Heartland Payment Sys., Inc., 449 N.J. Super. 193, 195 (App. Div. 2017).
Even if we were to reach the substance, World Mission has identified no
error of law in the trial court's determination of the applicable privileges and
doctrines. The trial court correctly defined the attorney-client privilege, the
work-product doctrine, and the cleric-penitent privilege. See N.J.S.A. 2A:84A-
20, N.J.R.E. 504, O'Boyle v. Borough of Longport, 218 N.J. 168, 185-86 (2014)
(attorney-client privilege); R. 4:10-2(c), Laporta v. Gloucester Cnty. Bd. of
Chosen Freeholders, 340 N.J. Super 254, 259-60 (App. Div. 2001) (attorney
work-product doctrine); N.J.S.A. 2A:84A-23, N.J.R.E. 511, State v. J.G., 201
N.J. 369, 383-84 (2010) (cleric-penitent privilege). World Mission has made no
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showing that the trial court misapplied those privileges in granting in part and
denying in part its request for injunctive relief.
We also note that Gonzalez recommends that we remand the March 19,
2020 order "to permit identifying non-privileged information relating to the
personal and spiritual concerns of [World Mission] members nevertheless
entitled to receive carefully-circumscribed and prospective protection." In that
regard, Gonzalez acknowledges that he should be precluded from revealing the
identity of World Mission members who revealed personal and spiritual
concerns in confidence to him. We decline this recommendation for a remand.
Instead, if Gonzalez believes the injunction should be expanded, he can enter
into an agreement with World Mission.
Finally, we note that World Mission made numerous contentious
arguments on this appeal. Many of those arguments contained
mischaracterizations of the record, hyperbole, or exaggerations. To the extent
that we have not addressed specific arguments raised by World Mission, it is
because we deem them insufficient to merit discussion in a written opinion. See
R. 2:11-3(e)(1)(E). We note, in that regard, that World Mission focused its
arguments on appeal on three orders (the orders entered on February 5, 2019,
May 13, 2019, and February 20, 2020) but also argued that "practically every
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single determination" made by the trial court was an error. Having reviewed
World Mission's arguments, we discern no basis for reversing any order entered
by the trial court.
Affirmed.
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