FRANCESCA CERRIGONE VS. WILLIAM EWING (L-3285-17, ESSEX COUNTY AND STATEWIDE)

NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE
APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION
This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court." Although it is posted on the
internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited. R. 1:36-3.
SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY
APPELLATE DIVISION
DOCKET NO. A-0445-18T2
FRANCESCA CERRIGONE,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
v.
WILLIAM EWING,
Defendant-Respondent.
__________________________
Argued July 16, 2019 – Decided July 31, 2019
Before Judges Vernoia and Mayer.
On appeal from the Superior Court of New Jersey, Law
Division, Essex County, Docket No. L-3285-17.
Daniel J. Williams argued the cause for appellant (John
J. Pisano, attorney; John J. Pisano, on the brief).
Thomas W. Griffin argued the cause for respondent
(Litvak & Trifiolis, PC, attorneys; Thomas W. Griffin,
on the brief).
PER CURIAM
In this personal injury action, plaintiff Francesca Cerrigone appeals from
an order granting her landlord, defendant William Ewing, 1 summary judgment
dismissing the complaint. We affirm.
I.
Because we consider the court's order granting summary judgment, we
detail the undisputed facts before the motion court and consider those facts in
the light most favorable to plaintiff, the party opposing defendant's summary
judgment motion. See Brill v. Guardian Life Ins. Co. of Am., 142 N.J. 520, 540
(1995).
We limit our discussion of the undisputed facts to those presented in the
statements of material fact and opposition submitted to the court in accordance
with Rule 4:46-2(a) and (b), and do not consider or rely on information,
evidence, and purported facts that were not presented to the motion court in
accordance with the Rule. See Kenney v. Meadowview Nursing & Convalescent
Ctr., 308 N.J. Super. 565, 573 (App. Div. 1998) (refusing to consider "factual
assertions in [the] appeal that were not properly included in the motion . . . for
1
Defendant asserted before the motion court that the complaint was "improperly
pleaded" against him and that the proper defendant is "379 Bloomfield Avenue,
Inc." but there was no motion to dismiss the complaint based on that claim and
he remains the only named defendant in the action.
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summary judgment below" pursuant to Rule 4:46-2). As such, we reject
plaintiff's reliance on any purported facts that were not submitted to the motion
court in accordance with Rule 4:46-2(a) and (b) and that are asserted for the first
time on appeal.2
The facts supporting defendant's motion are not disputed. 3 This action
arises out of an incident in an apartment plaintiff leased from defendant.
According to plaintiff, the top half of the window suddenly dropped on her
fingers when she "was going to unlock the window." In her complaint, plaintiff
alleged she suffered injuries to her hand when, "due to a deteriorated, defectively
2
In her brief on appeal, plaintiff ignores the undisputed facts presented to the
motion court in accordance with Rule 4:46-2(a) and (b), and instead incorrectly
relies on deposition transcripts to support purported facts that were never
presented to the motion court in the first instance. Plaintiff's attempted reliance
on such purported facts is rejected because it ignores the Rule's clear
requirements, constitutes an improper assertion of purported facts for the first
time on appeal and unfairly deprives defendant of the opportunity to contest the
facts in accordance with the established and requisite procedure under the Rule.
3
In support of his motion, defendant submitted ten statements of material fact
in accordance with Rule 4:46-2(a). In response, plaintiff admitted nine of the
statements, and denied two of the statements but her denials are untethered to
citation to competent record evidence, R. 4:46-2(b), and therefore each of
defendant's statements of material facts is deemed admitted, ibid. "[T]he party
opposing" a summary judgment "motion bears the affirmative burden of
responding. That burden is not optional . . . and it cannot be satisfied by the
presentation of incompetent or incomplete proofs." Polzo v. County of Essex,
196 N.J. 569, 586 (2008). Plaintiff did not satisfy that burden here.
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maintained window . . . the spring/mechanism, which ordinarily exists so as to
forestall a sudden drop[,] was not present, thereby causing the window to drop
forcefully onto [her] fingers." Plaintiff alleged defendant negligently failed "to
warn and/or alleviate the . . . window defect," "failed and neglected to provide
a safe and proper place" and "failed to . . . keep the . . . window from
deteriorating into a hazardous condition."
Prior to the date of the incident, plaintiff had not made any complaints to
defendant about the window or provided actual notice to defendant about any
alleged defects in the window. Plaintiff did not present any evidence that
defendant had notice of the alleged defect in the window prior to the incident.
Plaintiff did not serve a liability expert report during discovery.
Based on those undisputed facts, defendant argued he was entitled to
summary judgment because plaintiff lacked evidence showing he had notice of
the alleged defective window and plaintiff offered no expert report or testimony
supporting her claim the window was defective. In response, plaintiff argued
she could establish defendant's negligence through application of the doctrine
of res ipsa loquitur.
The court granted defendant's motion, finding plaintiff lacked any
evidence that defendant had actual or constructive notice of the allegedly
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defective window. The court also rejected plaintiff's reliance on res ipsa loquitur
because plaintiff failed to present evidence supporting an element essential to
application of the doctrine—that the window was within defendant's exclusive
control. The court entered an order granting summary judgment to defendant
and dismissing the complaint. This appeal followed.
II.
Our review of an order granting a party's motion for summary judgment
"is premised on the same standard that governs the motion judge's
determination." RSI Bank v. Providence Mut. Fire Ins. Co., 234 N.J. 459, 472
(2018). That is, we view the evidence in the light most favorable to the non-
moving party to determine whether there exist genuine disputes of material fact.
Petro-Lubricant Testing Labs., Inc. v. Adelman, 233 N.J. 236, 256 (2018); see
also Brill, 142 N.J. at 540.
We review a grant of summary judgment de novo, determining whether
there are any genuine issues of material fact when the evidence is viewed in the
light most favorable to the non-moving party. Rowe v. Mazel Thirty, LLC, 209
N.J. 35, 38 (2012). Summary judgment is appropriate when there is no genuine
issue of material fact, and the evidence "is so one-sided that one party must
prevail as a matter of law." Brill, 142 N.J. at 540 (quoting Anderson v. Liberty
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Lobby, 477 U.S. 242, 252 (1986)). Provided there are no genuine issues of
material fact, we review issues of law de novo. Kaye v. Rosefielde, 223 N.J.
218, 229 (2015).
We have carefully reviewed the record and, based on the parties' Rule
4:46-2 submissions, conclude there are no genuine issues of material fact. We
consider the issues of law de novo. Ibid.
Plaintiff's complaint asserts a negligence claim against defendant. "To
prevail on a claim of negligence, a plaintiff must establish four elements: (1)
that the defendant owed a duty of care; (2) that the defendant breached that duty;
(3) actual and proximate causation; and (4) damages." Fernandes v. DAR Dev.
Corp., 222 N.J. 390, 403-04 (2015). "[W]hether a defendant owes a legal duty
to another and the scope of that duty are generally questions of law for the court
to decide." Morris v. T.D. Bank, 454 N.J. Super. 203, 209 (App. Div. 2018)
(alteration in original) (quoting Robinson v. Vivirito, 217 N.J. 199, 208 (2014)).
"[W]hether the duty was breached is a question of fact." Ibid. (alteration in
original) (quoting Jerkins v. Anderson, 191 N.J. 285, 305 (2007)).
"[A] landlord has a common law duty to exercise reasonable care to keep
the premises in a reasonably safe condition to guard against foreseeable dangers
arising from the use of the premises." J.H. v. R & M Tagliareni, LLC, 454 N.J.
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Super. 174, 181 (App. Div. 2018). The "duty arises when the harm is foreseeable
and the landlord has sufficient control to prevent it." Scully v. Fitzgerald, 179
N.J. 114, 123 (2004). A landlord must "maintain and repair those facilities in
or out of the tenant's premises which are an integral part of the equipment under
his [or her] control, such as water pipes, heating pipes and radiators, plumbing
fixtures, electrical equipment and the like." Dwyer v. Skyline Apartments, Inc.,
123 N.J. Super. 48, 52 (App. Div. 1973).
Establishing a breach of the landlord's duty "requires not only proof of the
condition which caused the injury but that the condition was known or should
have been known by the landlord prior to the occurrence, so that he had an
opportunity to correct it." Ibid. Thus, "a landlord is liable only for injurious
consequences to a tenant by reason of defects 'of which he [or she] has
knowledge or of defects which have existed for so long a time that . . . he [or
she] had both an opportunity to discover and to remedy.'" Id. at 52-53 (quoting
Francisco v. Miller, 14 N.J. Super. 290, 296 (App. Div. 1951)).
Here, the undisputed facts before the motion court did not permit a finding
that defendant breached a duty owed to plaintiff. Plaintiff not only failed to
present any evidence that defendant had notice of the alleged window defect,
the undisputed facts presented to the motion court—facts that plaintiff
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admitted—established that defendant had no notice of the alleged defect. In
addition, plaintiff did not submit any opposition to the summary judgment
motion in accordance with Rule 4:46-2(b) demonstrating that the purported
defect existed for a sufficiently long period of time such that defendant had an
opportunity to discover or fix it. Lacking any evidence defendant had either
notice of the alleged defect or an opportunity to discover it, plaintiff did not
establish defendant owed a duty to repair the alleged defective window. See
ibid. Thus, the court correctly determined plaintiff could not sustain her
negligence claim.
Plaintiff argues the court erred by dismissing the complaint because she
could otherwise establish defendant's negligence by application of the doctri ne
of res ipsa loquitur. The doctrine "where applicable, is a method of
circumstantially proving the existence of negligence," Szalontai v. Yazbo's
Sports Cafe, 183 N.J. 386, 400 (2005) (quoting Myrlak v. Port Auth. of N.Y. &
N.J., 157 N.J. 84, 95 (1999)), and permits an inference establishing a prima facie
case of negligence, Jerista v. Murray, 185 N.J. 175, 192 (2005); Mayer v. Once
Upon A Rose, Inc., 429 N.J. Super. 365, 373 (App. Div. 2013). To invoke the
doctrine, a plaintiff must establish that "(a) the occurrence itself ordinarily
bespeaks negligence; (b) the instrumentality [causing the injury] was within the
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defendant's exclusive control; and (c) there is no indication in the circumstances
that the injury was the result of the plaintiff's own voluntary act or neglect."
Szalontai, 183 N.J. at 398 (alteration in original) (quoting Brown v. Racquet
Club of Bricktown, 95 N.J. 280, 288 (1984)); Mayer, 429 N.J. Super. at 373.
The first factor, that the occurrence ordinarily bespeaks negligence, is
dependent on "whether based on common knowledge the balance of
probabilities favors negligence, thus rendering fair the drawing of a res ipsa
inference." Jerista, 185 N.J. at 199. Where "the res ipsa inference falls outside
of the common knowledge of the factfinder and depends on scientific, technical,
or other specialized knowledge . . . expert testimony [is] required." Ibid.; see
also Buckelew v. Grossbard, 87 N.J. 512, 528-29 (1981) (requiring expert
testimony establishing the standard of care in medical malpractice case to permit
res ipsa loquitur inference); cf. Mayer, 429 N.J. Super. at 376-77 (finding expert
testimony was not required for a res ipsa loquitur inference because it was within
the common knowledge of jurors that "too much pressure applied to glass can
cause it to break").
Here, the undisputed facts do not permit the conclusion that the falling
window bespeaks negligence. Although plaintiff alleged in her complaint the
window fell due to a missing "spring/mechanism," she offered no competent
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evidence supporting the claim and, in our view, whether the alleged missing
"spring/mechanism" caused the window to fall is beyond the common
knowledge of a jury and requires expert testimony to support application of res
ipsa loquitur. See Szalontai, 183 N.J. at 398. Without expert testimony,
plaintiff did not establish "that it is more probable than not that the defendant's
negligence was a proximate cause of the mishap," Brown, 95 N.J. at 291-92;
see also Jerista, 185 N.J. at 192, and failed to demonstrate that the incident
bespeaks negligence.
Even if, as the motion court found, plaintiff presented sufficient evidence
supporting a finding that the occurrence of the accident bespeaks negligence,
plaintiff is not entitled to an inference of negligence based on the doctrine of res
ipsa loquitur because she failed to demonstrate the alleged defective window
was within defendant's exclusive control. Szalontai, 183 N.J. at 398. Other than
establishing that plaintiff leased the residence from defendant, the Rule 4:46-2
submissions are bereft of any facts establishing the window was in defendant's
exclusive control when the accident occurred. In fact, the Rule 4:46-2
submissions establish that plaintiff was in control of the window when the
accident occurred; plaintiff alleges in her complaint that the accident occurred
while she was unlocking the window. Thus, plaintiff failed to demonstrate the
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window was in defendant's exclusive control as required to permit application
of the doctrine of res ipsa loquitur.4
"Res ipsa loquitur is not a panacea for the . . . doomed negligence cause
of action." Id. at 400. A plaintiff is not entitled to prosecute a case under the
doctrine "any time there is an unexplained accident for which a defendant might
plausibly be responsible." Jimenez v. GNOC, Corp., 286 N.J. Super. 533, 545
(App. Div. 1996). Plaintiff did not present evidence establishing all of the
elements required for application of the doctrine and, as a result, the court
correctly rejected plaintiff's reliance upon it in granting defendant's summary
judgment motion.
Any arguments presented by plaintiff that we have not directly addressed
are without sufficient merit to warrant discussion in a written opinion. R. 2:11-
3(e)(1)(E).
Affirmed.
4
Because plaintiff failed to establish either of the first two factors required for
application of the doctrine of res ipsa loquitur, it is unnecessary to consider or
decide whether plaintiff satisfied the third factor—that "there is no indication in
the circumstances that the injury was the result of the plaintiff's own voluntary
act or neglect," Szalontai, 183 N.J. at 398 (citation omitted)—other than to note
that the undisputed facts presented to the motion court do not directly address
this factor.
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