DCPP VS. A.B. AND P.U.B.IN THE MATTER OF THE GUARDIANSHIP OF A.K.B. (FG-09-0221-15, HUDSON COUNTY AND STATEWIDE)(RECORD IMPOUNDED)(CONSOLIDATED)

RECORD IMPOUNDED
NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE
APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION
This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court."
Although it is posted on the internet, this opinion is binding only on the
parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited. R.1:36-3.
SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY
APPELLATE DIVISION
DOCKET NO. A-4151-15T2
A-4196-15T2
NEW JERSEY DIVISION OF CHILD
PROTECTION AND PERMANENCY,
Plaintiff-Respondent,
v.
A.B. and P.U.B.,
Defendants-Appellants.
_________________________________
IN THE MATTER OF THE GUARDIANSHIP
OF A.K.B.,
Minor.
_________________________________
Submitted May 17, 2017 – Decided June 21, 2017
Before Judges Fuentes and Farrington.
On appeal from the Superior Court of New
Jersey, Chancery Division, Family Part, Hudson
County, Docket No. FG-09-0221-15.
Joseph E. Krakora, Public Defender, attorney
for appellant A.B. (Anthony J. Vecchio,
Designated Counsel, on the brief).
Joseph E. Krakora, Public Defender, attorney
for appellant P.U.B. (Ruth Ann Harrigan,
Designated Counsel, on the brief).
Christopher S. Porrino, Attorney General,
attorney for respondent (Andrea M. Silkowitz,
Assistant Attorney General, of counsel;
Stephanie Asous, Deputy Attorney General, on
the briefs).
Joseph E. Krakora, Public Defender, Law
Guardian, attorney for minor (Nancy P. Fratz,
Assistant Deputy Public Defender, on the
briefs).
PER CURIAM
Defendants P.U.B (Porscha) and A.B. (Anwan) appeal from a
judgment terminating their parental rights to their son A.K.B.1
The trial court concluded that termination was appropriate in
light of Porscha's cognitive delays and substance abuse disorder,
which inhibited her from safely caring for A.K.B. as it had for a
second child, in the care of his putative father. The court found
Anwan's relationship with A.K.B to be virtually non-existent on
account of his three incarcerations since A.K.B.'s placement and
failure to have served as A.K.B.'s caretaker at any time. Both
defendants challenge the court's conclusions and contend that the
New Jersey Division of Child Protection and Permanency (Division)
failed to establish, by clear and convincing evidence, the four
1
We use pseudonyms for ease of reference and to protect the privacy
of the children. R. 1:38-3(d)(12).
2 A-4151-15T2
criteria of the best interests of the child standard embodied in
N.J.S.A. 30:4C-15.1(a). The Division and the Law Guardian disagree
and argue that the trial court's judgment should be affirmed. On
June 19, 2016, we consolidated the appeals. Having considered the
parties' arguments in light of the record and applicable legal
standards, we affirm.
We will not recite at length the history of the Division's
involvement with the family, which began on October 14, 2011, when
the Division was granted legal and physical custody of A.K.B. due
to inadequate housing issues and failure to submit to substance
abuse evaluation after testing positive for marijuana. This case
was subsequently closed on November 13, 2012. The case was re-
opened on allegations of phencyclidine use by Porscha's mother,
T.B., with whom she shared a residence. The Division received
reports of Porscha leaving A.K.B. for long periods of time and her
lack of compliance with the requirements of public assistance,
placing her at risk of losing monetary benefits and temporary
rental assistance. This resulted in Porscha signing a safety
protection plan which permitted homemakers into her home and barred
her from leaving A.K.B. with T.B.
Much of the factual and procedural history that followed is
set forth in the trial court's written opinion following the
guardianship trial from which the present appeal is taken. It
3 A-4151-15T2
suffices to say that the Division was granted custody of A.K.B.
for the second time on October 31, 2013, after Porscha failed to
comply with recommendations for substance abuse services. After
an initial placement in a non-relative resource home, A.K.B. was
placed in the home of Porscha's godmother, L.N., where he remains.
After A.K.B.'s second removal, Porscha was offered services
including counseling by a Certified Alcohol and Drug Counselor
(CADC), assessments, substance abuse treatment, psychological
evaluations, individual counseling, and parenting skills classes.
In 2014, Porscha was referred three times to Visiting
Homemaker Service for parenting skills training and failed to
complete all three referrals. In 2015, the Division provided
Porscha with parenting skills training at the Family Success
Center, but Porscha failed to complete the program. On December
3, 2013, Dr. Robert Kanen conducted a psychological evaluation of
Porscha. In his report, he found the testing showed evidence of
cognitive limitations with low end functioning levels. He stated
further that she showed significant deficits in attention,
concentration, and short-term working memory. He further opined
that marijuana abuse contributed significantly to those deficits.
He concluded Porscha was extremely self-centered, undependable,
and emotionally unstable, and found the return of A.K.B. to her
would expose the child to unnecessary risk of harm. Dr. Kanen
4 A-4151-15T2
recommended Porscha complete an intensive outpatient drug
treatment program, parenting classes, individual psychotherapy,
maintain housing, and acquire employment.
Porscha was referred to Progressive Solutions for substance
abuse and counseling services in early 2014. She was discharged
after she failed to participate after April 2014. The Division
had brief contact with Porscha in September and October 2014 after
receiving a referral after Porscha was arrested and charged with
child endangerment and possession of a firearm. At that time,
Porscha submitted to a CADC. After producing multiple negative
screens, it was determined no further treatment was recommended.
Following those contacts, the Division did not have contact with
Porscha until January 2015, when it referred her to Progressive
Solutions as well as parenting skills classes and individual
therapy at Family Success Center and C-Line Outreach Center.
Thereafter, she had one contact in March and one contact in June,
and then her whereabouts were unknown until November 2015. In
November 2015, the Division scheduled visits with A.K.B. every
Monday at Division offices. Between November 2015 and January
2016, Porscha visited twice.
The Division continued to offer Anwan services throughout the
litigation. At the time of trial, Anwan was incarcerated and had
been since April 2015. He was also incarcerated when the Division
5 A-4151-15T2
was granted custody of A.K.B. in October 2013 and remained so
until approximately November 2014. The paternity of Anwan was
confirmed in June 2014. The Division thereafter did arrange for
him to have visits with A.K.B. while incarcerated. Three attempts
were made while he was at Hudson County Correctional Facility in
2014. One visit took place, another was interrupted because of
A.K.B.'s misbehavior, and A.K.B. slept through the third visit.
The Division met with Anwan about once per month to update him on
A.K.B.'s school and health issues. When Anwan was released from
jail in November 2014, the Division attempted to meet with him in
person on December 21, 2014, but he failed to appear. On December
22, 2014, the Division learned Anwan had been re-incarcerated. He
was released on January 8, 2015. The Division made contact with
Anwan on January 16, 2014 to meet on January 20, 2015, which
meeting he did attend. A second meeting took place on February
23, 2015. In April 2015, the Division became aware that Anwan had
been re-incarcerated. Anwan advised he did not want A.K.B. to
visit him in jail.
The Division assessed and ruled out three alternate
placements for A.K.B. A permanency hearing was held on October
7, 2014 and again on October 6, 2015. At both hearings the court
found the Division's plan of termination of parental rights,
followed by adoption was appropriate due to Porscha's non-
6 A-4151-15T2
compliance with services and lack of stable housing. Anwan’s
incarceration rendered him unable to parent the child at the time.
On March 31, 2015, the permanency litigation was terminated and
superseded by the filing of the guardianship complaint. The trial
began in January 2016 and concluded in March 2016. Although
Porscha was notified of the trial date, she failed to appear.
Anwan was produced from the Hudson County Correctional Center and
was represented by counsel. Taneka Jackson, defendant's paternal
aunt, and Emma Jackson, defendant's paternal grandmother,
testified on his behalf. His mother, Shawnette Burns, was expected
to testify but failed to appear on two court dates. The Division
presented the testimony of Jason Swartwood, the adoption
caseworker, and expert psychologist, Dr. Robert Kanen.
Judge Lourdes I. Santiago carefully reviewed the evidence
presented and concluded the Division proved by clear and convincing
evidence the four prongs of the best interests test, codified in
N.J.S.A. 30:4C-15.1a(1) to (4), that:
(1) The child's safety, health or development
has been or will continue to be endangered by
the parental relationship;
(2) The parent is unwilling or unable to
eliminate the harm facing the child or is
unable or unwilling to provide a safe and
stable home for the child and the delay of
permanent placement will add to the harm
. . . ;
7 A-4151-15T2
(3) The [D]ivision has made reasonable efforts
to provide services to help the parent correct
the circumstances which led to the child's
placement outside the home and the court has
considered alternatives to termination of
parental rights; and
(4) Termination of parental rights will not
do more harm than good.
[N.J.S.A. 30:4C-15.1a(1) to (4). See also
N.J. Div. of Youth & Family Servs. v. A.W.,
103 N.J. 591, 604-11 (1986).]
On appeal, both defendants challenge the trial court's
findings with respect to the statutory best interests test, which
balances a parent's right to enjoy a relationship with his or her
child and the State's interest in protecting the welfare of
children. In re Guardianship of K.H.O., 161 N.J. 337, 346-47
(1999). "The four criteria enumerated in the best interests
standard are not discrete and separate; they relate to and overlap
with one another to provide a comprehensive standard that
identifies a child's best interests." Id. at 348.
The scope of our review of the trial court's findings of fact
is well established. The trial court's factual findings will be
sustained on appeal as long as "they are supported by 'adequate,
substantial and credible evidence' on the record." N.J. Div. of
Youth & Family Servs. v. M.M., 189 N.J. 261, 279 (2007) (quoting
In re Guardianship of J.T., 269 N.J. Super. 172, 188 (App. Div.
1993)).
8 A-4151-15T2
Furthermore, our deference to the trial court's findings of
fact is "especially appropriate 'when the evidence is largely
testimonial and involves questions of credibility.'" Cesare v.
Cesare, 154 N.J. 394, 412 (1998) (quoting In re Return of Weapons
to J.W.D., 149 N.J. 108, 117 (1997)). We also give considerable
deference to the factual findings of the Family Part, due to the
court's "special jurisdiction and expertise in family matters."
Id. at 413.
A. First Prong
As noted, prong one of the best interests standard requires
the Division to establish that "[t]he child's safety, health or
development has been or will continue to be endangered by the
parental relationship". N.J.S.A. 30:4C-15.1(a)(1). To satisfy
this prong, the Division must show that the parental relationship
harmed the child's health, safety, or development, and the parental
relationship will likely have a continuing deleterious effect on
the child. K.H.O., supra, 161 N.J. at 347. The harm may, but
need not, be physical. In re Guardianship of K.L.F., 129 N.J. 32,
43-44 (1992). Termination may be warranted on a showing of
"[s]erious and lasting emotional or psychological harm", resulting
from a parent's action or even inaction. Id. at 44. Indeed, a
"parent's withdrawal of . . . solicitude, nurture, and care for
an extended period of time is in itself a harm that endangers the
9 A-4151-15T2
health and development of [a] child." In re Guardianship of
D.M.H., 161 N.J. 365, 379 (1999).
Although a single instance may suffice, the standard may be
satisfied by evidence of an accumulation of harm over time. N.J.
Div. of Youth & Family Servs. v. P.P., 180 N.J. 494, 506 (2004).
That is the case irrespective of whether the parent is morally
culpable for that harm, so long as the parent is "unable or
unwilling to prevent [it] irrespective of [its] source". M.M.,
supra, 189 N.J. at 289. Moreover, the court need not wait "until
a child is actually irreparably impaired by parental inattention
or neglect." D.M.H., supra, 161 N.J. at 383. A risk of harm may
be shown "'not only from [a parent's] past treatment of the child
in question but also from the quality of care given to other
children in [his or her] custody.'" N.J. Div. of Youth & Family
Servs. v. I.H.C., 415 N.J. Super. 551, 573-74 (App. Div. 2010)
(quoting J. v. M., 157 N.J. Super. 478, 493 (App. Div.), certif.
denied, 77 N.J. 490 (1978)).
In her thorough written opinion, Judge Santiago wrote as to
both Porscha and Anwan that A.K.B. has been in the physical and
legal custody of the Division for more than two years.
This is A.K.B.'s second placement in the
Division's custody. A.K.B. was placed in the
Division's custody in October 2013, after
Porscha and T.B. failed to comply with
substance abuse services for marijuana and
10 A-4151-15T2
PCP, respectively, with homemaker services and
Porscha's failure to acquire stable housing.
At the time of the removal, [Anwan] . . . was
incarcerated, and thus, unable to care for
A.K.B.
It took [Porscha] a full year from
A.K.B.'s removal to comply with a substance
abuse treatment recommendations. [F]rom his
removal through the date of trial, [Porscha]
has been inconsistent with visiting A.K.B.,
often disappearing for months at a time and
has been inconsistent with maintaining contact
with the Division. [Porscha] knows the
resource parent, however, she has failed to
avail herself of the opportunity to visit
A.K.B. in the resource home . . . .
Additionally, [Porscha] has failed to
complete court ordered services, including
parenting skills classes and individual
counseling despite multiple referrals . . .
Dr. Kanen opined at trial that the child would
be at risk of continued harm if returned to
[Porscha]'s care as she has not been meeting
his day to day needs for more than two years.
A.K.B.'s needs would likely go unrecognized
and any gains he has been made while in
placement would likely be lost.
As to Anwan, specifically, the court found:
[T]he relationship between A.K.B. and [Anwan]
has been virtually non-existent . . . .
[Anwan] was incarcerated from October 2013
until about November 2014; December 2015 to
January 2015; and then again from April 2015
to present.
[Anwan] admits that he was sentenced in April
2015 to his alternative sentence of four to
five years for violating his probation term
in Drug Court . . . .
Dr. Kanen opined that A.K.B. presented
avoidant and insecure attachment with regard
11 A-4151-15T2
to [Anwan]. It does not appear that prior to
[Anwan]'s incarceration that A.K.B. had a
strong relationship with him, and [sic] no
evidence in the record that he ever served as
a caretaker.
Anwan argues that he had never caused any harm to A.K.B. and
termination was not in A.K.B.'s best interest. Although it is
true that there is no evidence Anwan physically caused harm to
A.K.B., there is no basis in the record for his assertion that
termination is not in the child's best interests. As Judge
Santiago eloquently explained, Anwan’s unabated criminal behavior
caused him to become estranged from his own child. Although not
as visible as the scars of physical abuse, the emotional and
psychological trauma caused by the absence of a parent can also
leave a child permanently injured.
Porscha argued the Division failed to make any accommodations
in light of her disability, referring to her low level of cognitive
function. Specifically, Porscha claims the Division failed to
make an individualized assessment of the tailored services
necessary for her. However, the record is clear that Porscha
failed to avail herself of the services offered to her, including
parenting skills classes and individual counselling. Dr. Kanen's
testimony and opinion is that "the child's safety, health and
development has been or will continue to be endangered by the
parental relationship." We are satisfied that the Division has
12 A-4151-15T2
shown the parental relationship harmed the child's health, safety,
or development, and the parental relationship will likely have a
continuing deleterious effect on the child. Consequently, we
conclude that sufficient credible evidence in the record supports
the court's finding that the Division satisfied the first prong
of the best interests test.
B. Prong Two
Under the second prong, the court must consider not only
whether the parent can remove the danger to the child, but whether
he or she can do so "before any delay in permanent placement
becomes a harm in and of itself." N.J. Div. of Youth & Family
Servs. v. A.G., 344 N.J. Super. 418, 434 (App. Div. 2001), certif.
denied, 171 N.J. 44 (2002). Indeed, courts must be "cognizant of
New Jersey's strong public policy in favor of permanency." K.H.O.,
supra, 161 N.J. at 357. Termination may be appropriate, for
example, where a parent's ongoing history of substance abuse has
caused or contributed to the parent's inability to provide a safe
and stable home for the child. Id. at 352-54. Furthermore, this
prong can be satisfied "if there is clear and convincing evidence
that the child will suffer substantially from a lack of stability
and a permanent placement and from the disruption of [his or] her
bond with foster parents." Id. at 363.
Here, Judge Santiago found the Division presented unrebutted
13 A-4151-15T2
and credible evidence that Porscha and Anwan were unable or
unwilling to eliminate the harm facing their child. The judge
noted Dr. Kanen's credible and uncontroverted testimony that
Porscha, "continues to present as an unreliable and unstable
figure, and as a result, is unable to safely parent her child."
Dr. Kanen, who saw Porscha three times over 2012, 2013, and 2015
opined that she has "longstanding personality and cognitive issues
which impair her ability to safely care for A.K.B." Judge Santiago
found that Anwan has been unable to provide A.K.B. with a safe and
stable home due to his lengthy incarceration. The judge found,
"both parents have contributed to a delay in permanency for A.K.B.
and that would add to the harm he has already suffered." She
noted "Dr. Kanen opined that permanency is necessary to a child's
development as a child needs safety, security and consistency in
their lives." There is sufficient credible evidence in the record
to support the judge's factual findings.
The record supports the judge's conclusion that the Division
established the second prong of N.J.S.A. 30:4C-15.1(a) with clear
and convincing evidence. Porscha and Anwan's contentions to the
contrary are without sufficient merit to warrant further comment.
R. 2:11-3(e)(1)(E).
C. Prong Three
The third prong of the test for termination of parental rights
14 A-4151-15T2
requires the Division to establish that it "has made reasonable
efforts to provide services to help the parent correct the
circumstances which led to the child's placement outside the home
and the court has considered alternatives to termination of
parental rights". N.J.S.A. 30:4C-15.1(a)(3). "[A]n evaluation
of the efforts undertaken by [the Division] to reunite a particular
family must be done on an individualized basis." D.M.H, supra,
161 N.J. at 390. The reasonableness of the Division's efforts is
"not measured by their success." Id. at 393.
In her written opinion, Judge Santiago notes that the failure
of a parent to become a caretaker for his or her child is not
determinative of the sufficiency of the Division's efforts at
family reunification. She concluded: "Here, the Division has
clearly and convincingly established through the testimony of the
Division worker and its evidence that it made reasonable attempts
to help Porscha and Anwan achieve reunification with their child."
The judge notes referrals on multiple occasions for CADC
evaluations, individual counseling, parenting skills classes and
parent/child visitation. She found:
[Porscha] was inconsistent in engaging in
services. One year after the child's
placement, [Porscha] did complete a substance
abuse assessment and an extended assessment
in October 2014, resulting in no treatment
recommendations. However, [Porscha] failed to
complete recommended parenting skills classes
15 A-4151-15T2
and individual counseling despite numerous
referrals.
The court also noted Porscha's visits with A.K.B. were
sporadic through the case "as she often disappeared for months at
a time. This is the same conduct which led to the child's removal."
The judge considered and rejected Porscha's contentions that the
Division failed to provide reasonable services to help Porscha
correct the circumstances that led to her child's out of home
placement. The court pointed to Dr. Kanen's evaluation in 2012
where he found Porscha to have a low level of cognitive functioning
and that daily life and full-time sustained employment is likely
to be an uphill struggle. The judge wrote,
In his evaluation in 2013, he found she had
no history of mental illness, or history of
suicide attempts. He placed her at the low end
of the borderline range of intelligence. He
repeated that her cognitive functioning had
declined since her evaluation in 2012.
However, he attributed such to substance
abuse, which at the time was marijuana.
Judge Santiago quoted Dr. Kanen as describing Porscha as a
"self-defeating" individual, "someone who can function on a
satisfactory basis as long as she is supported by others", that
"where she has to interact with the world around her and support
herself and her children, she is likely to be irritable, confused,
disorganized and oppositional." The judge noted that in his final
psychological evaluation of Porscha, Dr. Kanen found, "she is
16 A-4151-15T2
likely to have difficulty adequately recognizing physical and
psychological dangers in the environment that could pose as risk
of harm to her child." Although her marijuana use appeared to be
in full remission, he concluded that her prognosis to become a
competent parent was poor. Dr. Kanen recommended that Porscha
continue with individual therapy to resolve her anxiety and develop
competent social living skills stating that her cognitive delays
might improve with such therapy but it was unclear from her history
of non-compliance with services that she would commit to the long-
term treatment needed for her to address her cognitive delays.
As we noted earlier, Judge Santiago addressed the factors
relevant to Anwan when considering whether a parent's
incarceration supports or cautions against termination of parental
rights. Those factors included Anwan's lack of relationship with
the child prior to incarceration, the risk posed by the parent's
criminal disposition, the efforts made by the parent to remain in
contact with the child since incarceration, rehabilitation
accomplished since incarceration, the effect of the continuation
of the parent-child relationship on the psychological and
emotional well-being of the child, the need for the child to have
permanency and stability, and whether the parent child
relationship will undermine that need. The court noted Anwan's
efforts to obtain secondary education while in jail and the fact
17 A-4151-15T2
that he was not permitted to receive substance abuse services
until he completed those educational classes. The judge concluded
that the Division's efforts as to both defendants, while
unsuccessful in ensuring reunification, were nonetheless
reasonable.
Judge Santiago also considered alternatives to termination
of parental rights, specifically Kinship Legal Guardianship (KLG).
KLG is appropriate only when adoption is neither feasible nor
likely. N.J. Div. of Youth and Family Serv. V. P.P., 180 N.J.
494, 509 (2004). The Division caseworker testified that the
resource parent had expressed a preference for adoption. The
resource parent was Porscha's godmother and A.K.B. had been placed
with her at Porscha's request. The trial court noted the Division
explored four relatives in this matter and found that all were
ruled out and the rule-outs were proper. The judge's conclusion
that the Division satisfied the third prong of the best-interest
standard finds the support of sufficient credible evidence in the
record. Defendants' arguments to the contrary warrant no
additional discussion. R. 2:11-3(e)(1)(E).
D. Prong Four
To satisfy the final prong, the Division need not demonstrate
that no harm will result from termination, but that any such harm
will be outweighed by the harm resulting from non-termination.
18 A-4151-15T2
K.H.O., supra, 161 N.J. at 355. This analysis is meant to act as
a fail-safe and prevent "an inappropriate or premature termination
of parental rights" even if the Division satisfies its burden as
to the rest of the standard. N.J. Div. of Youth & Family Servs.
v. F.M., 211 N.J. 420, 453 (2012).
"Inherent in the fourth [prong] is that a child has a
'paramount need for a permanent and defined parent-child
relationship' . . . as well as a deep need for a nurturing adult,
commonly termed the 'psychological parent.'" N.J. Div. of Youth
& Family Servs. v. C.S., 367 N.J. Super. 76, 119 (App. Div.)
(quoting In re Guardianship of J.C., 129 N.J. 1, 26 (1992)),
certif. denied, 180 N.J. 456 (2004). When a parent has harmed a
child through abuse or neglect and is unable to remediate the
danger to the child, and when the child has bonded with foster
parents who have provided a safe and nurturing home, termination
of parental rights likely will not do more harm than good. N.J.
Div. of Youth & Family Servs. v. E.P., 196 N.J. 88, 108 (2008).
"The 'good' done to a child in such cases in which reunification
is improbable is permanent placement with a loving family". Ibid.
Here, Judge Santiago carefully recounted the results of Dr.
Kanen's bonding evaluations, noting that A.K.B. had an impaired
and insecure attachment to Porscha, was avoidant and insecure with
Anwan, and had bonded with and had a secure attachment to the
19 A-4151-15T2
resource parent. The court relied on the unrebutted testimony of
Dr. Kanen that A.K.B. would not suffer severe and enduring harm
if permanently separated from either birth parent but that if
there was a separation or brief reaction from that separation the
resource parent could mitigate. However, if removed from the
resource parent, A.K.B. would be seriously harmed because the
resource parent has been a stable figure in his life and he would
lose the only maternal figure he knows. The judge therefore
concluded that termination would not do more harm than good.
In summary, we are bound by the trial judge's factual findings
so long as they are supported by sufficient credible evidence in
the record. M.M., supra, 189 N.J. at 279. Here, Judge Santiago
accepted the Division's evidence as credible, and properly found
the Division satisfied all four prongs of N.J.S.A. 30:4C-15.1(a)
by clear and convincing evidence. To the extent we have not
specifically addressed any of defendants' remaining arguments, we
deem them without sufficient merit to warrant discussion. R.
2:11-3(e)(1)(E).
Affirmed.
20 A-4151-15T2