GLADYS MUNIVE VS. PASSAIC COUNTY BOARD OF SOCIAL SERVICES (L-3805-11, PASSAIC COUNTY AND STATEWIDE)

NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE
APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION
This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court." Although it is posted on the
internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited. R. 1:36-3.
SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY
APPELLATE DIVISION
DOCKET NO. A-0143-17T1
GLADYS MUNIVE,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
v.
PASSAIC COUNTY BOARD
OF SOCIAL SERVICES,
Defendant-Respondent.
Argued February 13, 2019 – Decided April 29, 2019
Before Judges Koblitz, Currier, and Mayer.
On appeal from Superior Court of New Jersey, Law
Division, Passaic County, Docket No. L-3805-11.
Timothy J. McIlwain argued the cause for appellant.
Albert C. Buglione argued the cause for respondent
(Buglione, Hutton & Deyoe, LLC, attorneys; Albert C.
Buglione, of counsel; Chryzanta K. Hentisz, on the
brief).
PER CURIAM
Plaintiff Gladys Munive appeals from the denial of her motion for a new
trial after a jury rendered a verdict in favor of her former employer, defendant
Passaic County Board of Social Services (Board). After a review of the
contentions in light of the record and applicable legal principles, we affirm.
In her complaint, plaintiff alleged the Board violated the New Jersey Law
Against Discrimination (LAD), N.J.S.A. 10:5-1 to -42, when it denied her a
reasonable accommodation for her "handicapped arthritic hand and wrist
condition" and her "increased susceptibility to infection," resulting from a
prescribed medication.1
Following the close of testimony, the trial judge discussed the proposed
jury charge with counsel. The three days of transcripts 2 provided by plaintiff in
this appeal do not include any objections by plaintiff to the proposed charge. It
1
Plaintiff also asserted the Board violated the Conscientious Employee
Protection Act (CEPA), N.J.S.A. 34:19-1 to -8. That claim was dismissed
following a bench trial.
2
The judge references the matter as an eight-week jury trial. Elsewhere in the
record it states there were eleven days of trial. We were only provided
transcripts of defense counsel's closing argument, the jury charge, and the
verdict, as well as the motion for a new trial argument that took place several
months after the verdict.
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does appear plaintiff objected to the proposed verdict sheet, although we do not
have the complete colloquy.
Defense counsel's closing argument spanned over two days. During the
summation, counsel referred to a witness 3 as a "[s]uper [l]awyer" and stated
"plaintiff's case is smoke and mirrors" and "a mushroom cloud." Plaintiff's
counsel did not object to these comments. However, after defense counsel
finished the first part of his argument and the jury was dismissed for the day,
plaintiff's counsel told the trial court: "I don't like to object even when it's very
objectionable. There were so many things [in defendant's closing] that were
improper . . . I don't want to bore Your Honor. . . . I'll leave it to Your Honor."
The trial court responded, "I really truly appreciate that you didn't object. But
when you don't object . . . I can't get involved." The judge continued, stating
there were some improprieties in the summation that he would address with the
jury during his charge.
3
The attorney-witness was admitted as an expert in "civil service law."
A-0143-17T1
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In his jury charge, the judge followed New Jersey Model Jury Charge
2.26,4 which advises the jury of the five elements plaintiff must satisfy to prove
her LAD claim:
First, plaintiff must prove that she had a
disability. Second, plaintiff must prove that she was
able to perform all of the essential functions of her job
either with or without a reasonable accommodation.
Third, plaintiff must prove that . . . defendant was aware
of her need for a reasonable accommodation. Fourth,
plaintiff must prove that there was an accommodation
that would have allowed her to perform the essential
functions of her job; and fifth, the plaintiff must prove
that . . . defendant denied her accommodation.
The judge subsequently reviewed the verdict sheet with the jury, stating it
was created "working with the attorneys." For the ease of the reader, we have
reproduced the verdict sheet.
A. Has . . . Plaintiff proven the following five (5)
elements?
1. That she had a disability?
Yes ✓ No Vote 6-0
2. That she was able to perform all of the essential
functions of her job, either with or without a
reasonable accommodation?
Yes No ✓ Vote 5-1
4
Model Jury Charges (Civil), 2.26, "Failure To Accommodate Employee With
Disability Under The New Jersey Law Against Discrimination" (rev. Feb. 2018).
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3. That . . . Defendant was aware of . . . Plaintiff's
need for a reasonable accommodation?
Yes No Vote
4. That there was an accommodation that would
have allowed . . . Plaintiff to perform the essential
functions of her job?
Yes No Vote
5. That . . . Defendant denied . . . Plaintiff her
accommodation?
Yes No Vote
NOTE: If you answered any of the above five (5)
questions "no," you must stop deliberating [and]
return your verdict.
If you have answered all of the above five (5)
questions "yes," then proceed to question B
related to damages.
In returning its verdict, the jury answered "yes" to question one and "no"
to question two. The jury then properly ended its deliberations, rendering a
verdict in favor of defendant. After dismissal of the jury, plaintiff moved for a
directed verdict, reasserting his objection to the verdict sheet. The judge advised
counsel to file a motion for a new trial with briefs.
A-0143-17T1
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In the subsequent motion for a new trial, plaintiff again argued the second
question on the verdict sheet was "a problem."5 The trial court denied plaintiff's
motion, concluding "there was ample evidence to support [the] decision that the
jury made" and "a significant amount of evidence to support the jury's decision
to answer question number two, no." The judge referenced the "significant
amount of discussion back and forth between the parties as to whether or not
[plaintiff] was disabled and even able to perform her job with or without an
accommodation."
On appeal, plaintiff argues the second question on the verdict sheet was
"unclear and substantially prejudicial," requiring a new trial. For the first time,
she also contends the trial court should have ruled on her counsel's motion for a
directed verdict, and the court did not instruct the jury sufficiently to erase the
prejudicial comments made by defense counsel in his closing argument.
Proper jury charges are essential to a fair trial; thus, the failure to provide
clear and correct jury charges may constitute plain error. See Reynolds v.
Gonzalez, 172 N.J. 266, 288 (2002); see also Das v. Thani, 171 N.J. 518, 527
(2002). We also apply the plain error standard "when evaluating the adequacy
5
Plaintiff did not raise any other issues during oral argument in support of her
application for a new trial.
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of a jury's . . . verdict sheet." Wade v. Kessler Inst., 172 N.J. 327, 341 (2002).
However, we "will not disturb a jury's verdict based on a trial court's
instructional error 'where the charge, considered as a whole, adequately conveys
the law and is unlikely to confuse or mislead the jury, even though part of the
charge, standing alone, might be incorrect.'" Ibid. (quoting Fischer v. Canario,
143 N.J. 235, 254 (1996)).
Here, the trial court properly used Model Jury Charge 2.26 to instruct the
jury on the proofs required of plaintiff to sustain her cause of action. The verdict
sheet tracked the language of the model jury charge and required the jury to
determine whether plaintiff met her proofs on the five elements necessary to
support her LAD claim.
The second element in Model Jury Charge 2.26 requires a plaintiff to
prove that she "was able to perform all of the essential functions of [her] job,
either with or without a reasonable accommodation." Model Jury Charges
(Civil), 2.26 at 1. Plaintiff must "demonstrate that . . . she . . . was performing
those essential functions, either with or without a reasonable accommodation."
Victor v. State, 203 N.J. 383, 410 (2010). Therefore, the language in Model
Jury Charge 2.26 is consistent with the Supreme Court's determination of the
second element of an LAD disability claim. Because the trial court utilized
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Model Jury Charge 2.26 in creating the verdict sheet, it provided the jury with a
charge and verdict sheet that was an "understandable and clear exposition" of
the applicable law and "unlikely to confuse or mislead." Mogull v. CB
Commercial Real Estate Grp., 162 N.J. 449, 464 (2000). See also Estate of
Kotsovska, ex rel. Kotsovska v. Liebman, 221 N.J. 568, 596 (2015) (noting there
is a "presumption of propriety that attaches to a trial court's reliance on the
model jury charge"). To overturn a verdict, a plaintiff must "clearly and
convincingly" establish the jury's verdict was a "miscarriage of justice." Cuevas
v. Wentworth Grp., 226 N.J. 480, 501 (2016) (quoting Baxter v. Fairmont Food
Co., 74 N.J. 588, 596 (1977)). The second question in the verdict sheet asked
whether plaintiff proved she was able to perform all of the essential functions of
her job either with or without a reasonable accommodation. In answering "no,"
the jury found plaintiff could not perform all the essential functions of her job
even with a reasonable accommodation.
The trial judge found the jury's verdict was supported by the credible
evidence. The jury heard testimony that plaintiff completed a form for
defendant supporting her request for a medical leave, in which she stated she
was "unable to perform all essential functions required by [her] employer."
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Additionally, plaintiff's supervisor testified that defendant accommodated
plaintiff's disabilities by permitting her to wear a mask to prevent infection and
by giving her a special mouse for her arthritis. Despite these accommodations,
plaintiff still claimed that she was unable to perform all essential functions
required of her position. We discern no error in the judge's conclusion that
"significant" evidence supported the jury's verdict. We, therefore, decline to
reverse the trial court's denial of plaintiff's motion for a new trial as plaintiff has
not shown "a miscarriage of justice under the law." R. 2:10-1; R. 4:49-1(a).
Although not raised in the motion for a new trial, plaintiff asserts two
additional arguments on appeal. She contends a new trial should be granted
"based on the highly prejudicial closing statement that [d]efendant's counsel
made[,]" specifically referring to the comments that defendant's witness was "a
super lawyer" and plaintiff's case was "smoke and mirrors." Plaintiff's counsel
did not object during the course of defendant's summation. Fertile v. St.
Michael's Med. Ctr., 169 N.J. 481, 495 (2001) ("[W]hen a lawyer observes an
adversary's summation, and concludes that the gist of the evidence has been
unfairly characterized, an objection will be advanced."). Instead, he stated to
the judge after the completion of the argument that he did not like to object
"even when it's very objectionable" and he found "so many things that were
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objectionable." Counsel did not identify any specific statements made by
defense counsel that were improper. In response to this colloquy, the judge
advised he would address it with the jury in his charge.
Although counsel are afforded broad latitude in summation, defendant's
references to his own witness as a "super lawyer" and plaintiff's case as "smoke
and mirrors" are improper comments. They are not "confined to the facts shown
or reasonably suggested by the evidence introduced during the course of trial."
Colucci v. Oppenheim, 326 N.J. Super. 166, 177 (App. Div. 1999). We are
satisfied, however, that these fleeting comments made in a lengthy summation
were not "capable of producing an unjust result." R. 2:10-2.
Furthermore, the judge instructed the jury:
The lawyers are here as advocates for their
clients. In their opening statement and in their closing
arguments, they have given you their views of the
evidence and their arguments in favor of their client's
positions.
While you may consider their comments, nothing
that the attorneys say is evidence and their comments
are not binding upon you. That means you can accept
or reject their arguments. Any comments that the
lawyers made are argument. They're not sworn.
They're not witnesses.
....
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The lawyers are advocates for their clients yet
adversarial to each other. And sometimes lawyers may
say things in the heat of the battle that the jury shouldn't
really rely upon. . . . [f]or example[,] when the lawyers
make comments, and it doesn't necessarily relate to the
evidence, you can disregard those comments and let me
just give you an example each way.
....
But when a lawyer says, you know, they're engaging in
[smoke and mirrors] or they're lying to you, those are
comments that are part of the adversarial process. But
you're to disregard them because they're really not part
of the evidence in the case.
The judge's instructions served to address plaintiff's concerns and guide
the jury in the weight to attribute, if any, to counsels' presentations.
We briefly address plaintiff's contention that the court erred in not
considering her motion for a directed verdict. A motion for judgment under
Rule 4:40-1 must be made "either at the close of all the evidence or at the close
of the evidence offered by an opponent." If a motion for judgment is not made
during trial, then the party may not subsequently move for a directed verdict. R.
4:40-2; Velazquez v. Jiminez, 336 N.J. Super. 10, 33 (App. Div. 2000); Sun
Source, Inc. v. Kuczkir, 260 N.J. Super. 256, 266 (App. Div. 1992).
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Plaintiff did not present a motion for judgment at any time during the trial.
Therefore, her request for a directed verdict after hearing the jury's verdict was
untimely and improper.
Affirmed.
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