BENJAMIN A. RAMOS VS. BOROUGH OF PALISADES PARK (L-2374-17, BERGEN COUNTY AND STATEWIDE)

NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE
APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION
This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court." Although it is posted on the
internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited. R. 1:36-3.
SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY
APPELLATE DIVISION
DOCKET NO. A-3024-18T1
BENJAMIN A. RAMOS,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
v.
BOROUGH OF PALISADES
PARK, PALISADES PARK
POLICE DEPARTMENT, JAMES
ROTUNDO, individually and in
his official capacity, CYNTHIA
PIRRERA, individually and in
her official capacity, and DAVID
J. LORENZO, individually and in
his official capacity,
Defendants.
_______________________________
Submitted September 10, 2019 – Decided November 20, 2019
Before Judges Hoffman and Currier.
On appeal from an interlocutory order of the Superior
Court of New Jersey, Law Division, Bergen County,
Docket No. L-2374-17.
Deutsch Atkins, PC, attorneys for appellant (Bruce L.
Atkins, of counsel; Jason Todd Mushnick, on the
briefs).
Florio Perrucci Steinhardt & Cappelli, LLC, attorneys
for respondent Bergen County Prosecutor's Office
(Craig P. Bossong, of counsel and on the brief; Kerry
Cahill, on the brief).
PER CURIAM
By leave granted, plaintiff appeals from Law Division orders quashing the
subpoena he served on a non-party, the Bergen County Prosecutor's Office
(BCPO) and a later order denying reconsideration. Having considered the
parties' arguments in light of the record and applicable law, we conclude the trial
court misapplied its discretion by quashing the subpoena. Accordingly, we
vacate and remand for further proceedings.
I
In April 2017, plaintiff, the former Chief of the Palisades Park Police
Department, filed suit against defendants, Borough of Palisades Park (Borough),
Palisades Park Police Department, Mayor James Rotundo, Councilwoman
Cynthia Pirrera, and Borough Administrator David Lorenzo, alleging a violation
of the Conscientious Employee Protection Act (CEPA), N.J.S.A. 34:19-1 to -8.
In his complaint, plaintiff alleged defendants subjected him to pervasive
harassment in retaliation for an investigation into alleged criminal activity of
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Sergent Mark Messing, the son of Pirrera, which eventually resulted in Sgt.
Messing's indictment and suspension without pay.
According to plaintiff, defendants made him the target of "frivolous
investigations" in March and April 2016 and filed baseless disciplinary charges
against him, but "never completed [any] disciplinary hearings." Plaintiff further
alleged "[d]efendants hired special counsel to conduct investigations of the
disciplinary charges against [him] contrary to the [Attorney General]
Guidelines 1 and without prior notice to the BCPO."
The investigation report of special counsel was ultimately forwarded to
the BCPO, which then conducted its own investigation of the allegations against
plaintiff. After completing its investigation, the BCPO concluded there were no
criminal violations by plaintiff. Following this determination, the BCPO
referred the matter back to the Borough for disposition as to whether plaintiff
violated any rules or regulations.
1
"N.J.S.A. 40A:14-181 . . . mandate[s] all law enforcement agencies in this
State to adopt and implement policies and procedures 'consistent with' the
guidelines set forth in the 'Internal Affairs Policy and Procedures' manual
promulgated on behalf of the Attorney General by the Division of Criminal
Justice (AG Guidelines)." In re Carroll, 339 N.J. Super. 429, 435 (App. Div.
2001). The AG Guidelines mandate that "[c]omplaints against a law
enforcement executive . . . shall be documented and referred to the county
prosecutor for investigation." AG Guidelines at 15 (Rev. July 2017).
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According to plaintiff, on May 21, 2016, his physician "qualified [him] as
disabled which rendered him unable to perform any of his job duties. . . ."
Plaintiff alleges the Borough then agreed to permit him to "retire through
ordinary disability (receiving disability pension benefits)[,] rather than
proceeding with an [a]dministrative hearing . . . ." To that end, plaintiff claims
that, on May 25, 2016, he received notification that "the Borough accepted his
offer and that all charges would be dropped with an effective retirement date of
June 1, 2016."
After he retired on June 1, 2016, plaintiff alleges the Borough proceeded
to retaliate against him for his "whistle-blowing conduct" by deliberately
withholding his retirement benefits; in addition, rather than dismissing the
disciplinary charges against him, the Borough scheduled a hearing on the
charges for September 20, 2016. The hearing was initially postponed to allow
plaintiff to present witnesses; however, plaintiff's counsel then informed counsel
for the Borough that plaintiff "will not be attending nor participating in this
hearing [or] any other hearing concerning administrative charges that may be
held by the Borough. . . ."
Over two years later, on October 12, 2018, special labor counsel for the
Borough sent plaintiff's counsel a letter advising that the March and April 2016
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disciplinary charges against plaintiff remain unresolved, and that the Borough
"is seeking to conclude these pending disciplinary matters."
On November 7, 2018, plaintiff served a subpoena duces tecum on the
BCPO seeking the internal affairs records, documents, and information related
to the disciplinary charges against plaintiff. 2 Rather than supply the requested
materials, the BCPO filed a motion to quash the subpoena. Plaintiff filed
opposition and a cross-motion to enforce the subpoena.
Following oral argument, the judge granted the BCPO's motion to quash
and denied plaintiff's cross-motion. The judge found that the materials sought
in the subpoena "are protected by the self-critical analysis and deliberative
process privileges," which "protect against disclosure of internal investigation
materials." The judge concluded that "the BCPO's communications with the
defendants in furtherance of [its] investigation is outside the scope of . . .
relevance to plaintiff's case." The judge denied plaintiff's request without
conducting an in camera review of the actual documents.
2
According to plaintiff's counsel, he "previously requested in discovery
[p]laintiff's complete internal affairs records file maintained by [d]efendants,
wherein [d]efendants provided records from prior investigations, but no internal
affairs records on the disciplinary charges which are now being pursued by the
Borough and which constitute the alleged retaliation and harassment."
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Plaintiff then filed this appeal, asserting the motion judge's decision to
quash the subpoena served upon the BCPO constituted an abuse of discretion
and misapplication of applicable law. Before the filing of plaintiff's appellate
brief, counsel for the BCPO sent a letter to plaintiff's counsel providing 511
date-stamped documents, "represent[ing] the BCPO's entire file regarding your
client as it relates to the disciplinary charges that the Borough . . . is allegedly
pursuing against your client."
In response, plaintiff's counsel indicated he would withdraw the appeal
upon receiving "a certification from the BCPO that it has produced all
documents and communications responsive to each item set forth in the
subpoena . . . and has not withheld or redacted any communications or
documents requested in the subpoena . . . ." This appeal continued when the
BCPO failed to provide the requested certification.
BCPO's respondent's brief claims it has provided "all documents in [its]
possession that relate" to the disciplinary charges against plaintiff.
Nevertheless, the same brief argues that plaintiff's subpoena sought records that
are "privileged" and "confidential," and argues the motion judge properly
quashed plaintiff's subpoena. BCPO's brief fails to explain why it provided
"privileged, confidential" documents it claims is responsive to plaintiff's
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subpoena, after successfully quashing the subpoena. Nor does BCPO's brief
explain why its production of the subpoenaed documents does not constitute a
waiver of its claim of confidentiality of these documents.
II
We begin our analysis by reviewing some basic principles concerning
discovery. "An appellate court applies 'an abuse of discretion standard to
decisions made by [the] trial courts relating to matters of discovery.'" C.A. ex
rel. Applegrad v. Bentolila, 219 N.J. 449, 459 (2014) (alteration in original)
(quoting Pomerantz Paper Corp. v. New Cmty. Corp., 207 N.J. 344, 371 (2011)).
As a result, "[w]e generally defer to a trial court's disposition of discovery
matters unless the court has abused its discretion or its determination is based
on a mistaken understanding of the applicable law." Rivers v. LSCP'ship, 378
N.J. Super. 68, 80 (App. Div. 2005). In civil actions,
[p]arties may obtain discovery regarding any matter,
not privileged, which is relevant to the subject matter
involved in the pending action. . . . It is not ground for
objection that the information sought will be
inadmissible at the trial if the information sought
appears reasonably calculated to lead to the discovery
of admissible evidence; nor is it ground for objection
that the examining party has knowledge of the matters
as to which discovery is sought.
[R. 4:10-2(a).]
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"New Jersey's discovery rules are to be construed liberally in favor of
broad pretrial discovery." Payton v. N.J. Tpk. Auth., 148 N.J. 524, 535 (1997)
(citing Jenkins v. Rainner, 69 N.J. 50, 56 (1976) ("Our court system has long
been committed to the view that essential justice is better achieved when there
has been full disclosure so that the parties are conversant with all the available
facts.")). Nonetheless, "the scope of discovery is not infinite." K.S. v. ABC
Prof'l Corp., 330 N.J. Super. 288, 291 (App. Div. 2000). Rather, it is limited to
information, "not privileged, which is relevant to the subject matter involved in
the pending action[.]" R. 4:10-2(a).
In McClain v. College Hospital, our Supreme Court considered whether
the investigatory records of a state licensing board should be released for use in
a civil proceeding. 99 N.J. 346, 351 (1985). The Court held that such records
should be released where there is a
particularized need that outweighs the public interest in
confidentiality of the investigative proceedings, taking
into account (1) the extent to which the information
may be available from other sources, (2) the degree of
harm that the litigant will suffer from its unavailability,
and (3) the possible prejudice to the agency's
investigation.
[Ibid.]
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The Court noted that, when the inquiry revolves around law enforcement
investigatory information, the situation "invites case-by-case consideration of
whether access would probably so prejudice the possibility of effective law
enforcement that such disclosure would not be in the public interest." Id. at 357.
With the foregoing discovery principles in mind, we turn to the trial
court's opinion. In her oral decision, the motion judge, in determining that
plaintiff was not entitled to the subpoenaed documents, emphasized that "the
[BCPO] is not a party." She concluded "the interest of confidentiality"
outweighs "plaintiff's interest in disclosure," as "the [BCPO] must be able to
conduct confidential investigations into allegations of misconduct."
Based upon our review of the record, we are compelled to remand the
matter to the Law Division for further proceedings. Here, the motion judge did
not explicitly weigh the balancing factors in her ruling. Significantly, the judge
did not conduct an in camera review of the BCPO files to first determine the
relevancy of each document by judging whether each document contains
"evidence having a tendency in reason to prove or disprove any fact of
consequence to the determination of the action." N.J.R.E. 401. The judge's
failure to conduct an in camera review and balance plaintiff's interest in the
records with the BCPO's interest in confidentiality constitutes a mistaken
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exercise of discretion, warranting a remand. The subpoenaed records could very
well play a central role in determining if the charges against plaintiff were
warranted or retaliatory.
Further, once a document is deemed relevant, the trial judge is required to
"examine each document individually and make factual findings with regard to
why [a plaintiff's] interest in disclosure is or is not outweighed by [the State's]
interest in nondisclosure." Keddie v. Rutgers, 148 N.J. 36, 54 (1997); see also
Hammock by Hammock v. Hoffmann-LaRoche, Inc., 142 N.J. 356, 381-82
(1995) (dealing with sealing of documents in civil cases concerning health,
safety, and consumer fraud, and noting, "[t]he need for secrecy must be
demonstrated with specificity as to each document. . . . [T]he trial court, or a
master appointed for such purpose pursuant to Rule 4:41-1 to -5, must examine
each document individually and make factual findings.").
When a New Jersey trial court reviews documents in
camera, it must 'make specific determinations regarding
plaintiff's access to them, including an expression of
reasons for the court's rulings.' The trial court must
examine each document individually, and explain as to
each document deemed privileged why it has so ruled.
[Seacoast Builders Corp. v. Rutgers, 358 N.J. Super.
524, 542 (App. Div. 2003) (quoting Payton, 148 N.J. at
550).]
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When stating the reasons for nondisclosure, a judge should "state with
particularity the facts, without disclosing the secrets sought to be protected, that
. . . persuade the court to seal the document or continue it under seal."
Hammock, 142 N.J. at 382. However, where a judge is unable to reveal factual
findings without disclosing the confidential material sought, the disclosure of
those factual findings can be sealed for appellate review, thus permitting a
meaningful determination by this court whether the judge correctly exercised
his or her discretion. See Shuttleworth v. City of Camden, 258 N.J. Super. 573,
589 (1992).
We further note that the AG Guidelines specifically authorize the release
of "information and records of an internal investigation" when administrative
charges have been brought against an officer and a hearing will be held. AG
Guidelines at 42. The record contains no evidence the Borough has dismissed
the pending administrative charges against plaintiff.
We are unpersuaded by BCPO's claim that it has now provided all
documents in its possession that relate to the disciplinary charges against
plaintiff, in light of its unexplained failure to supply a certification that it has
produced all requested documents and communications without redaction.
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Under these circumstances, we do not find unreasonable plaintiff's trust-but-
verify response to the BCPO's claim of full compliance.
We therefore vacate the order under review and remand to the motion
judge with directions to review the subpoenaed records 3 in camera and render a
decision making specific reference to particular documents or groups of
documents and provide factual findings, if necessary, in the form of a separate
sealed decision. Only then can we effectively review the factual basis of the
judge's decision and determine whether she "abused [her] discretion after
weighing the competing considerations of the balancing test." Shuttleworth, 258
N.J. Super. at 588 (quoting State v. Milligan, 71 N.J. 373, 384 (1976)). The
subpoenaed files, and any specific reference to the contents of the subpoenaed
files made by the court following an in camera review, shall remain under seal
pending any subsequent appeal.
Vacated and remanded. We do not retain jurisdiction.
3
Since the BCPO has already provided 511 documents to plaintiff, without
reservation, the task confronting the motion judge would be to identify any
remaining documents not yet provided, and then to "examine each document
individually and make factual findings with regard to why [a plaintiff's] interest
in disclosure is or is not outweighed by [the State's] interest in nondisclosure."
Keddie, 148 N.J. at 54.
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