Maria C. Manata v. Francisco A. Pereira

NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE
APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION
SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY
APPELLATE DIVISION
DOCKET NO. A-0506-12T4
MARIA C. MANATA,
Plaintiff-Respondent, APPROVED FOR PUBLICATION
June 20, 2014
v.
APPELLATE DIVISION
FRANCISCO A. PEREIRA,
Defendant-Appellant,
and
STATE FARM INSURANCE COMPANY,
Defendant.
__________________________________
Argued November 19, 2013 – Decided June 20, 2014
Before Judges Reisner, Ostrer and Carroll.1
On appeal from the Superior Court of New
Jersey, Law Division, Essex County, Docket
No. L-5822-10.
David Della-Badia argued the cause for
appellant (Sellar Richardson, P.C.,
attorneys; John M. Kearney, of counsel;
Christopher W. Ferraro, on the briefs).
John J. Megjugorac argued the cause for
respondent (Ginarte, O'Dwyer, Gonzalez,
Gallardo & Winograd, LLP, attorneys; Michael
1
Judge Carroll did not participate in oral argument. However,
with the consent of counsel he has joined this opinion. R.
2:13-2(b).
A. Gallardo and Mr. Megjugorac, of counsel
and on the brief).
The opinion of the court was delivered by
OSTRER, J.A.D.
This appeal arises out of an automobile-pedestrian
collision. It requires us to chart limits on the use of
impeachment by omission when a cross-examiner references a
third-party report to discredit a witness, without seeking to
introduce the report into evidence.
Defendant Francisco A. Pereira, the driver, appeals from a
$350,000 judgment after a jury found him solely liable in
negligence for causing plaintiff Maria C. Manata permanent
injury. Defendant also appeals from the trial court's order
denying his motion for a new trial, and remittitur. In
addition, he challenges the award of attorney's fees under the
offer of judgment rule. R. 4:58-2. Defendant argues that the
trial court committed evidentiary errors pertaining to both
liability, and the nature and permanence of plaintiff's injury.
We agree that a new trial is required because of
evidentiary errors pertaining to the issue of liability. In
particular, plaintiff's counsel engaged in improper cross-
examination when he confronted defendant with a police report
that counsel did not offer in evidence, but whose substance he
communicated to the jury. The report did not contain any
2 A-0506-12T4
statements from defendant conveying his version of the accident.
Yet, counsel attempted to demonstrate that defendant, in
discussions with police, omitted the version of the collision
that he later asserted at trial. This improper attempt to
impeach by omission was capable of producing an unjust result.
I.
Defendant's car struck plaintiff as she attempted to cross
Ferry Street near Christie Street in Newark around 6:45 a.m. on
August 8, 2008. Ferry Street is one-way at that point, with two
lanes of traffic traveling east-bound.
Only plaintiff and defendant testified about the
circumstances of the accident. Plaintiff maintained she was
struck while walking in the crosswalk. Defendant asserted that
plaintiff had darted out from between two buses, attempting to
cross in the middle of the block.
Plaintiff testified that she exited a bus that stopped at
the southwest corner. With the Ferry Street traffic facing a
red light, she proceeded in the crosswalk in front of the
stopped bus, attempting to cross Ferry on her way to work. She
asserted she saw defendant turn left, onto Ferry. As she
crossed in front of the lanes of traffic, she saw defendant
again proceeding toward the crosswalk. Fearful he was not going
to stop in time, she turned around, and tried to return to the
3 A-0506-12T4
corner. Defendant's vehicle struck plaintiff on the right side
of her body, knocking her down.
Plaintiff testified that she was not rushing, as she had
arrived with ample time before she was due at work. She said
that defendant offered to take her to a hospital. She declined,
asking him to take her home. She then went to the hospital with
her adult daughter. Plaintiff testified that defendant
apologized, both at the scene and a few days later when he
visited her at home with his mother. Plaintiff also asserted
that defendant stated he could not see plaintiff cross the
street because of sun glare. Plaintiff's daughter testified
about defendant's visit to their home, and confirmed his apology
and reference to sun glare.
Defendant agreed that he made a left turn onto Ferry Street
and shifted into the right lane. He was on his way home from
work after a late-night shift as a truck driver. Defendant
insisted that two buses had stopped on the right side of the
street. There were also two cars between him and the corner in
the right lane. He testified that as he slowed for the stopped
traffic, plaintiff darted out from behind the first bus, and in
front of the second bus. Defendant was unable to avoid her.
Defendant conceded that there was some sun glare, but he denied
that caused the accident.
4 A-0506-12T4
Plaintiff's main effort to discredit defendant's version of
events was based on a police report that was not introduced into
evidence. It also was not marked for identification although,
as we discuss below, plaintiff's counsel made liberal use of the
document.2 However, without objection, the report is included in
the record before us.
The police did not respond to the scene of the accident.
Defendant testified that he went to the police station later
that day and provided the police with his version of events. He
stated that when he arrived at the police station, plaintiff was
already present. Plaintiff did not address her visit to the
police station or her interview with an officer. In response to
the judge's inquiry, defendant testified that he believed he
spoke to the officer who prepared the report. The undated
police report did not include defendant's version of the
accident. Defendant contended that after he received a copy, he
asked the police to correct it, to no avail.
The police report was made on the standard form NJTR-1.
See N.J.S.A. 39:4-131 (directing the Motor Vehicle Commission
2
A court should generally mark an exhibit to which reference is
made, even if it is not offered in evidence. See R. 1:2-3; N.J.
Div. of Youth & Family Servs. v. J.Y., 352 N.J. Super. 245, 264
(App. Div. 2002) (stating that the failure to properly identify
documents "not only violate[s] basic rules of trial practice
. . . but inhibit[s] the appellate process").
5 A-0506-12T4
(MVC) to prepare standard forms for motor vehicle accident
reports). The "Crash Description" section of the report
referred only to the victim's version of events:
Event #291668 Victim states she was crossing
the street on Ferry St/Christie, on her way
to work when Veh (2) made a stop on a
Traffic Light, but strucked [sic] the
Pedestrian, causing minor, bruises on her
right hip, and right thighs [sic]. The
victim[']s daughter was notified, and
transported the victim to St. Michaels
Medical Center for further treatment. No
EMS was notified, No Police Pursuits
conducted at this time.
The report included a crash diagram consistent with
plaintiff's version of events. It depicted defendant's car at
the head of the line of cars in the right lane, with the front
of the car touching the crosswalk, and a stick figure of a
pedestrian within the crosswalk. According to the codes
inserted in various boxes, the report indicated in the "pre-
crash action" section that the pedestrian was "Crossing At
'Marked' Crosswalk" and the vehicle was "Slowing or Stopping."3
3
To understand the meaning of the codes, we take judicial notice
of the MVC guide to police for preparing motor vehicle crash
reports: N.J. Motor Vehicle Comm'n, Police Guide for Preparing
Reports of Motor Vehicle Crashes 41 (rev. 2011), available at
http://www.state.nj.us/transportation/refdata/accident/pdf/NJTR1
-Police_Guide.pdf; and Police Technical Assistance Program,
NJTR-1 Form Field Manual 53 (rev. Jan. 23, 2009), available at
http://www.state.nj.us/transportation/refdata/accident/pdf/NJTR-
1Field_Manual.pdf. See N.J.R.E. 201(a) (providing for judicial
notice of "ordinances, regulations and determinations of all
(continued)
6 A-0506-12T4
"Apparent contributing circumstances" of the crash were "Driver
Inattention" and "None" for defendant, and "Other Pedestrian
Factors" for plaintiff. The report did not reference such other
possible circumstances as "Failed To Yield Right of Way to
Vehicle/Pedestrian" and "Sun Glare," to support plaintiff's
version, or "Crossing where prohibited" to support defendant's
version. The report indicated "No visible injury noted, but
victim complains of pain," although, as noted, under "Crash
Description," the report stated that plaintiff suffered minor
bruises on her right side. Also, the form left blank box 15,
where the officer could have indicated the accident occurred at
the intersection.
The report did not explicitly indicate that the officer
spoke to defendant. No reference is made to the version of
events to which defendant testified at trial. Nor does the
(continued)
governmental subdivisions and agencies thereof"); N.J.R.E.
202(b) (stating that an appellate court may take judicial notice
of any matter specified in N.J.R.E. 201); State v. Marquez, 408
N.J. Super. 273, 286 n.5 (App. Div. 2009) (taking judicial
notice of MVC manuals), rev'd on other grounds, 202 N.J. 485
(2010); see also State v. Gandhi, 201 N.J. 161, 200 n.18 (2010)
(taking judicial notice of Division of Criminal Justice training
manual for police officers conducting domestic violence
interviews); Twp. of Dover v. Scuorzo, 392 N.J. Super. 466, 474
n.4 (App. Div. 2007) (taking judicial notice of Handbook of New
Jersey Assessors although not introduced into evidence before
trial court).
7 A-0506-12T4
report attribute to defendant a version of events consistent
with plaintiff's.
Plaintiff's counsel attempted to impeach defendant by
demonstrating that defendant's claim that plaintiff darted out
from between two buses was a recent fabrication. Counsel relied
on the absence of defendant's version of events in the police
report. However, plaintiff's counsel made no effort to
introduce the police report into evidence, and did not call the
police officer who prepared the report. Questioning about the
police report formed a major part of the cross-examination of
defendant. We quote it at length:
Q And when you went to the Police Station
and you told them your . . . version of the
accident, did you tell them that Ms. Manata
darted out from between two buses and that
she want [sic] in the crosswalk?
A I — I told them that — that she darted
out. Exactly.
Counsel also attempted to elicit that there was no language
barrier between defendant and the officer, apparently because
defendant had previously testified that he spoke to plaintiff in
Portuguese, but he also spoke English. Defense counsel objected
that the police report was hearsay.
Q And you understand [sic] him well and
he understand [sic] you well; right?
A I — I don't think he understood me well
because when I got the — the report — excuse
8 A-0506-12T4
me. When I got the report, the report
states —
[DEFENSE COUNSEL]: Objection. The Police
report is hear say [sic]. The Police
Officer's not coming in.
THE COURT: Well, understood but, I mean
—
[PLAINTIFF'S COUNSEL]: — I'm not going to
admit it into evidence. Ask him what — and
—.
THE COURT: Yea. I — I didn't stop you.
[PLAINTIFF'S COUNSEL]: Okay. Thank you.
Q Is there —
THE COURT: Start again.
Q Okay. I'll start again. What — what
language did you speak to the Police
Officer?
A I spoke in English — to the Police
Officer.
Q And he spoke to you in English?
A Correct. Yea.
Q Was there any communication problem
between you and the Police Officer?
A I don't know if there was communicate
[sic] — you know, I don't know if there was
a mis-understanding or what but, you know.
Although the police report did not attribute any statement
to defendant, plaintiff's counsel asked defendant if he recalled
9 A-0506-12T4
telling the officer that he struck plaintiff while she was in
the crosswalk.
Q Do you remember saying that you were
making a stop at the light and you struck
Ms. Manata?
A I was coming to a stop because you
know, the light was red and there was [sic]
two cars in front of me.
Q Do you remember telling the Police
Officer that you were the first one coming
in to — to the stop light?
A No. I — I did not tell the Police
Officer that.
Q Do you remember telling the Police
Officer that — that Ms. Manata was hit in
the crosswalk?
A I did not tell the Police Officer that.
Q You're saying that you told the Police
Officer that she darted out from in between
two buses? Is that what your testimony is?
Did you tell the Police Officer that? Yes
or no?
A I told — you know, that she darted out
between two buses. I don't you know — I
don't know, you know what he understood.
Q So, you said you're traveling down
Ferry Street in the right lane when all of a
sudden she darts out from between two buses
in front of your car?
A Hmm mmm.
Q Was that — when you reviewed the report
did you find it accurate in that regard?
10 A-0506-12T4
A No, I did not find the report accurate.
As a matter of fact, I went back to the
Police Station to have that changed.
Over defense objection, plaintiff's counsel elicited the
substance of the police report — that it did not contain
defendant's version of the collision.
Q There's no mention of that in this
report; is there?
A No mention of what?
Q That — anybody darting in between two
buses. There's no mention of that; is
there?
A No, because –
[DEFENSE COUNSEL]: Objection.
THE COURT: I'll allow it.
Q There's no mention of that; is there?
A No. The report is erroneous. That
report was [sic] written was erroneous. The
lady did not cross in the crosswalk; okay?
And I went back to the Police Station to
have that changed. The — the Officer did
not want to change it. He said when you go
to court, you explain it to them. He did
not want to change it. That — that — that
was wrong. That report. It was erroneous.
About the crosswalk.
Q And how about — how about the fact that
it doesn't mention, at all that her darting
out from between buses — do you remember —
did you remember being asked about what you
disagreed with about the Police report when
— when you testified?
11 A-0506-12T4
THE COURT: This is not a memory contest.
If you're going to use a deposition, I'll
tell you again, you use it the way it should
be used.
. . . .
Q Question was posed to you at — at your
deposition on October 21st, 2011 when you
testified under oath. And the question was,
["]did you notice whether they included your
version of the accident in the Police report
or not?["] Your answer, ["]I looked at the
Police report when I got it after and after
that I didn't — I haven't touched it since
and right now I don't even remember — my
version. I would imagine it's there — you
know, one thing. I did not notice.["] And
then later . . . you say, "what I noticed
was that on it, it states on there that the
lady was walking on the crosswalk; okay?
And that's not the way it happened, you
know? That is erroneous right there, you
know? I went back to the Precinct to the
Officer, you know, could change that but, he
was unwilling to do it". And then the — the
next question that was posed to you is,
["]was there anything else? Any other error
that you saw in the Police report that you
thought should be changed?["] Your answer,
["]no, I believed it was that she — the
crosswalk I know was erroneous and I haven't
read the Police report since when I first
got it — got it, so I don't remember, you
know if there was anything else.["] Do you
remember saying that?
A Yea, I do. Yea.
Plaintiff's counsel again established that defendant's
version was omitted from the police report not in evidence. The
court sustained an objection only as to a question regarding the
police officer's credibility.
12 A-0506-12T4
Q Any mention what so ever of — of Ms.
Manata darting out from between two buses?
A Any mention of it on here? No.
Q No. This Officer got that wrong too
you're saying.
[DEFENSE COUNSEL]: Objection, Your Honor.
He's — now, he's testifying to what the
Police Officer did and did not do.
THE COURT: Yea. Sustained.
Plaintiff's counsel returned to the police report later in
the cross-examination, conveying to the jury the accident
diagram contained in the report.
Q Okay. Here's the Police report again.
A Hmm mmm.
Q It shows — you see the diagram?
A Right. yea. I saw —
[DEFENSE COUNSEL]: Objection. The diagram
was — can I approach, Your Honor?
THE COURT: Yes.
(SIDEBAR – INAUDIBLE)
Q All right. Just take a look at that
diagram. You see the diagram —?
A Uh huh. Yes.
Q See how it shows a little person inside
the crosswalk?
A — I saw that already. Yes.
13 A-0506-12T4
Q You . . . deny that the Police Officer
got the information placing her in the . . .
crosswalk from you; correct?
A That he got — from me, he didn't get it
because I didn't — I didn't state that —
that she was in the crosswalk. He didn't
get it from me.
In his summation, plaintiff's counsel returned to the
police report, arguing that defendant's version did not appear
in it, reflecting that it was a recent fabrication.
And when is the first time that that version
of the accident comes up? Not when he spoke
to the police. In this case; after the
police come to court. Is that credible?
He had the opportunity to speak to the
police officers at the very moment of the
accident. And his testimony was basically,
not that what he told plaintiff before going
to the police station — there was sun-glare;
that he didn't see her — and went back where
he told plaintiff and her daughter —
daughter present — mother — there was sun-
glare; he just didn't see her; he was sorry.
And — and I'm sure this gentleman was
sorry. But it was an accident. And he
struck her with his vehicle. And the
accident happened for a reason. And that
reason is something that had changed from –
from that time to now. And — and your job
is to decide is that credible. Why did he
make that change?
Was the police officer asked why — you
know, why — why doesn't anything that you're
saying now show up in the police report that
[sic]. Which was taken that very night when
you went down for the police report
together. Why was the police officer left
14 A-0506-12T4
with the impression that Ms. Manata, Maria —
she was in the crosswalk?
Why isn't there any mention of Ms.
Manata darting out from between two buses?
During deliberations, the jury submitted a request, "'May
we see the police report?'" Defense counsel objected, stating
it was not in evidence. The court agreed. The judge restated
the request and then responded,
The answer to that is no. It's not in
evidence.
You may recall the police did not
respond to the scene. And this was prepared
after the event. And to the extent that it
contains conversations with the parties it's
not proper; it's not evidentiary at this
point. So you will have to get along
without it.
The jury of seven unanimously found defendant was negligent
in the operation of his vehicle, which proximately caused the
collision with plaintiff, and plaintiff was not negligent in
crossing the street. The jury also found that plaintiff
suffered permanent injuries and, six to one, awarded
compensatory damages of $350,000. As plaintiff had made a pre-
trial offer of judgment of $30,000, plaintiff sought attorney's
fees. The court awarded $28,000, accepting counsel's hourly
rate of $350, but reducing the hours submitted from ninety to
eighty. The court later denied a motion for a new trial.
15 A-0506-12T4
On appeal, defendant raises the following points4 for our
consideration:
POINT II. The police report was
impermissibly used during cross-examination
of defendant.
POINT III. The plaintiff improperly
introduced the radiologist and neurologist's
opinions concerning the diagnostic studies.
POINT IV. The photographs depicting bruising
were improperly admitted as they are
prejudicial.
POINT V. Defendant is entitled to a new
trial on damages or a remitter because the
award shocks the conscience and is against
the weight of the evidence.
POINT VI. Plaintiff's request for counsel
fees was not supported by . . .
contemporaneous records and the court
impermissibly relied on law that has never
been adopted in New Jersey.
II.
We review trial courts' evidentiary decisions for an abuse
of discretion. Hisenaj v. Kuehner, 194 N.J. 6, 12 (2008). In
particular, "[c]ourts have a broad discretion in determining the
scope of cross-examination." State v. Silva, 131 N.J. 438, 444
(1993). Although we generously review a trial court's
evidentiary rulings, we may overturn the trial court's
evidentiary decision if there is a clear error of judgment or
4
Point I pertains only to the standard of review.
16 A-0506-12T4
the decision lacks the support of credible evidence in the
record. Estate of Hanges v. Met. Prop. & Cas. Ins. Co., 202
N.J. 369, 384 (2010); see also State ex rel. J.A., 195 N.J. 324,
340 (2008) (finding abuse of discretion in admitting hearsay
statement as present sense impression); State v. Kemp, 195 N.J.
136, 149 (2008) (finding abuse of discretion in admitting
N.J.R.E. 404(b) evidence). However, even if we discern error,
we will reverse a judgment based on an evidentiary error only if
we are convinced that the error "was 'clearly capable of
producing an unjust result.'" Green v. N.J. Mfrs. Ins. Co., 160
N.J. 480, 502 (1999) (quoting R. 2:10-2); see also Kemp, supra,
195 N.J. at 149-50 (finding admission of N.J.R.E. 404(b)
evidence to be harmful error).
The cross-examination of defendant was designed to impeach
him by highlighting his evident failure to convey to police the
version of the accident he asserted at trial — that plaintiff
entered the street behind a bus, and not in the crosswalk.
Plaintiff's counsel argued defendant's apparent omission
demonstrated that his version of the accident was a late
fabrication.
"Impeachment by omission" is a recognized means of
challenging a witness's credibility. "A statement from which
there has been omitted a material assertion that would normally
17 A-0506-12T4
have been made and which is presently testified to may be
considered a prior inconsistent statement." State v. Provet,
133 N.J. Super. 432, 437 (App. Div.), certif. denied, 68 N.J.
174 (1975); see also Silva, supra, 131 N.J. at 444-45; State v.
Marks, 201 N.J. Super. 514, 531-32 (App. Div. 1985), certif.
denied, 102 N.J. 393 (1986). This principle is widely accepted.
Jenkins v. Anderson, 447 U.S. 231, 239, 100 S. Ct. 2124, 2129,
65 L. Ed. 2d 86, 95 (1980) ("Common law traditionally has
allowed witnesses to be impeached by their previous failure to
state a fact in circumstances in which that fact naturally would
have been asserted."); Kenneth S. Broun, McCormick on Evidence §
34 (7th ed. 2013) ("[I]f the prior statement omits a material
fact presently testified to and it would have been natural to
mention that fact in the prior statement, the statement is
sufficiently inconsistent."); 3A Wigmore on Evidence § 1042
(Chadbourn rev. 1970) ("A failure to assert a fact, when it
would have been natural to assert it, amounts in effect to an
assertion of the non-existence of the fact.")
Under appropriate circumstances, the prior inconsistent
omission can be offered solely to discredit, or also as
substantive evidence. See Provet, supra, 133 N.J. Super. at
437. A trial judge retains the authority under both N.J.R.E.
403 and N.J.R.E. 611 to guard against unfair use of the
18 A-0506-12T4
technique. See, e.g., Jenkins, supra, 447 U.S. at 239, 100 S.
Ct. at 2129, 65 L. Ed. 2d at 95 (stating that in federal courts,
"silence cannot be used for impeachment where silence is not
probative of a defendant's credibility and where prejudice to
the defendant might result"). A proper foundation must be laid
to establish that it would be natural for the witness to have
made the omitted statement. Silva, supra, 131 N.J. at 447-48.
In this case, defendant denied that he omitted his version
of the accident to police. He testified that he told the police
that plaintiff darted between the two buses. Plaintiff could
have attempted to offer extrinsic evidence of the alleged
omission by trying to introduce into evidence the police report.
See N.J.R.E. 607 (authorizing introduction of extrinsic evidence
relevant to issue of credibility); N.J.R.E. 613(b) (authorizing
court to exclude extrinsic evidence of a prior inconsistent
statement unless the witness is afforded an opportunity to
explain or deny the statement). Generally, a police report is
admissible as a record of a regularly conducted activity,
commonly known as a business record, N.J.R.E. 803(c)(6), and as
a public record, N.J.R.E. 803(c)(8).
A police report may be admissible to prove the fact that
certain statements were made to an officer, but, absent another
hearsay exception, not the truth of those statements. See
19 A-0506-12T4
Estate of Hanges, supra, 202 N.J. at 375 n.1; State v.
Lungsford, 167 N.J. Super. 296, 310 (App. Div. 1979) ("[A]
police record is admissible to prove, for example, that a report
of crime was made by a member of the public and when the report
was made and received."). Likewise, evidence of the absence of
an entry in a business record may be offered to prove the non-
occurrence or nonexistence of a matter. N.J.R.E. 803(c)(7). In
the case of the absence of a public record entry, the rule
requires a certification that a diligent search failed to
disclose the record or entry. N.J.R.E. 803(c)(10).
However, to secure its receipt into evidence, the proponent
is required to present a custodian of records, if not the
particular officer who prepared the report. See Dalton v.
Barone, 310 N.J. Super. 375, 377-78 (App. Div. 1998). Defendant
argues that Statham v. Bush, 253 N.J. Super. 607, 615 (1992),
bars admission of a police report absent the testimony of the
particular officer who prepared it. As did the panel in Dalton,
supra, 310 N.J. Super. at 377-78, we reject such a literal
reading. "If the police officer who wrote the report is
unavailable, any other police official who could state that the
report was a record made in the regular course of the officer's
duties and was made at or near the time of the event may
establish the report's admissibility." Id. at 378.
20 A-0506-12T4
However, the court retains the power to bar a business
record if "the sources of information or the method, purpose or
circumstances of preparation indicate that it is not
trustworthy." N.J.R.E. 803(c)(6); Dalton, supra, 310 N.J.
Super. at 378. Similar authority applies to the absence of an
entry, where "the sources of information or other circumstances
indicate that the inference of nonoccurrence or nonexistence is
not trustworthy." N.J.R.E. 803(c)(7); see also N.J.R.E.
803(c)(10) (authorizing the court to exclude a certification to
prove the nonexistence or nonoccurrence of a matter based on the
absence of a public record, "where the sources of information or
other circumstances indicate that the inference of nonoccurrence
or nonexistence is not trustworthy"). Consequently, the court
may exclude the report from evidence if the authenticating
testimony of the police witness indicates that a report did not
satisfy the preconditions of admissibility; for example, it was
prepared contrary to regular practice, or under circumstances
indicating it was not trustworthy.
In this case, the court made no finding about the
reliability or trustworthiness of the police report, because
plaintiff made no effort to introduce it into evidence.
Moreover, it is uncertain, at least based on the record before
us, that plaintiff could have laid a sufficient foundation for
21 A-0506-12T4
admission of the report as a business record. Without an
officer's testimony, it is unclear whether the report was
prepared in accordance with regular practice including governing
guidelines. We note that the current manual for preparing motor
vehicle crash reports requires an investigating officer to
include the versions of the collision from all pedestrians,
operators and witnesses. See Police Guide, supra, at 41 ("At a
minimum describe the following 3 basic elements: . . . A summary
of the accounts from all operators, pedestrians and
witnesses. . . ."). The Police Guide's "Recommended Procedures
for the Handling of Motor Vehicle Crashes Not Investigated at
the Scene" also recommends the preparation of reports by the
reporting individuals on a separate SR-1 form. Id. at 7.
One may reasonably question whether the circumstances of
the report's preparation indicate that the inference that
defendant omitted his trial version of the accident is
trustworthy. See N.J.R.E. 803(c)(6); N.J.R.E. 803(c)(7); see
also N.J.R.E. 803(c)(10). The officer failed to attribute any
version of the accident to defendant. Even if the report were
otherwise admissible, the police officer's diagram of the
accident was not based on his personal observations at the
scene; rather, it relied on what another person told him. It
therefore constituted either the inadmissible opinion of the
22 A-0506-12T4
officer or inadmissible embedded hearsay of plaintiff. Cf.
Brown v. Mortimer, 100 N.J. Super. 395, 405-06 (App. Div. 1968).
Instead of seeking to introduce the police report,
plaintiff's counsel engaged in a form of "phantom impeachment."
See James McElhaney, Phantom Impeachment, 77 A.B.A.J. 82 (Nov.
1991) (describing "phantom impeachment" as the contradiction of
a witness on "key testimony——by someone who never takes the
stand and who never says a word in court"); see also State v.
Metz, 636 N.W.2d 94, 98 (Iowa 2001). Plaintiff's counsel, over
defense objection, presented to the jury the substance of the
police report, which was represented to reflect the omission of
defendant's version of the collision. Counsel accomplished that
by asking defendant himself what the report stated. Counsel
repeatedly confronted defendant with the fact, unproved by
competent evidence received by the court, that "[t]here's no
mention of . . . [defendant's version] in this report; is
there?"
After the court overruled the defense objection, defendant
was constrained to admit that his version was absent from the
report, and to discuss his efforts to correct it. Plaintiff's
counsel, over defense objection, was permitted to elicit from
defendant a description of the accident diagram in the report,
and his denial "that the Police Officer got the information
23 A-0506-12T4
placing her in the . . . crosswalk from you[.]" In his
summation, plaintiff's counsel asked rhetorically, "why doesn't
anything that [defendant was] saying now show up in the police
report" and "[w]hy was the police officer left with the
impression that Ms. Manata . . . was in the crosswalk?"
The cross-examination of defendant was improper, as was
plaintiff's summation, which was based on the cross-examination.
We recognize that "[c]ross-examination relating to a witness's
credibility need not be based on evidence adduced at trial."
State v. Martini, 131 N.J. 176, 255 (1993). However, a question
in cross-examination is improper where "no facts concerning the
event on which the question was based were in evidence and the
[questioner] made no proffer indicating his ability to prove the
occurrence." State v. Rose, 112 N.J. 454, 500 (1988); see also
Martini, supra, 131 N.J. at 255 (stating that a prosecutor could
not "ask questions about topics for which she had no basis in
truth").
Put another way, "[i]t is improper 'under the guise of
"artful cross-examination," to tell the jury the substance of
inadmissible evidence.'" United States v. Sanchez, 176 F.3d
1214, 1222 (9th Cir. 1999) (quoting United States v. Hall, 989
F.2d 711, 716 (4th Cir. 1993)); see also United States v. Check,
582 F.2d 668, 683 (2d Cir. 1978). "The reason for this rule is
24 A-0506-12T4
that the question of the cross-examiner is not evidence and yet
suggests the existence of evidence . . . which is not properly
before the jury." State v. Spencer, 319 N.J. Super. 284, 305
(App. Div. 1999); see also State v. Bowser, 297 N.J. Super. 588,
603-04 & n.3 (App. Div. 1997) (providing example of improper
cross-examination based on a police report not in evidence);
Biunno, Weissbard & Zegas, Current N.J. Rules of Evidence,
comment 4 on N.J.R.E. 803(c)(6) (2013).
We are constrained to reverse on this ground. The police
report was essentially presented to the jury as evidence that
defendant omitted from the police the version of the collision
he presented at trial. The error was significant. The issue of
liability was close. In large part, it was a credibility
contest between plaintiff and defendant. There were no other
witnesses to the collision. We recognize that defendant
apologized, and admitted that there was sun glare. However,
that was not a clear admission of fault; defendant's vision
could have been affected by sun glare even if plaintiff darted
out from behind a bus.
The impeachment by omission, which formed a major part of
the cross-examination of defendant, could well have tipped the
scales between the competing versions of events. The jury's
interest in the police report, evidenced by its request during
25 A-0506-12T4
deliberations, supports our view that the extensive cross-
examination of defendant regarding the police report was
"clearly capable of producing an unjust result." R. 2:10-2.
Upon remand, if plaintiff seeks to make any use of the
police report, the trial court shall hold a N.J.R.E. 104 hearing
to determine its reliability, admissibility, and the propriety
of utilizing it in cross-examination. At that hearing, the
parties would have an opportunity to explore the issues we have
raised regarding the peculiarities of the report, and its
compliance with any guidelines governing its preparation.
III.
[At the direction of the court, the
published version of this opinion omits Part
III, addressing issues pertaining to the
evidence of permanent injury, and the
court's award of fees under the offer of
judgment rule. See R. 1:36-3.]
IV.
Reversed and remanded. We do not retain jurisdiction.
26 A-0506-12T4