STATE OF NEW JERSEY VS. TYHAN BROWN (16-12-3622, CAMDEN COUNTY AND STATEWIDE)

NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE
APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION
This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court ." Although it is posted on the
internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited. R. 1:36-3.
SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY
APPELLATE DIVISION
DOCKET NO. A-0876-18
STATE OF NEW JERSEY,
Plaintiff-Respondent,
v.
TYHAN BROWN,
a/k/a TYHAM BROWN,
Defendant-Appellant.
________________________
Submitted September 20, 2021 – Decided October 8, 2021
Before Judges Messano and Rose.
On appeal from the Superior Court of New Jersey, Law
Division, Camden County, Indictment No. 16-12-3622.
Joseph E. Krakora, Public Defender, attorney for
appellant (Richard Sparaco, Designated Counsel, on the
brief).
Jill S. Mayer, Acting Camden County Prosecutor,
attorney for respondent (Kevin J. Hein and Rachel M.
Lamb, Special Deputy Attorneys General/Acting
Assistant Prosecutors, of counsel and on the brief).
PER CURIAM
A jury convicted defendant Tyhan Brown, a/k/a Tyham Brown, of first-
degree conspiracy to commit murder, N.J.S.A. 2C:5-2 and 2C:11-3(a)(1)(2);
first-degree attempted murder of Amir Dixon, N.J.S.A. 2C:5-1 and 2C:11-
3(a)(1); the lesser-included charge of first-degree aggravated manslaughter of
Gabrielle Hill-Carter, N.J.S.A. 2C:11-4(a)(1); second-degree possession of a
weapon for an unlawful purpose, N.J.S.A. 2C:39-4(a)(1); and second-degree
unlawful possession of a weapon, N.J.S.A. 2C:39-5(b).1 After appropriate
mergers, the judge sentenced defendant to a sixteen-year term of imprisonment
on the attempted murder conviction, subject to an eighty-five-percent period of
parole ineligibility pursuant to the No Early Release Act (NERA), N.J.S.A.
2C:43-7.2; a consecutive twenty-eight-year term of imprisonment subject to
NERA on the aggravated manslaughter conviction; and a consecutive seven-
year term of imprisonment on the unlawful possession of a weapon conviction,
subject to forty-two months of parole ineligibility under the Graves Act,
N.J.S.A. 2C:43-6(c).
Defendant raises the following points for our consideration:
1
Defendant was indicted with two codefendants, his mother, Shakia Land, and
defendant's girlfriend at the time, Natasha L. Gerald, who were each charged
with one count of hindering the apprehension of defendant, N.J.S.A. 2C:29 -
3(a)(7). The court entered pre-trial orders severing those counts of the
indictment, and defendant was tried separately.
2 A-0876-18
POINT I — DEFENDANT WAS DENIED THE
RIGHT TO A FAIR TRIAL DUE TO THE
ERRONEOUS ADMISSION OF MULTIPLE
INADMISSIBLE HEARSAY STATEMENTS. (Not
Raised Below).
POINT II — THE TRIAL COURT COMMITTED
ERROR IN PERMITTING EVIDENCE OF PRIOR
CRIMINAL ACTIVITY AND/OR DISPOSITION
UNDER N.J.R.E. 404(b): THE TRIAL COURT
ERRED IN ALLOWING EVIDENCE OF
DEFENDANT'S PURPORTED GANG
2
AFFILIATION.
POINT III — THE TRIAL COURT SHOULD HAVE
SUA SPONTE DISMISSED ALL THE COUNTS IN
THE INDICTMENT UNDER STATE V. REYES
DESPITE THE DEFENDANT'S COUNSEL'S
FAILURE TO MAKE SUCH A MOTION AT THE
CONCLUSION OF THE STATE'S CASE. (Not Raised
Below).
POINT IV — THE TRIAL COURT SHOULD HAVE
SUA SPONTE ENTERED A JUDGMENT OF
ACQUITTAL NOTWITHSTANDING THE VERDICT
BASED UPON THE INSUFFICIENCY OF THE
EVIDENCE. (Not Raised Below).
POINT V — THE SENTENCE TO THREE
CONSECUTIVE TERMS TOTALING AN
AGGREGATE TERM OF FIFTY-ONE YEARS,
FORTY YEARS AND TEN MONTHS PAROLE
INELIGIBILITY WAS EXCESSIVE.
2
We have eliminated this point's subpoints.
3 A-0876-18
Having considered these arguments in light of the record and applicable legal
standards, we affirm defendant's convictions but remand to the Law Division for
resentencing.
I.
A.
The State moved pre-trial to admit certain evidence, specifically:
uncharged prior bad acts of defendant, pursuant to N.J.R.E. 404(b); and, a
certain Facebook Live video depicting defendant badmouthing Dixon days
before the shooting.3 The judge conducted an evidentiary hearing at which
Camden County Prosecutor's Office Detective Sherman Lee Hopkins, the lead
homicide investigator, was the sole witness.
The State contended that on August 24, 2016, just before 8:30 p.m., police
responded to an address in Camden and found eight-year-old Gabrielle "Gabby"
Hill-Carter with a gunshot wound to her head. She died two days later. The
3
The Rule 104 hearing also addressed other evidence the State sought to admit
at trial. Defendant was arrested in Tennessee for a violation of his juvenile
parole, and he provided Detective Hopkins and his colleague with a recorded
video statement on August 30, 2016, after waiving his Miranda rights. See
Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966). Additionally, the detective obtained
a warrant and secured recordings of phone calls defendant made to codefendant
Gerald from the Camden County jail. The judge ruled the evidence was
admissible. Since defendant's brief does not challenge the admission of this
evidence at trial, we deem any issue in that regard to have been waived. State
v. W.C., ___ N.J. Super. ___, ___ (App. Div. 2021).
4 A-0876-18
child, however, was not the intended target of the shooting; instead, the State
asserted the target was Amir "Savage" Dixon, someone with whom defendant
was having an ongoing gang-related dispute documented on social media.
At the pretrial hearing, Hopkins identified video from a surveillance
camera near the homicide scene that showed Dixon, Gabby, and others on the
sidewalk immediately before the shooting. The detective also identified a
Facebook Live video recording of defendant made on August 20, 2016 . In
explicit language that contained gang references, defendant blamed Dixon for
"call[ing] the cops on us."
Hopkins testified about conversations he had with others during the
investigation, including Dixon's friend, Michael Jones. Jones relayed specific
details of a prior gang-related incident on August 19 or 20, 2016. According to
Jones, defendant and others were on four-wheel all-terrain vehicles (ATVs)
when they confronted Dixon on the street; defendant brandished a weapon at
Dixon.
Detective Hopkins also spoke with John Burgos, a friend of defendant.
Burgos said he picked defendant up after the shooting on August 24, and that
defendant was in possession of either a .380- or 9-mm. handgun. Burgos said
defendant told him about an incident earlier in the day, in which Dixon slapped
defendant and shot at him. Burgos also told the detective that defendant said he
5 A-0876-18
and others had "jumped out" at Dixon later that evening. Defendant fired at
Dixon, but his weapon jammed, and he did not hit anyone.
After considering oral argument, and citing State v. Cofield, 127 N.J. 328(1992), and State v. Goodman, 415 N.J. Super. 210 (App. Div. 2010), the judge
concluded evidence of the ATV incident and the Facebook Live video were
admissible.
B.
At trial, the State introduced the surveillance video and the testimony of
several witnesses who were present at the shooting and its immediate aftermath.
The witnesses described, and the video showed, Gabby playing on her bike with
other children in the area in front of her home. One of the witnesses said that in
the weeks prior to the shooting, there were some "new guys" hanging around the
neighborhood and an increase in drug activity. Dixon was one of the "new
guys." Another witness, Ida Bush, who lived across the street from Gabby's
house, saw Dixon follow a couple to a nearby street corner shortly before the
shooting started, presumably to sell them drugs. The woman who intended to
purchase the drugs was called as a State's witnesses.
Dixon testified that as he walked toward the street corner, he saw an
individual approaching and heard gunshots. He ran past Gabby and into Ms.
Bush's house; Dixon closed the door, leaving the child outside on the steps as
6 A-0876-18
the shooting continued. When it stopped, Ms. Bush heard someone cry, "the
baby, the baby." She opened her front door, and Gabby's body fell into the
doorway. None of the witnesses, including Dixon and his friend, Ralph Johnson,
who was with Dixon before the firing started, identified defendant as being at
the scene.
The Facebook Live video was played for the jury. It suffices to say that
in explicit language, defendant blamed "Savage" for calling police after the ATV
incident a few days earlier. Additionally, as noted, Detective Hopkins obtained
copies of a recorded phone call between defendant and Gerald from the Camden
County jail. Defendant instructed Gerald to open a Facebook Live stream while
he was on the phone and said he would not start talking until at least six people
were watching live. During the call, defendant criticized Burgos for speaking
with the police, stating "tell the gang to stay away from John Burgos, he
different." Defendant called Burgos a "rat" for giving "two 100-page
statements." Defendant said about Burgos, "[h]e think that we cool, we really
not cool. . . . He got two statements. . . . Who made him to say my name? What
made him say my name?"
Police also recovered a Facebook message defendant posted on his public
access page at 8:14 p.m. on August 26, 2016, the night Gabby died. It said:
This beef shit, I give it up. The street shit[,] I
give it up. It's the same shit every[]day. . . . Shit ain't
7 A-0876-18
doing nothing but breaking my little family apart. I'm
tired of keeping my mom up all times of the night
worried about me, stressing her out. I got [five] sisters
and a child to look after. Y'all can have that shit. Word
up. Y'all can call me what y'all want . . . . The shit y'all
trying to do now[,] I been did that shit man[,] word up.
So when it comes to the street shit, do me a favor and
count me out. I just want my mom and my sisters and
my whole support system to know I’m sorry and I got
this. Trying to save my momma a tear. Got to bury
her, can't let her bury me, [it] ain't gonna happen . . . .
In the statement provided to Detective Hopkins while in custody in
Tennessee, defendant claimed that he was not at the scene of the shooting.
Rather, earlier in the day, his aunt, Shante Land, drove defendant and his family
to her home in Sicklerville. According to defendant, his mother was fearful
because gunshots were fired at her car earlier in the day, leaving a bullet hole in
the window.
The State called a police officer who responded to defendant's mother's
call that her car was hit by gunfire earlier in the day of Gabby's shooting. He
confirmed that the car was struck by gunfire. Ms. Land, however, testified that
although she drove defendant and his family to Sicklerville, they did not arrive
until 11 p.m., well after the shooting. This was confirmed by a Gloucester City
police officer who testified that he stopped the vehicle for running a red light
around 10 p.m.
8 A-0876-18
FBI Special Agent William Schute testified that forensic analysis of
defendant's cell phone records revealed the phone was in Camden in "close
proximity" to the murder scene at 8:11 p.m., 8:18 p.m., and 8:31 p.m. The State's
ballistics experts testified that at least four different firearms were discharged at
the scene of the shooting. Three different handguns discharged the shells and
casings recovered from different locations around the scene; however, none of
the recovered casings could be linked to the bullet that killed Gabby, because
that had been fired by a revolver.
C.
Additionally, the State called Jones, Burgos and Emmett Tolbert,
defendant's cellmate while he was detained in Tennessee, as witnesses at trial.
We set forth their testimony separately, because that evidence, the prosecutor's
direct examination, and the court's rulings, are the subjects of Point I in
defendant's brief.
Tolbert testified that he and defendant were gang members. Defendant
was distressed when he returned to the cell they shared after being interrogated
by New Jersey detectives. Defendant told Tolbert that he had shot a rival gang
member in the head with a revolver while the man was running into his house
and that seven people were involved in the shooting. Defendant did not believe
he would be charged because there were so many others involved. Defendant
9 A-0876-18
also complained to Tolbert that police were "harassing" his family members and
girlfriend, and he hoped that his girlfriend "sticks to the script." During direct
examination, the prosecutor showed Tolbert his statement on several occasions,
asking if it refreshed his recollection, even though, on some occasions, the
witness had not indicated any lack of memory.
Burgos was called as a State's witness and immediately claimed no
knowledge or recollection of any statement he gave to Detective Hopkins. In
her questions, the prosecutor frequently included facts Burgos allegedly told the
detective in his statement and asked if he recalled those facts or that he told them
to Hopkins. Burgos continued to claim ignorance or lack of recollection.
There were no objections to any of the direct examination until defense
counsel requested a sidebar and told the judge: "[T]he witness said I don't
remember [thirty] times, [forty] times. I think it's appropriate to do a Gross4
hearing and a video." The prosecutor objected, stating she was "almost done"
and counsel should have the opportunity to cross-examine Burgos before the
hearing. The judge agreed, and the prosecutor's questioning continued,
frequently including facts Burgos told the detective and asking if the witness
recalled. Burgos said he did not recall in answering nearly every question.
4
State v. Gross, 121 N.J. 1 (1990).
10 A-0876-18
When the prosecutor ended direct examination, defense counsel again
asked for a sidebar. He advised the judge that he wanted the video recording of
Burgos's statement played for the jury before he cross-examined the witness.
The judge asked counsel: "[Y]ou have no objection to it being played in lieu of
a Gross hearing being conducted?" Counsel responded: "That's indeed correct .
. . ." The prosecutor then played the video recording for the jury, and defense
counsel later cross-examined Burgos.
Burgos told police that on the night of August 24, 2016, he picked up
defendant in North Camden where he was standing outside of a van with five
other individuals who were "showing off" guns; defendant also had a gun.
Defendant told Burgos that earlier in the day, Dixon had slapped him during an
argument and fired a shot at him. Defendant saw Dixon later in the evening,
and he "jumped out" at Dixon, who ran away. Defendant claimed his gun
jammed when he tried to fire. Burgos told Hopkins that after the s hooting,
defendant's mother sent defendant to live with a relative in Tennessee to "keep
him out of trouble."
When Jones testified, he claimed not to recall critical details regarding the
ATV incident, in some instances denying things he told Detective Hopkins in
his statement. The prosecutor ceased her questioning and outside the presence
of the jury, asked the judge to conduct a Gross hearing. Hopkins then testified
11 A-0876-18
about the circumstances under which he took Jones' recorded video statement,
which was played for the judge. The judge considered the factors outlined by
the Court in Gross.5 He determined Jones "feigned failure of recollection," and
the State had proven the "reliability of [the] statement." It was played for the
jury with redactions.
In the statement, Jones said there was "beef" between defendant, who was
a member of the Bloods, and Dixon who was a Hoover Crip. A few days before
Gabby's shooting, three men atop ATVs pulled up to Jones and Dixon on the
street, started "some bully shit," and flashed a gun at Dixon. Jones said
defendant came back and "hit[] a little girl" because he thought Dixon called
police regarding the ATV incident. On cross-examination, Jones said his
statement was all "hearsay and lies," and that he never saw defendant with a gun.
Defendant did not testify or call any witnesses.
II.
In Point I, defendant contends he was denied a fair trial because of the
"admission of multiple inadmissible hearsay statements" during the testimony
of Jones, Burgos and Tolbert. Defendant claims this occurred through the
prosecutor's use of the prior statements those witnesses made to law
enforcement. Defendant acknowledges there was never any objection from
5
Id. at 10 (quoting State v. Gross, 216 N.J. Super. 98, 109–10 (1990)).
12 A-0876-18
defense counsel, and so we review the argument employing the plain error
standard. See R. 2:10-2 (An "appellate court may, in the interests of justice,
notice plain error not brought to the attention of the trial . . . court" if "it is of
such a nature as to have been clearly capable of producing an unjust result .").
"We review the trial court's evidentiary ruling 'under the abuse of
discretion standard because, from its genesis, the decision to admit or exclude
evidence is one firmly entrusted to the trial court's discretion.'" State v.
Williamson, 246 N.J. 185, 198–99 (2021) (quoting State v. Prall, 231 N.J. 567,
580 (2018)). N.J.R.E. 803(a)(1)(A) provides that prior inconsistent statements
may be admitted as substantive evidence if they are inconsistent with a witness'
testimony and, if offered by the party calling the witness, they are sound -
recorded or in a writing made or signed by the witness.
We have held that a prior statement may be inconsistent, for purposes of
this Rule, when "it deviate[s] from [the witness'] assertions on the witness
stand," or when the witness "feigned a lack of recollection regarding the facts
contained in his prior statement." State v. Caraballo, 330 N.J. Super. 545, 556
(App. Div. 2000). See State v. Brown, 138 N.J. 481, 542 (1994) ("[A] feigned
lack of recollection is an inconsistency on which the admission of a witness's
prior inconsistent statement may be based."). "The Gross hearing — the name
given to the 104 hearing — requires the trial court to determine the admissibility
13 A-0876-18
of an inconsistent out-of-court statement by assessing whether the statement is
reliable." State v. Cabbell, 207 N.J. 311, 322–23 n.5 (2011) (citing Gross, 121
N.J. at 10, 17). The burden is on the party seeking to admit the statement to
prove the reliability of the prior inconsistent statement by a fair preponderance
of the evidence invoking "all surrounding circumstances." State v. Spruell, 121
N.J. 32, 42 (1990) (citing Gross, 121 N.J. at 16–17).
We agree with defendant that the process employed by the prosecutor with
respect to Jones and Burgos was not textbook. Frequently, the prosecutor posed
questions to the witnesses that included the very facts contained in the
subsequently admitted statements and asked if the witness made that statement
or recalled making the statement. That was improper, because the judge had not
yet ruled on the admissibility of the prior statements under N.J.R.E.
803(a)(1)(A). When posed, the questions contained inadmissible hearsay.
However, there was no objection to the direct examination. Moreover, in
Jones' case, we agree with the judge's penultimate ruling, i.e., that Jones was
feigning ignorance and, therefore, the State established inconsistency for
purposes of the evidence rule. In addition, in Jones' case, the judge considered
the Gross factors and concluded the statement was reliable. Since we agree with
the judge's conclusion that the prior statements were admissible subject to
14 A-0876-18
redaction, any error in the prosecutor's direct examination was harmless beyond
a reasonable doubt. 6
As to Burgos, not only was there no objection to the prosecutor's questions
on direct examination, but defense counsel also interrupted and requested a
sidebar, noting the witness' repeated lack of recollection to simple questions
posed. He then asked the judge to hold a Gross hearing, and, after the prosecutor
asked some additional questions without objection, defense counsel requested
the judge permit Burgos' statement to be played for the jury before he conducted
cross-examination. Any objection now raised to the admission of the statement
lacks sufficient merit to warrant discussion under the invited error doctrine. R.
2:11-3(e)(2). See State v. A.R., 213 N.J. 542, 561 (2013) (holding "trial errors
that were induced, encouraged or acquiesced in or consented to by defense
counsel ordinarily are not a basis for reversal on appeal" (quoting State v.
Corsaro, 107 N.J. 339, 345 (1987))). The invited admission of Burgos' statement
into evidence makes any error in the prosecutor's method of establishing its
inconsistency harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.
6
Defendant now raises for the first time that Jones' statement included
inadmissible hearsay, in particular, a statement Jones said Ralph Johnson made
implying that defendant had shot at Dixon and Johnson. The State contends that
the statement was independently admissible as an "excited utterance," pursuant
to N.J.R.E. 803(c)(2). We need not decide the issue because Johnson's alleged
statement was fleeting in the context of Jones' entire statement, was confusing
as to whom it accused of the shooting, and its admission was not plain error.
15 A-0876-18
Lastly, as to Tolbert's testimony, defendant claims the prosecutor
impermissibly used his prior statement in a manner that permitted the witness to
simply "parrot" his prior statement. We disagree.
"Once a proper foundation has been laid, a witness may examine any
document to refresh his memory." State v. Carter, 91 N.J. 86, 122 (1982). "The
admissible evidence is the recollection of the witness, and not the extrinsic
paper." Id. at 123. "In propounding questions, a prosecutor may not merely
parrot a statement ostensibly used to refresh recollection." Caraballo, 330 N.J.
Super. at 558. In this case, the prosecutor did use Tolbert's prior statement to
refresh his recollection after the witness said he could not recall what he had
previously stated. Tolbert then testified generally consistently with his
statement, and there was never an objection to that testimony. The method
employed by the prosecutor does not compel reversal.
III.
In Point II, defendant contends that the judge erred in ruling evidence of
the prior ATV incident and defendant's Facebook Live posting were admissible.
According to defendant, the prior bad act evidence failed to meet the Cofield
standard for admission, and the video, with its gang-related rhetoric, violated
the limitations we set forth in Goodman. Again, we disagree.
16 A-0876-18
"[S]ensitive admissibility rulings regarding other-crimes evidence made
pursuant to Rule 404(b) are reversed '[o]nly where there is a clear error of
judgment.'" State v. Green, 236 N.J. 71, 81 (2018) (second alteration in original)
(quoting State v. Rose, 206 N.J. 141, 157–58 (2011)). While evidence of
uncharged crimes or bad acts may be admissible to prove, among other things,
motive, such "evidence . . . 'has a unique tendency' to prejudice the jury . . .
[and] under Rule 404(b) 'must pass [a] rigorous test.'" Ibid. (second alteration
in original) (first quoting State v. Reddish, 181 N.J. 553, 608 (2004), then
quoting State v. Garrison, 228 N.J. 182, 194 (2017)).
While membership in a gang is not inherently criminal, evidence that a
defendant is affiliated with a gang would tend to lead the average juror to
conclude that the defendant has engaged in criminal activity. Goodman, 415
N.J. Super at 227–28. "Such evidence has the potential to 'taint' a defendant in
much the same way as evidence of actual criminal conduct. Consequently, the
evidence can only be used if the more demanding provisions of N.J.R.E. 404(b),
as interpreted in Cofield, are satisfied." Id. at 228. The test for admission is
well-known:
1. The evidence of the other crime must be admissible
as relevant to a material issue;
2. It must be similar in kind and reasonably close in
time to the offense charged;
17 A-0876-18
3. The evidence of the other crime must be clear and
convincing; and
4. The probative value of the evidence must not be
outweighed by its apparent prejudice.
[Goodman, 415 N.J. Super. at 229–30 (quoting State v.
Williams, 190 N.J. 114, 122 (2007)); See also Cofield,
127 N.J. at 338.]
The trial judge evaluated the interrelated evidence of the prior ATV
incident and the Facebook Live video by employing this four-prong analysis.
Defendant's arguments that the evidence of his affiliation with a rival gang and
prior recent incidents between the two men did not establish motive, or that the
evidence, which came in large part from defendant's own mouth, was less than
clear and convincing, or that its potential prejudice outweighed its probative
value, lack sufficient merit to warrant extended discussion. R. 2:11-3(e)(2).
IV.
In Points III and IV, defendant contends that the judge should have sua
sponte dismissed the indictment at the end of the State's case pursuant to State
v. Reyes, 50 N.J. 454 (1967), or sua sponte entered judgment notwithstanding
the verdict based on the insufficiency of the evidence. In large part, defendant
contends the evidence was insufficient to support conviction of conspiracy to
commit murder. He then asserts in conclusory fashion, "[t]he same argument
18 A-0876-18
with regard to conspiracy is hereby made with regard to the remaining counts in
the indictment." Defense counsel failed to make either motion at or after trial.
Initially, we refuse to consider the argument as it relates to any conviction
other than conspiracy. See Nextel of N.Y., Inc. v. Borough of Englewood Cliffs
Bd. of Adjustment, 361 N.J. Super. 22, 45 (App. Div. 2003) ("Where an issue is
based on mere conclusory statements by the brief writer, we will not consider
it." (citing Miller v. Reis, 189 N.J. Super. 437, 441 (App. Div. 1983))). N.J.S.A.
2C:5-2(a), provides in pertinent part:
A person is guilty of conspiracy with another person or
persons to commit a crime if with the purpose of
promoting or facilitating its commission he:
(1) Agrees with such other person or
persons that they or one or more of them
will engage in conduct which constitutes
such crime or an attempt or solicitation to
commit such crime; or
(2) Agrees to aid such other person or
persons in the planning or commission of
such crime or of an attempt or solicitation
to commit such crime.
"Because the conduct and words of co-conspirators is generally shrouded in
'silence, furtiveness and secrecy,' the conspiracy may be proven
circumstantially." State v. Samuels, 189 N.J. 236, 246 (2007) (quoting State v.
Phelps, 96 N.J. 500, 509 (1984)).
19 A-0876-18
Here, there was significant direct and circumstantial evidence that
defendant was part of a conspiracy to kill Dixon. There was evidence of rising
tensions between two rival gangs in the days before the shooting. In the
Facebook Live video, defendant urged his cohorts to "gang back there" because
he believed Dixon had called police after the ATV incident. Finally, there was
significant forensic evidence that numerous rounds fired at the scene came from
at least four different weapons discharged at various locations around the
intersection where Dixon was dealing drugs. We affirm the conviction for
conspiracy to commit murder.
V.
Defendant was twenty years old at the time of sentencing, and, although
this was his first adult conviction, the judge noted his record of juvenile
adjudications and violations of probation was essentially unbroken during the
previous five years. The judge concluded that aggravating factors three, five,
six and nine applied. See N.J.S.A. 2C:44-1(a)(3) (the risk of re-offense); (5)
(involvement in "organized criminal activity"); (6) (prior criminal record) ; (9)
(need to deter defendant and others). He rejected all mitigating factors proposed
by defense counsel.
In concluding consecutive sentences were appropriate, the judge cited
reliance on the factors outlined in State v. Yarbough, 100 N.J. 627, 643–44
20 A-0876-18
(1985).7 He noted there were two separate victims of defendant's crimes and
concluded the primary tenet justifying consecutive sentences was "that there be
7
The Yarbough factors are:
(1) there can be no free crimes in a system for which
the punishment shall fit the crime;
(2) the reasons for imposing either a consecutive or
concurrent sentence should be separately stated in the
sentencing decision;
(3) some reasons to be considered by the sentencing
court should include facts relating to the crimes,
including whether or not:
(a) the crimes and their objectives were
predominantly independent of each other;
(b) the crimes involved separate acts of
violence or threats of violence;
(c) the crimes were committed at different
times or separate places, rather than being
committed so closely in time and place as
to indicate a single period of aberrant
behavior;
(d) any of the crimes involved multiple
victims;
(e) the convictions for which the sentences
are to be imposed are numerous;
(4) there should be no double counting of aggravating
factors;
21 A-0876-18
no free crimes in a system for which punishment shall fit the crime." In
imposing a consecutive sentence for the unlawful possession of a firearm, the
judge reiterated this principle, and then said: "There's simply too many guns in
the city of Camden. There's too many people running around thinking that that
somehow makes them more important, bigger[,] and allows them to wreck harm
on other people[,] and we simply can't allow that to happen." The judge imposed
the sentences referenced earlier.
Defendant argues the aggregate sentence imposed was excessive because
the judge failed to properly weigh the aggravating and mitigating sentencing
factors and should have imposed concurrent instead of consecutive sentences.
We begin by noting "[a]ppellate review of the length of a sentence is
limited." State v. Miller, 205 N.J. 109, 127 (2011). As the Court has repeatedly
reiterated:
The appellate court must affirm the sentence unless (1)
the sentencing guidelines were violated; (2) the
aggravating and mitigating factors found by the
(5) successive terms for the same offense should not
ordinarily be equal to the punishment for the first
offense[.]
[100 N.J. at 643–44.]
A sixth factor, imposing an overall outer limit on consecutive sentences, was
superseded by legislative action. See State v. Eisenman, 153 N.J. 462, 478
(1998) (citing N.J.S.A. 2C:44-5(a)).
22 A-0876-18
sentencing court were not based upon competent and
credible evidence in the record; or (3) "the application
of the guidelines to the facts of [the] case makes the
sentence clearly unreasonable so as to shock the
judicial conscience."
[State v. Fuentes, 217 N.J. 57, 70 (2014) (alteration in
original) (quoting State v. Roth, 95 N.J. 334, 364–65
(1984)).]
Furthermore, "trial judges have discretion to decide if sentences should run
concurrently or consecutively." Miller, 205 N.J. at 128. See N.J.S.A. 2C:44-
5(a). "When a sentencing court properly evaluates the Yarbough factors in light
of the record, the court's decision will not normally be disturbed on appeal." Id.
at 129.
Initially, we agree with the State that the judge's findings regarding the
aggravating factors, and his denial of the proposed mitigating factors, were fully
supported by the record. We reject defendant's argument to the contrary.
However, since the sentencing and since the appellate briefs were filed,
the Court decided State v. Torres, 246 N.J. 246 (2021). In that case, the Court
exhaustively reviewed the Yarbough factors, while reaffirming the discretionary
authority of trial courts to impose consecutive sentences by using those
guidelines. Id. at 264–66.
The Court recognized, however, that sentencing judges "often seized
upon" the "'no free crimes'" factor identified in Yarbough, but that since
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Yarbough was decided, the Legislature had eliminated the sixth factor which
limited the overall length of consecutive sentences. Id. at 269. The Court
explained that the Yarbough "no free crimes" factor was part of "a set of
considerations that originally included an outer limit." Ibid. As a result, the
Court held:
An explicit statement, explaining the overall
fairness of a sentence imposed on a defendant for
multiple offenses in a single proceeding or in multiple
sentencing proceedings, is essential to a proper
Yarbough sentencing assessment. . . . Acknowledging
and explaining the fairness of the overall sentence
imposed on the defendant advances critical sentencing
policies of the Code, as amplified by Yarbough. It
remains, in fact, the critical remnant of accountability
imposed by Yarbough, since the legislative elimination
of the outer limit imposed by factor six.
[Id. at 268.]
In this case, the judge noted his reliance on the Yarbough factors, although
he repeatedly cited only the "no free crimes" factor without discussing any
others. He did not address, explicitly or implicitly, the overall fairness of the
fifty-one-year term of imprisonment with nearly forty-two years of parole
ineligibility imposed on a twenty-year-old defendant after his first adult
conviction.
Make no mistake about it. These crimes were senseless and heinous,
resulting most notably in the death of an innocent eight-year-old child.
24 A-0876-18
Defendant deserves the full measure of punishment the Criminal Code permits
through the reasoned exercise of judicial discretion. As the Court has now made
clear in Torres, critically, that includes the court's consideration of the overall
fairness of the sentence and an explicit statement to that effect.
We therefore vacate the sentence imposed and remand the matter for
resentencing. We express no position on the appropriate aggregate sentence. In
all other respects, we affirm defendant's convictions.
Affirmed, and remanded for resentencing. We do not retain jurisdiction.
25 A-0876-18