NEW JERSEY HIGHER EDUCATION STUDENT ASSISTANCE AUTHORITY VS. ABIGAIL SIAW (L-1638-16, MIDDLESEX COUNTY AND STATEWIDE)

NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE
APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION
This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court." Although it is posted on the
internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited. R. 1:36-3.
SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY
APPELLATE DIVISION
DOCKET NO. A-3929-16T2
NEW JERSEY HIGHER
EDUCATION STUDENT
ASSISTANCE AUTHORITY,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
v.
ABIGAIL SIAW, PHILIP
SIAW and FELICIA MENSAH,
Defendants-Respondents.
__________________________________
Submitted July 24, 2018 – Decided January 15, 2019
Before Judges Ostrer and Vernoia.
On appeal from Superior Court of New Jersey, Law
Division, Middlesex County, Docket No. L-1638-16.
Russell P. Goldman, attorney for appellant.
Respondents have not filed briefs.
The opinion of the court was delivered by
OSTRER, J.A.D.
Plaintiff, the New Jersey Higher Education Student Assistance Authority,
brought suit against a student borrower, Abigail Siaw, and her co-signers to
recover the balance due on two outstanding student loans. After a bench trial,
Judge Arthur Bergman found that defendants had defaulted, but the Authority
did not present sufficient proof of the loans' interest rates. The court therefore
allowed recovery of the loans' principal, plus costs of collection, but not the
loans' accrued interest. The Authority appeals, and we affirm.
I.
We discern the following facts from the trial record. To defray the costs
of attending Rutgers University, Abigail obtained two NJCLASS loans from the
Authority, totaling $24,309.1 See N.J.A.C. 9A:10-6.1 to -6.19 (describing the
NJCLASS loan program). The first loan, issued in 2007, was for $16,700. The
second, issued in 2008, was for $7,609. Philip Siaw co-signed the first loan and
Felicia Mensah co-signed the second. While in school, Abigail's loan payments
were deferred. Abigail completed her course work in January 2010, and her
payments became due shortly afterwards.
1
As she and one of her co-signers share a surname, we utilize first names for
convenience, and mean no disrespect in doing so.
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2
Initially, Abigail did not make any payments, and the Authority deemed
the loans in default in September, 2010. Upon default, NJCLASS borrowers
become "liable for the entire balance of the loan." N.J.A.C. 9A:10-6.16. Abigail
testified that she was notified by the Authority's counsel of her default. She
contended he agreed to accept monthly payments of $200, which she submitted
to him starting in 2011.
In March 2016, the Authority filed a complaint to recover the loans'
principal balance due, accrued interest, and collection costs. Abigail continued
to make payments through February 2017. At trial in April 2017, the Authority
demanded $15,667.41 for the 2007 loan, $7,397.14 for the 2008 loan, and
$5,252.98 in collection costs, totaling $28,317.53. The Authority conceded that,
at the time of trial, defendants had paid $17,942.75 toward the two loans –
$12,355.55 allocated to the 2007 loan, and $5,587.20 allocated to the 2008 loan. 2
In support of its claim, the Authority introduced into evidence, through a
student loan investigator, the two promissory notes, accompanied by identical
documents entitled "NJCLASS Terms, Conditions and Definitions." The notes
set forth the loan amounts, a maximum term of twenty years, but not the interest
2
Abigail stated in her answer that the payments consisted of her monthly $2 00
payments, plus garnished income tax refunds.
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rate. Rather, it provided that the interest was "as set forth in the NJCLASS Loan
Terms, Conditions, and Definitions." However, those documents did not
actually set forth the interest rate. Rather, they referred to a third document.
The "Terms, Conditions and Definitions" stated,
The borrower(s) and cosigner(s) will be provided a
copy of the Disclosure Statement revealing the interest
rate for this Note, the amount of the payment, the
number of payments that must be made and other terms
and conditions. If any information on the Disclosure
Statement conflicts with the information on this Note,
the information on the Disclosure Statement governs.
The Authority did not produce the Disclosure Statements, nor did it
provide proof that it supplied them to defendants. The Authority introduced
print outs from its "Direct Loan System" dated less than a week before trial,
which purported to set forth the interest rates on the two loans. 3 Each document
also included a line that read, "DATE DISCLOSURE: 08 19 2009." The
Authority presented no testimony explaining the meaning of those entries, and,
3
The print out for the 2007 loan displayed a 6.55 percent interest rate, applicable
to the periods August 19, 2009 to January 31, 2010 and March 9, 2010 to
December 9, 2013; and a 7.3 percent interest rate for the period January 9, 2014
to July 9, 2027. The Terms and Conditions provided that the interest rate
increased 0.75 percent beginning with the forty-ninth month of repayment. The
print out related to the 2008 loan displayed a 7.92 percent interest rate for the
two periods, August 19, 2009 to January 31, 2010, and March 9, 2010 to
December 9, 2013, and an 8.67 percent from January 9, 2014 to August 9, 2028.
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as noted, did not present any evidence showing it disclosed any interest rates to
Abigail when the loans were made.
The "Terms, Conditions and Definitions" also entitled the Authority to
"reasonable collection agency and attorneys' fees and other collections costs."
The Authority's witness testified that the agency sought collection costs equal
to the nineteen percent. The witness did not explain the basis for the nineteen
percent figure, but the Authority's counsel later stated that the amount sought
was his fee.
Appearing pro se, Abigail did not directly challenge the Authority's loan
documentation at trial, nor appear as a witness in her own defense.4 In her
opening statement, she asked the court to allow her and her parents to continue
making monthly payments. Abigail explained that, because of financial
hardships, they could not pay the lump sum due.
Judge Bergman found that the notes were issued and the principal amounts
disbursed, but the Authority had failed to meet its burden to prove the interest
rates due under the two notes. He observed that the Authority did not prove that
the disclosure statements were ever provided to defendants. The judge rejected
4
The court questioned Abigail briefly to confirm when she completed her
studies and graduated. Called as a witness in the Authority's case, Abigail
confirmed she executed the notes, but declined to admit the amount due.
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the Authority's argument that the 2017 print outs sufficed as proof of the interest
rates. Notably, the documents did not provide evidence of the interest rate at
time of disbursement, or that defendants ever received disclosure statements
showing the interest rates. In light of that failure of proof, the court found that
the Authority had failed to establish its entitlement to any interest on the loans.
The court converted all of defendants' payments – $12,355.55 toward the 2007
loan amount of $16,700, and $5,587.20 toward the 2008 loan amount of $7,609
– as reductions of principal. The judge therefore found that the principal
amounts still due were $4,344.45 on the 2007 note, and $2,021.80 on the 2008
note. The court also found that nineteen percent of those amounts was a
reasonable cost of collection, and entered judgment for the total of $7,575.85
plus post-judgment interest.
The Authority moved for a new trial, contending the decision was against
the weight of the evidence. Citing the print outs, the Authority argued it had
proved the interest rates. The Authority also contended that the court erred in
retroactively reallocating defendants' payments toward reduction of principal.
The court denied the motion.
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II.
On appeal, the Authority renews these arguments. 5 The Authority argues
the record contains sufficient proof of the loans' interest rates. Furthermore, it
contends that defendants did not contest the interest rates, nor deny receipt of
the disclosure statements when the loans were disbursed. In particular, as
defendants did not raise these points as an affirmative defense, the Authority
asserts it had no burden to respond.
We are unpersuaded. In its action on the notes, the Authority had the
burden, as in any contract action, to prove that the Authority and defendants
"entered into a contract containing certain terms." Globe Motor Co. v. Igdalev,
225 N.J. 469, 482 (2016) (quoting Model Jury Charge (Civil) § 4.10A "The
Contract Claim – Generally" (May 1998)). The Authority bore the burden, in
presenting its prima facie case, to establish the interest rates due on the notes.
Under the circumstances, the interest rate was an essential term of a loan
agreement. See Malaker Corp. Stockholders Protective Comm. v. First Jersey
Nat'l Bank, 163 N.J. Super. 463, 473-74 (App. Div. 1978) (holding that the
5
The Authority's notice of appeal refers only to the trial judgment. However,
its case information statement refers also to the order denying the new trial
motion. Defendants' brief was suppressed, after they failed to timely correct
deficiencies in a non-conforming brief.
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interest rate was an omitted essential term of an alleged agreement to provide a
$2 million line of credit); cf. Satellite Ent. Ctr. v. Keaton, 347 N.J. Super. 268,
277 (App. Div. 2002) (contrasting Malaker, where the interest rate was an
"essential provision[ ] that went to the heart of the alleged agreement" with an
agreement to pay a commercial tenant $175,000 to vacate premises, where
interest upon the unpaid amount was an "incidental term[ ]").
Each loan contract consisted of three essential documents – the
promissory note, the "Terms, Conditions and Definitions," and the Disclosure
Statement. As discussed above, the interest rate was disclosed only in the last
document. Yet, the Authority did not introduce it into evidence. We agree with
Judge Bergman that the pre-trial print outs did not suffice to establish the interest
rates chargeable under the notes. We do so for two reasons.
First, the Authority was required to produce the loans' disclosure
statements. N.J.R.E. 1002, the "Best Evidence Rule," requires an original
writing to prove its contents, when the writing's contents are material to the
dispute, and production is not otherwise excused. There is no doubt that the
contents of the disclosure statements were material to the Authority's claim. The
disclosure statements set the interest rates, and proof of that was an essential
element of the Authority's claim. See State v. Ruta, 112 N.J.L. 271, 273 (E. &
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A. 1934) (holding that the best evidence rule required production of conditional
sales contract to establish party's right to repossess car sold thereunder); see also
6 Weinstein's Federal Evidence § 1002.05 (2018) (stating generally that "legal
transactions that can be reduced to a writing, such as those involving . . .
contracts . . . are subject to the best evidence rule because an original is needed
to prove content that has legal significance"); JP Morgan Chase Bank, N.A. v.
Rabel, 894 N.Y.S.2d 857, 860 (Civ. Ct. 2010) (holding that a bank employee's
testimony concerning terms of contract violated best evidence rule).
Yet, the Authority failed to produce the original disclosure statements or
duplicates. See N.J.R.E. 1003 (governing admissibility of duplicates).
Furthermore, proof of the interest rate by other evidence was not admissible, as
the Authority did not establish that the disclosure statements were lost,
destroyed, unobtainable, or in defendants' possession. See N.J.R.E. 1004.
Second, even if the print outs were admissible to prove the interest rate
set forth in the Disclosure Statements, the documents fell short of accomplishing
that purpose. Plaintiff had the burden of proving its entitlement to relief,
including its claim for interest, and failed to present any evidence showing it
made disclosure of the interest rates when the loans were made and,
concomitantly, that Abigail agreed to the purported interest rates. We are not
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persuaded that the loan print outs, which included interest rates, filled the void
in plaintiff's proofs; they were prepared just prior to trial and there is no evidence
the purported interest rates were ever communicated to Abigail. The print outs
include a reference to "DATE DISCLOSURE: 08 19 2009," but plaintiff failed
to present evidence explaining its meaning. In sum, plaintiff presented no
evidence establishing that disclosure of the interest rates occurred at any time or
that Abigail agreed to any particular rates of interest.
We recognize that a court can supply an omitted essential term of a
"sufficiently defined" contract that is "reasonable in the circumstances."
Restatement (Second) of Contracts § 204 (Am. Law Inst. 1981); Pacifico v.
Pacifico, 190 N.J. 258, 266-67 (2007). However, this rule applies when the
parties did not agree to the term in the first place. Here, the Terms, Conditions
and Definitions document indicates that there were agreed upon interest rates,
which were set forth in the Disclosure Statements. The Authority simply failed
to offer them into evidence.
Our Court has also held that the failure to agree to an essential term
renders an agreement unenforceable. Weichert Co. Realtors v. Ryan, 128 N.J.
427, 435 (1992); Malaker, 163 N.J. Super. at 474. Instead, a party may recover
in quantum meruit. Weichert, 128 N.J. at 437, 440-41 (remanding so that a
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reasonable value of the party's services could be determined on the basis of
proofs). However, the Authority did not ask for relief through quantum meruit ,
either before the trial court or on appeal, nor did it provide proof of what a
reasonable interest rate would have been. Therefore, we are not obliged to reach
the issue. See Nieder v. Royal Indem. Ins. Co., 62 N.J. 229, 234 (1973).
Absent proof of the interest rates, the Authority established only the
principal amount of the loans, and the amount paid. In view of such proofs, the
trial court appropriately entered judgment for the remaining principal balance
due, after applying defendants' payments toward principal only, and adding the
cost of collection.
Affirmed.
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