S.S. VS. M.J.C. (FV-02-0733-19, BERGEN COUNTY AND STATEWIDE) (RECORD IMPOUNDED)

RECORD IMPOUNDED
NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE
APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION
This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court." Although it is posted on the
internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited. R. 1:36-3.
SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY
APPELLATE DIVISION
DOCKET NO. A-2635-18T3
S.S.,
Plaintiff-Respondent,
v.
M.J.C.,
Defendant-Appellant.
_________________________
Argued telephonically 1 March 18, 2020 –
Decided April 15, 2020
Before Judges Fuentes, Haas and Enright.
On appeal from the Superior Court of New Jersey,
Chancery Division, Family Part, Bergen County,
Docket No. FV-02-0733-19.
Richard J. Williams, Jr. argued the cause for appellant
(Mc Elroy Deutsch Mulvaney & Carpenter, LLP,
attorneys; Richard J. Williams, Jr. and David T.
O'Sullivan, of counsel and on the brief).
1
https://www.njcourts.gov/notices/2020/n200315a.pdf
Robert A. Epstein argued the cause for respondent
(Ziegler, Zemsky & Resnick, attorneys; Robert A.
Epstein, on the brief).
PER CURIAM
Defendant M.J.C.2 appeals from a February 4, 2019 final restraining order
(FRO) entered in favor of plaintiff S.S. pursuant to the Prevention of Domestic
Violence Act of 1991 (PDVA), N.J.S.A. 2C:25-17 to -35. Defendant also
appeals from a February 28, 2019 order awarding plaintiff counsel fees. We
affirm both orders.
The parties started dating in December 2014 and ended their relationship
in October 2016. Their son was born in May 2016. Due to the tumultuous nature
of the parties' relationship, plaintiff obtained two orders of protection against
defendant from a New York court. One issued in May 2016; the other issued in
October 2016.3 Subsequently, pursuant to a stipulation incorporated into a New
York court order dated August 28, 2017, the parties were directed to conduct
parenting time exchanges at their local police stations.
2
We refer to the parties by initials to protect their privacy. R. 1:38-3(d)(12).
3
Plaintiff voluntarily dismissed the order from May 2016 before she applied
for another order of protection in October 2016.
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2
After plaintiff relocated to Edgewater in September 2017, exchanges
occurred at either the Edgewater Police Department or at a police station near
defendant's home in New York. On October 10, 2018, plaintiff's nanny met
defendant at the Edgewater Police Department to exchange the parties' son.
Purportedly, the child resisted the exchange. Contrary to the August 28, 2017
court order, defendant left the police station and walked with the nanny and his
son to a Dunkin' Donuts across the street from plaintiff's apartment complex,
ostensibly to facilitate the exchange of the child. At the FRO hearing, the nanny
testified that during the October 10 exchange, defendant told her, "if [plaintiff]
knows I'm here, she's going to . . . be upset." Plaintiff became aware of
defendant's deviation from the court order and testified at the FRO hearing that
this was the first time in more than a year that defendant was physically close to
her home and she "became terrified of that fact."
On October 11, 2018, when the parties met for another parenting time
exchange at the Edgewater Police Department, plaintiff asked defendant to do
her a "favor" and not go near her apartment complex. He responded, "absolutely
not, absolutely not, please, please." He told plaintiff he would "walk wherever
[he] would like to." As plaintiff left the police station, carrying the parties' son,
defendant followed her and remarked that he "might go there right now," adding
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"I'm going to go to Five Guys and I'm going to go to Dunkin' Donuts." Both
establishments were located next to plaintiff's apartment building. According
to plaintiff's testimony, defendant was smiling when he made his comments and
had a "sinister look on his face" as he started clapping loudly behind her .
Plaintiff testified, "I knew I had to keep it together because I had the baby in my
arms . . . but inside my knees were shaking." She recalled, "all his threats and
his past threats telling me that he was going to put me in a body bag, it just
started coming back to me and I knew that I was a walking target."
This incident was captured on defendant's body camera. When the camera
footage was produced in discovery, plaintiff realized that although she thought
she heard defendant threaten to put her in a "body bag," no such threat was made.
Accordingly, she amended her complaint to withdraw any reference to this
alleged threat. But each iteration of plaintiff's complaint alleged that defendant
committed the predicate acts of harassment, N.J.S.A. 2C:33-4, and terroristic
threats, N.J.S.A. 2C:12-3.
At the FRO hearing, in addition to the testimony plaintiff provided about
the October 11, 2018 incident, she testified about several prior acts of domestic
violence allegedly committed by defendant during the relationship. We need
not recite this portion of plaintiff's testimony in detail, but note the trial judge
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remarked she "was shocked to see the level of the reported, and unreported
events." These events included defendant grabbing plaintiff by her hair, spitting
in her face, biting her hand, calling her vulgar names and threatening to bury her
if she did not use defendant's last name for the baby when he was born.
Defendant denied committing any acts of domestic violence.
On February 4, 2019, following a six-day trial, the judge rendered a
thoughtful and comprehensive oral opinion, finding plaintiff met her burden for
the issuance of an FRO. 4 In the course of her decision, the judge reviewed the
parties' exhibits5 and testimony, as well as the testimony of a police officer,
plaintiff's nanny and defendant's brother. The judge credited plaintiff's
testimony over that of the defendant before concluding defendant committed the
predicate acts of harassment and terroristic threats. Next, the judge properly
analyzed plaintiff's need for an FRO, guided by the factors set forth in Silver v.
Silver, 387 N.J. Super. 112 (App. Div. 2006) and determined an FRO was
4
The February 4, 2019 FRO was amended on February 8, 2019 to more fully
conform with the judge's oral opinion.
5
We typically do not consider exhibits or other evidentiary material not part of
the trial court's record. Davis v. Devereux Found., 209 N.J. 269, 296 n.8 (2012).
See R. 2:5-4(a). There is no basis to deviate from our ordinary scope of review
here. Thus, we grant plaintiff's motion to strike Da101-09 from defendant's
appendix.
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necessary to prevent further abuse. Further, the judge directed defendant to
undergo a risk assessment and continued the existing parenting time
arrangement pending the outcome of that assessment. Lastly, the judge awarded
plaintiff counsel fees, but deferred fixing the amount of the fee award.
Defendant appealed from the February 4, 2019 FRO and filed an emergent
application before the trial court, seeking to stay the risk assessment and counsel
fee provisions of the FRO. The judge denied his emergent application, and fixed
plaintiff's fee award in the amount of $38,295.04, to be paid within thirty days.
In April 2019, plaintiff moved to enforce her award of counsel fees. Her
application was granted, and she was awarded additional counsel fees totaling
$3060. Additionally, in April 2019, defendant filed a motion seeking a stay of
the trial court proceedings. We denied the stay.
On appeal, defendant argues the trial court erred in finding he committed
any predicate act of domestic violence and that the judge abused her discretion
by finding plaintiff needed an FRO. Further, he contends any fee award must
be vacated because he committed no act of domestic violence. We are not
persuaded.
Our review of a trial judge's fact-finding function is limited. Cesare v.
Cesare, 154 N.J. 394, 411 (1998). A judge's fact-finding is "binding on appeal
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when supported by adequate, substantial, credible evidence." Id. at 411-12
(citing Rova Farms Resort, Inc. v. Investors Ins. Co., 65 N.J. 474, 484 (1974)).
"Because of the family courts' special jurisdiction and expertise in family
matters, appellate courts should accord deference to family court factfinding."
Id. at 413. "Deference is especially appropriate 'when the evidence is largely
testimonial and involves questions of credibility.'" Id. at 412 (quoting In re
Return of Weapons to J.W.D., 149 N.J. 108, 117 (1997)). This is so because the
judge has the opportunity to see and hear the witnesses as they testify, thereby
developing a "'feel of the case' that can never be realized by a review of the cold
record." N.J. Div. of Youth & Family Servs. v. G.M., 198 N.J. 382, 396 (2009)
(quoting D.Y.F.S. v. E.P., 196 N.J. 88, 104 (2008)). A judge's purely legal
decisions, however, are subject to our plenary review. Crespo v. Crespo, 395
N.J. Super. 190, 194 (App. Div. 2007) (citing Manalapan Realty, L.P. v. Twp.
Comm. of Manalapan, 140 N.J. 366, 378 (1995)).
In adjudicating a domestic violence case, the trial judge has a "two-fold"
task. Silver, 387 N.J. Super. at 125. First, the judge must determine whether
the plaintiff has proven, by a preponderance of the evidence, that the defendant
committed one of the predicate acts referenced in N.J.S.A. 2C:25-19(a). Id. at
125-26. The judge must construe any such act against the parties' history to
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"understand the totality of the circumstances of the relationship and to fully
evaluate the reasonableness of the victim's continued fear of the perpetrator."
Kanaszka v. Kunen, 313 N.J. Super. 600, 607 (App. Div. 1998); N.J.S.A. 2C:25-
29(a)(1). Second, if a predicate offense is proven, the judge must consider the
factors set forth in N.J.S.A. 2C:25-29(a)(1) to -29(a)(6) to determine whether a
restraining order is needed to protect the victim from further abuse. Silver, 387
N.J. Super. at 126-27; see also J.D. v. M.D.F., 207 N.J. 458, 475-76 (2011).
Whether a restraining order should issue depends on the seriousness of the
predicate offense, "the previous history of domestic violence between the
plaintiff and defendant[,] including previous threats, harassment and physical
abuse," and "whether immediate danger to the person or property is present."
Corrente v. Corrente, 281 N.J. Super. 243, 248 (App. Div. l995) (citing N.J.S.A.
2C:25-29(a)). "[N]ot only may one sufficiently egregious action constitute
domestic violence . . . even with no history of abuse between the parties, but a
court may also determine that an ambiguous incident qualifies as prohibited
conduct, based on a finding of violence in the parties' past." Cesare, 154 N.J. at
402.
Regarding the predicate acts set forth in plaintiff's most recent amended
complaint, we first address whether the trial court properly found defendant
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harassed plaintiff. N.J.S.A. 2C:33-4 defines harassment, in relevant part, as
follows:
[A] person commits a petty disorderly persons offense
if, with purpose to harass another, he:
a. Makes, or causes to be made, a communication or
communications anonymously or at extremely
inconvenient hours, or in offensively coarse language,
or any other manner likely to cause annoyance or alarm;
[or]
....
c. Engages in any other course of alarming conduct or
of repeatedly committed acts with purpose to alarm or
seriously annoy such other person.
Proof of a defendant's purpose to harass is an essential element of N.J.S.A.
2C:33-4. See L.D. v. W.D., 327 N.J. Super. 1, 5 (App. Div. 1999). "A person
acts purposely with respect to the nature of his conduct or a result thereof if it is
his conscious object to engage in conduct of that nature or to cause such a
result." State v. Hoffman, 149 N.J. 564, 577 (1997) (quoting N.J.S.A. 2C:2-
2(b)(1)). "A finding of a purpose to harass may be inferred from the evidence
presented[,]" and "[c]ommon sense and experience may inform that
determination." Ibid. "Prior conduct and statements may be relevant to and
support an inference of purpose." State v. Castagna, 387 N.J. Super. 598, 606
(2006) (citing to Cesare, 154 N.J. at 414). Guided by these principles, we are
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satisfied there is ample credible evidence in the record to support the trial judge's
findings that defendant committed the predicate act of harassment and that a
restraining order was needed to protect plaintiff from further abuse.
We are not persuaded, however, that defendant committed the predicate
act of terroristic threats. A person commits the act of terroristic threats
if that person threatens to commit any crime of violence
with the purpose to terrorize another or . . . threatens to
kill another with the purpose to put [that other person]
in imminent fear of death under circumstances
reasonably causing the victim to believe the immediacy
of the threat and the likelihood that it will be carried
out.
[N.J.S.A. 2C:12-3.]
Proof of terroristic threats must be assessed by an objective standard.
State v. Smith, 262 N.J. Super. 487, 515 (App. Div. 1993). "The pertinent
requirements are whether: (1) the defendant in fact threatened the plaintiff; (2)
the defendant intended to so threaten the plaintiff; and (3) a reasonable person
would have believed the threat." Cesare, 154 N.J. at 402. Here, we are not
satisfied defendant's actions met these requirements and qualified as terroristic
threats. But plaintiff needed only to prove that one predicate act set forth in
N.J.S.A. 2C:25-19(a) occurred. Silver, 387 N.J. Super. at 125. In other words,
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a single act is sufficient. Cesare, 154 N.J. at 402. As plaintiff met her burden
in establishing the predicate act of harassment, we affirm the FRO.
Lastly, we perceive no basis to disturb plaintiff's counsel fee award.
Pursuant to N.J.S.A. 2C:25-29(b)(4), a judge may issue "[a]n order requiring the
defendant to pay to the victim monetary compensation for losses suffered as a
direct result of the act of domestic violence," which includes "an award of
reasonable attorney's fees and costs incurred in successfully defending against a
challenge to a final restraining order issued by the trial court." Grandovic v.
Labrie, 348 N.J. Super. 193, 197 (App. Div. 2002).
Here, defendant does not address the reasonableness of the counsel fee
award. He simply argues, "[b]ecause the entry of the FRO must be vacated for
lack of a predicate act of domestic violence, so too must the fee award." As
defendant's argument is solely premised on the mistaken claim that the trial
judge erroneously granted the FRO, we perceive no basis to disturb the award
of counsel fees. To the extent we have not addressed defendant's remaining
arguments, we find they are without sufficient merit to warrant discussion in a
written opinion. R. 2:11-3(e)(1)(E).
Affirmed.
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