SUSAN LASK VS. ALBERT FLORENCE (L-1791-14, CAMDEN COUNTY AND STATEWIDE)

NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE
APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION
This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court ." Although it is posted on the
internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited. R. 1:36-3.
SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY
APPELLATE DIVISION
DOCKET NO. A-0706-17
SUSAN LASK,
Plaintiff-Appellant/
Cross-Respondent,
v.
ALBERT FLORENCE,
Defendant-Respondent/
Cross-Appellant,
and
CARL D. POPLAR, PA, CARL D.
POPLAR, WILLIAM A. RIBACK,
WILLIAM RIBACK, LLC, ALIX
SCHWARTZ,
Defendants-Respondents.
______________________________
Argued December 2, 2020 – Decided February 22, 2021
Before Judges Fuentes, Whipple and Firko.
On appeal from the Superior Court of New Jersey,
Law Division, Camden County, Docket No. L-1791-
14.
Susan Lask, appellant/cross-respondent, argued the
cause pro se (Jamie Goldman, on the briefs).
Carl D. Poplar argued the cause for respondent pro se
Carl D. Poplar and respondent/cross-appellant Albert
Florence (Carl D. Poplar, PA, attorneys; Carl D.
Poplar, on the briefs).
Michael DeGrande argued the cause for respondents
William A. Riback, William Riback, LLC and Alix
Schwartz (Mintzer Sarowitz Zeris Ledva & Meyers,
LLP, attorneys; John H. Maucher, on the brief).
PER CURIAM
Plaintiff Susan Lask appeals from numerous Law Division orders 1 up to
and including the September 1, 2017, order denying reconsideration of an
August 8, 2016, order dismissing her amended complaint against attorney
defendants Carl D. Poplar, William A. Ribak, and Alix Schwartz; granting
summary judgment for her former client, defendant Albert Florence; denying
the recusal of the Law Division judge; and awarding Poplar costs under the
frivolous litigation statute, N.J.S.A. 2A:15-59.1 (Rule 1:4-8). Defendant
Florence cross-appeals the dismissal of his counterclaim and the denial of his
1
Lask did not attach orders to her original notice of appeal or case
information statement but improperly listed court dates, rather than orders, in a
chart. She filed orders later, dated December 9, 2014, March 23, 2015, June 3,
2015, July 7, 2015, August 7, 2015, October 23, 2015, August 8, 2016, August
18, 2017, September 1, 2017, and September 1, 2017.
A-0706-17
2
request for frivolous litigation sanctions. Poplar cross-appeals the denial of
his request for attorney's fees. We affirm.
The underlying litigation arises out of a fee dispute between plaintiff
Susan Lask and her former client, defendant Albert Florence. We discern the
relevant factual and procedural history from the record.
In April 2005, Florence executed a retainer agreement with the law firm
of Michael V. Calabro to represent Florence in a federal civil rights suit for
damages arising from Florence's March 3, 2005, arrest. The agreement
provided the firm would provide services, upon receipt of an initial retainer of
$7000, and the balance of the case would be taken on a contingency basis of
the higher of the following:
Either (a) 40% of the net recovery, [n]et recovery is
the total recovered on [y]our behalf, minus [y]our
costs and expenses and minus any interest included in
a judgment pursuant to [Rule] 4:42-11(B) or (b) [t]he
[l]aw [f]irm's hourly rates, which are to be paid
contingent on recovery.
The agreement enumerated, the hourly rates of Calabro and Lask, $375 and
$500 respectively. Neither Lask nor Calabro signed the retainer agreement.
Florence signed it during a meeting with Calabro and Lask.
On July 19, 2005, Calabro and Lask filed the civil rights complaint in
the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey. In June 2006,
A-0706-17
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Calabro and Lask filed an amended complaint adding a class-action claim
alleging Florence and other members of the class were subjected to
unconstitutional strip searches after being arrested in New Jersey. The District
Court granted Florence's class certification and motion for summary judgment
on the unlawful search claim; however, the Third Circuit reversed the District
Court's decision on the unlawful search claim in Florence v. Board of Chosen
Freeholders of Burlington, 621 F.3d 296, 311 (3d Cir. 2010). The Supreme
Court of the United States granted certiorari and in Florence v. Bd. of Chosen
Freeholders of Burlington, 566 U.S. 318 (2012), affirmed the Third Circuit's
decision.
Lask continued to represent Florence through settlement negotiations
with Burlington and Essex counties on his remaining claims. Claims against
Burlington County settled for $45,000, and on September 22, 2012, Lask
emailed Florence a release memorializing the settlement. On that same day,
Lask sent Florence an email that stated:
We agree that appeal fees, including the Third Circuit
and [Supreme Court of the United States] were
$200,000 plus disbursements and the Burlington check
of $45,000 will be paid in full to Susan Chana Lask as
part of that fee, and any remaining settlement and/or
payment from Essex shall be paid 60% to Susan
Chana Lask and 40% to Albert Florence up to [o]ne
[m]illion [d]ollars settlement, anything past that shall
A-0706-17
4
be 60% to Albert and 40% to Susan. Any
[d]isbursements outstanding shall be paid first from
any future settlement and then the net shall be divided
as aforementioned. This does not cover an appeal or
any further motions or trial work which shall be
renegotiated by the parties if Ms. Lask cannot reach
settlement with Essex. Albert emailing back a reply
"agreed" constitutes this as the amendment to the
parties' retainer.
On October 5, 2012, Lask emailed Burlington County Counsel Brooks
DiDonato, instructing the "check shall be payable to 'Albert Florence and
Susan Chana Lask' without attorney or ESQ at the end as I do not have an
account named like that." The check was electronically deposited into her
business account.
On March 28, 2013, the Essex County claims settled for $60,000. Then
Essex County Counsel James Paganelli confirmed the settlement and asked
Lask for a release. On April 2, 2013, Lask emailed a release to Paganelli;
however, Florence said he did not see or authorize that release, and his
signature was fraudulently placed on the document. Florence testified that he
was asked to meet with Lask regarding the Essex County settlement, but "he
felt uncomfortable signing anything else with Ms. Lask." Florence stated he
reached out to Calabro, who explained that "Ms. Lask should provide you with
a disbursement sheet and itemization of her costs."
A-0706-17
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Florence retained Poplar to review the files regarding the Burlington
County and Essex County matters. In April 2013, Poplar sent a letter to Lask
requesting retainer agreements and financial information. Lask emailed
Florence stating she received Poplar's letter and would be charging Florence
her regular hourly rates for any work she was compelled to do from that letter
onward. Florence advised Lask that she should contact Poplar to get the
matter resolved.
In May 2013, Lask emailed Florence warning that "[i]f the voucher is
not signed this week it will interfere with the settlement going through [,]" and
Florence would be responsible for any loss. The email warned if Florence
continued to "inject a lawyer, Mr. Poplar, to interfere with settlement[,] . . .
[Lask] will proceed with an intentional interference with contractual relations
action as well as other causes of action as [Poplar's] actions were irrelevant
and annoying." Florence responded by requesting "an itemization of all
cost[s], and disbursement and propose[d] disbursement[s] in the Essex County
and Burlington County cases."
In November 2013, Lask filed a complaint in the Law Division in Essex
County, alleging defendant Albert Florence and attorney defendants Carl D.
Poplar, William A. Ribak, and Alix Schwartz were liable for malicious use of
A-0706-17
6
process, breach of contract, unjust enrichment, quantum meruit, promissory
estoppel, civil conspiracy, tortious interference with contract, libel per se, and
exemplary damages. After defendants filed answers, Lask served defendants
with deposition notices to appear on separate dates in February 2014. Poplar
moved to dismiss plaintiff's complaint and quash the deposition notice. In
January 2014, Riback, Schwartz and Florence also moved to dismiss pursuant
to Rule 4:6-2(e) for failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted.
Poplar moved to change venue pursuant to Rule 4:3-3 and served Lask
interrogatories and a notice to produce documents. In February 2014, Lask
moved to disqualify Riback as counsel to co-defendant Florence. Defendants
Riback and Schwartz advised Lask they would not appear for the February
depositions "until after the court decides the motions to dismiss as well as Mr.
Poplar's motion to quash the [s]ubpoena . . . ."
In April 2014, the Essex County assignment judge transferred the case to
Camden County. Shortly thereafter, Poplar moved to dismiss for Lask's failure
to supply discovery—interrogatories—pursuant to Rule 4:23-5(a)(1). On July
18, 2014, the parties appeared before Judge Louis R. Meloni on Poplar's
motion to dismiss, which Riback and Schwartz joined. Judge Meloni found
dismissal inappropriate and ordered Lask to "provide fully responsive answers
A-0706-17
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to interrogatories . . . within [f]ourteen . . . days of July 18, 2014, or August 1,
2014;" the court memorialized this in an order dated August 4, 2014.
On July 29, 2014, Poplar renewed his motion to dismiss Lask's amended
complaint for failure to state a claim pursuant to Rule 4:6-2(e). On August 5,
2014, Lask submitted a letter to Judge Meloni requesting a stay of the matter
due to her medical conditions. Judge Meloni sent a letter to the parties
instructing Lask to refrain from engaging in ex parte communications and to
provide documentation explaining how the condition prevents her from
participating in the litigation.
On October 31, 2014, the parties appeared before Judge Meloni for a
hearing on the outstanding motions. Judge Meloni granted Florence's motion
for leave to file a counterclaim against plaintiff and a third-party complaint
against Calabro and dismissed Lask's complaints with the exception of the
tortious interference and libel per se counts.
Judge Meloni also denied: (1) Poplar's motion to dismiss plaintiff's
complaint, pursuant to Rule 4:23-5; (2) Poplar's motion to quash plaintiff's
deposition notices; (3) plaintiff's cross-motion to disqualify Riback and
William Riback, LLC; and (4) plaintiff's cross-motion to compel defendant's
A-0706-17
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depositions and extend the discovery date. On December 9, 2014, the court
issued orders memorializing its October 31, 2014, decision.
The court also issued a case management order that outlined the next
steps of the litigation. Lask was given forty-five days to respond to the initial
interrogatories, and production of document requests and depositions of the
parties were to take place within 100 days.
Additional interrogatories were sent to Lask to be answered within the
initial forty-five-day time frame. On December 15, 2014, Florence filed a
counterclaim against Lask and a third-party complaint against Calabro.
On January 26, 2015, the court conducted a hearing; Lask did not
appear. Accordingly, on the same day, Judge Meloni issued an order
compelling Lask to answer defendants' second set of interrogatories within
twenty days. On May 29, 2015, the parties appeared before Judge Meloni for a
hearing on multiple outstanding motions. There, Judge Meloni found the
interrogatories submitted by plaintiff to be insufficient and stated:
Ms. Lask had asked me what I thought was
wrong with her interrogatory answers or how they
were non-responsive.
....
I don't think it's adequate, first of all, to answer
on behalf of, or to respond to these question[s],
A-0706-17
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alleging that all the defendants did the same thing.
The specific charges are against . . . these individual
defendants. They have to be apprised of what they're
individually accused of.
....
And, . . . the rest of it appears to be
conclusionary to me. So that's why I don't think that
they are sufficient answers to these interrogatories.
And I think that the defendants are entitled to that.
Based on that finding, Judge Meloni dismissed plaintiff's complaint without
prejudice and gave Lask ninety days to provide fully responsive answers and
move to reinstate the complaint. The judge issued an order memorializing his
decision on June 3, 2015. The order also provided that Lask was to appear for
a deposition on issues limited to the counterclaim on July 10, 2015.
Two days before the scheduled deposition, Lask moved for an order
"[r]ecusing Judge Meloni and staying th[e] matter during that motion."
Although the proceedings were not stayed, Lask did not appear for the
deposition.
On August 7, 2015, the parties appeared for a hearing on the motion for
recusal.2 Judge Meloni found plaintiff's arguments lacked merit; nevertheless,
he recused himself pursuant to Rule 1:12(g), stating: "I find that the attacks
2
Lask appeared by telephone.
A-0706-17
10
made against my integrity and my character, both on the record and in the
submissions, are so offensive and unjustified that I fear that going forward
they may preclude a fair and unbiased hearing and judgment in this matter."
On September 1, 2015, Lask moved for an order "vacating, reinstating or
reconsidering the [c]ourt's [o]rder dated June 3, 2015 . . . ." On October 21,
2015, Lask filed a motion to transfer venue to Bergen County. Lask also wrote
a letter to Assignment Judge Deborah Silverman Katz requesting the matter be
stayed until the motion to transfer venue was heard.
On October 23, 2015, the parties appeared before Judge Anthony M.
Pugliese to address Lask's request for the stay. Judge Pugliese denied the
request, explaining there was nothing in the record demonstrating the judge's
inability to be impartial or inability to give a fair hearing.
After the hearing, Judge Pugliese dismissed Lask's complaint against
Riback and Schwartz with prejudice because Lask still failed to provide full
and complete answers to discovery in compliance with the court's June 3,
2015, order, nor did she appear for her deposition on December 11, 2015. The
court also confirmed the dismissal of all claims against Poplar.
Florence and Lask each filed motions to dismiss and for summary
judgment on the remaining claims. On August 8, 2016, the parties appeared
A-0706-17
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before Judge Pugliese, who dismissed Lask's complaint as to Florence with
prejudice, and granted summary judgment on counts two and three of
Florence's counterclaim. The judge found Lask's libel per se, civil conspiracy,
quantum meruit, promissory estoppel, and unjust enrichment claims as well as
her claims for exemplary damages were not sufficiently pled as to provide
facts "upon which a [c]ourt can draw any inferences that they are in play."
As to Lask's purported contract, Judge Pugliese explained, "to be
enforceable, contracts between attorneys and clients must satisfy both contract
requirements and ethical requirements." He found Lask's September 22, 2012,
email "fails on numerous points." Judge Pugliese stated:
First, it doesn't account for the $7000 that was
previously paid by Mr. Florence. Second, it doesn't
account for the money paid by the defendant for any
discovery, whether it's deemed to be class-wide
discovery or discovery on his own individual claim.
[T]hirdly . . . it wasn't signed by Calabro, who's
the only attorney that was a party to the original . . .
April of 2005 agreement that it purports to amend
according to the language of the e-mail itself, as I had
previously explained.
It does not detail or identify any of the
outstanding disbursements. And, in that regard, Ms.
Lask never provided financial information on the costs
or expenses regarding the Florence record, no record
of how Mr. Florence's $7000 was paid, or what
payments he made, whether on his own for his own
A-0706-17
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case or for the class with respect to depositions cost
after the point in time of June 30, 2006, which is when
the suit amended to a class action.
....
It gives no breakdown of this quote, unquote,
significant substantial fee, as it was stated, of
$200,000 plus disbursements for appeals. It doesn't
address fairness in establishing the fee. It appears to
infer that the defendant's choice is either pay $200,000
or more or pay the $45,000 that's from the Burlington
County settlement and 60 percent of any future
settlement.
It's not ethical to leverage a client in this manner
to say if you don't pay me now, you're going to owe
me a lot more later. That's not an appropriate
fiduciary responsible manner under our laws.
The e-mail is not a comprehensive agreement
taking into account the fiduciary obligations to the
client. It would violate [RPC (Rules of Professional
Conduct) 1.5(b)] because there's no basis or rate of fee
communicated in the e-mail before commencing
representation. This is happening years later. [RPC
1.5(b)] requires that it happen at the inception.
As to the fee distribution of the settlement money, $105,000, Judge
Pugliese found Florence had an expectation, from the August 2005 agreement,
that "after costs, he would have to pay [forty] percent" of the settlement. He
ordered Florence was to receive $9000 in reimbursement for costs and
$57,000, his 60% share of the net settlement proceeds after his cost
A-0706-17
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reimbursement. Judge Pugliese also ordered the remainder of the net
settlement proceeds, $38,400, to be owed by Florence as a fee, but made "no
ruling as to who is entitled to that fee as [d]efendant Michael Calabro was
dismissed from this case by stipulation . . . ." The judge also noted that the
fraud claims filed against Lask would be litigated.
Between March 29 and April 4, 2017, Florence and Lask appeared
before Judge Pugliese for a trial on what remained of Florence's counterclaim.
At the conclusion of the parties' arguments, the court found Florence failed to
establish the damages prong of his fraud claim and granted Lask's motion for
dismissal.
In May 2017, Florence filed a motion for frivolous litigation damages
pursuant to N.J.S.A. 2A:15-59.1 and Rule 1:4-8. On June 9, 2017, Florence
also filed a motion for fees and costs as a result of Susan Lask's "misconduct."
Lask filed a motion under Rules 4:42-2, 1:7-4(b), and 4:50 for
reconsideration and correction regarding the August 8, 2016, order. She also
moved to recuse Judge Pugliese and asked to stay the matter. Lask asserted
Judge Pugliese made certain comments, which, "under the appearance of bias
standard, a reasonably objective person would conclude that there's an
appearance of bias." Judge Pugliese denied Lask's motion.
A-0706-17
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Thereafter, on September 1, 2017, the court heard argument on Poplar's
and Florence's motions for sanctions and Lask's motion for reconsideration of
the August 8, 2016, order, which allocated the $105,000. The court denied the
motion for reconsideration and determined Poplar was not entitled to frivolous
litigation attorney fees pursuant to Alpert, Goldberg, Butler, Norton & Weiss,
P.C. v. Quinn, 410 N.J. Super. 510 (App. Div. 2009). Instead, the court found
Poplar was entitled to costs in the amount of $7,265.72. The court also found
that Florence was not entitled to attorney fees because there was some
ambiguity regarding the contract dispute. This appeal followed.
I.
On appeal, Lask argues the trial court: (1) abused its discretion by
dismissing her complaint with prejudice as the court did not enforce Rule 4:23-
5's mandates and did not apply the proper analysis; (2) erred in granting
summary judgment because Florence's motion was improper as it lacked a
statement of facts and there was sufficient evidence in the record to raise a
genuine issue of material fact as to whether she was entitled to relief under
quantum meruit; (3) erred in finding Judge Pugliese's recusal was not required
under Rule 1:12-1(g); and (4) erred in awarding Poplar costs. Lask also argues
Florence's counterclaim should have been dismissed as Florence failed to plead
A-0706-17
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the damages element of fraud, provide an affidavit of merit, and unlawfully
dismissed an indispensable party, Calabro.
Lask argues the trial court abused its discretion by dismissing her
complaint with prejudice because the defendants' Rule 4:23-5 motions omitted
the requisite affidavits and were not rational. She also contends the court
ignored Rule 4:23-5's two-step process that first mandates a party to file an
affidavit which states the movant is not in default of any discovery obligation
owed to the delinquent party and that the moving party made a good faith
effort to resolve the dispute. She further asserts the court failed to
acknowledge that there was no basis to dismiss under the rule because she
provided answers that prevented dismissal. Lastly, Lask contends the court
improperly held that the law of the case doctrine supported a dismissal with
prejudice.
We find this argument unpersuasive because, based on our review of the
record, Lask's complaint was not dismissed pursuant to Rule 4:23-5. All the
counts of her complaint, with the exception of the tortious interference and
libel counts, were dismissed for failure to state a claim upon which relief could
be granted. With respect to the libel and tortious interference counts, we view
the court's action as an imposition of the sanction of dismissal pursuant to Rule
A-0706-17
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4:23-2(b)(3) in response to Lask's failure to comply with its June 3, 2015,
court order.3
"[T]he standard of review for dismissal of a complaint with prejudice for
discovery misconduct is whether the trial court abused its discretion, a
standard that cautions appellate courts not to interfere unless an injustice
appears to have been done." Abtrax Pharms. v. Elkins-Sinn, Inc., 139 N.J.
499, 517 (1995). Courts are deemed to have abused their discretion when the
"decision [was] made without a rational explanation, inexplicably departed
from established policies, or rested on an impermissible basis." United States
ex rel. U.S. Dept. of Agric. v. Scurry, 193 N.J. 492, 504 (2008).
"Discovery rules are designed to 'further the public policies of
expeditious handling of cases, avoiding stale evidence, and providing
uniformity, predictability and security in the conduct of litigation.'" Abtrax
Pharms., 139 N.J. at 512. "The discovery rules were designed to eliminate, as
3
The trial court did not explicitly reference Rule 4:23-2(b)(3). However, at
the October 23, 2015, hearing, the judge, in response to Lask's assertion that
"we're arguing a 4:23-5," stated: "that's not what we're arguing, we're arguing
about whether you complied with the judge's order of June of 2015." The
October 23, 2015, order also stated: "Plaintiff's complaint is hereby dismissed
with prejudice, as to defendants William Riback, LLC, William Riback,
Esquire and Alix Schwartz, Esquire, for failure to provide full and complete
answers [to] discovery in compliance with the [c]ourt's [o]rder of June 3, 2015
and for failure to comply with a [c]ourt [o]rder."
A-0706-17
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far as possible, concealment and surprise in the trial of lawsuits to the end that
judgments rest upon real merits of the causes and not upon the skill and
maneuvering of counsel." Ibid. (quoting Oliviero v. Porter Hayden Co., 241
N.J. Super. 381, 387 (App. Div. 1990)). "It necessarily follows, if such rules
are to be effective, that the courts impose appropriate sanctions for violations
thereof." Oliviero, 241 N.J. Super. at 387 (citing Evtush v. Hudson Bus
Transp. Co., 7 N.J. 167, 173 (1951)).
As a means of furthering the rules of discovery, courts are afforded t he
option to dismiss a case with prejudice under both Rule 4:23-5 and Rule 4:23-
2. Rule 4:23-5 allows a party entitled to discovery to move for an order
dismissing the pleading of a delinquent party who fails to comply with a
discovery demand made pursuant to Rule 4:17, Rule 4:18, or Rule 4:19. "The
rule imposes a duty on the motion judge 'to take action to obtain compliance
with the requirements of the rule.'" Thabo v. Z Transp., 452 N.J. Super. 359,
369 (App. Div. 2017) (quoting A&M Farm & Garden Ctr. v. Am. Sprinkler
Mech. L.L.C., 423 N.J. Super. 528, 532 (App. Div. 2012)). "Rule 4:23-5
codified a two-step procedural paradigm that must be strictly-adhered to before
the sanction of dismissal of a complaint with prejudice for failing to answer
interrogatories or provide other discovery can be imposed." Ibid.A-0706-17
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However, Rule 4:23-2(b) allows for a dismissal "with or without
prejudice" in response to a party's failure to comply with an order to provide
discovery:
If a party . . . fails to obey an order to provide or
permit discovery, including an order made under R.
4:23-1, the court in which the action is pending may
make such orders in regard to the failure as are just,
and among others the following:
(1) An order that the matters regarding which the
order was made or any other designated facts shall
be taken to be established for the purposes of the
action in accordance with the claim of the party
obtaining the order;
(2) An order refusing to allow the disobedient party to
support or oppose designated claims or defenses, or
prohibiting the introduction of designated matters
in evidence;
(3) An order striking out pleadings or parts thereof, or
staying further proceedings until the order is
obeyed, or dismissing the action or proceeding or
any part thereof with or without prejudice, or
rendering a judgment by default against the
disobedient party;
(4) In lieu of any of the foregoing orders or in addition
thereto, an order treating as a contempt of court the
failure to obey any orders.
In lieu of any of the foregoing orders or in addition
thereto, the court shall require the party failing to
obey the order to pay the reasonable expenses,
including attorney's fees, caused by the failure,
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unless the court finds that the failure was
substantially justified or that other circumstances
make an award of expenses unjust.
[R. 4:23-2(b).]
In situations where dismissal is one of the options available, courts must
"carefully weigh what sanction is the appropriate one, choosing the approach
that imposes a sanction consistent with fundamental fairness to both parties."
Robertet Flavors, Inc. v. Tri-Form Constr., Inc., 203 N.J. 252, 282-83 (2010).
Although courts should generally refrain from resorting to dismissal with
prejudice when there are other remedies available, "[a] litigant who willfully
violates" one of our fundamental precepts of our trial practice "should not
assume that the right to an adjudication on the merits of its claims will survive
so blatant an infraction." Abtrax Pharms., 139 N.J. at 521. When determining
whether dismissal is appropriate, courts "should assess the facts, including the
willfulness of the violation, the ability of plaintiff to produce the certification,
the proximity of trial, and prejudice to the adversary, and apply the appropriate
remedy." Casinelli v. Manglapus, 181 N.J. 354, 365 (2004).
We have endorsed this extreme sanction in situations where a party
deliberately pursues a course that hinders the ability to obtain necessary facts.
See Crews v. Garmoney, 141 N.J. Super. 93, 96-97 (App. Div. 1976);
A-0706-17
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Interchemical Corp. v. Uncas Printing & Finishing Co., 39 N.J. Super. 318,
321 (App. Div. 1956).
Like in Crews and Interchemical Corp., where a party's conduct during
discovery prevented its adversary from obtaining necessary facts and we found
the sanction of dismissal was warranted, Lask's conduct here caused undue
delay and prevented the court and attorney defendants from acquiring the
necessary facts to understand the basis of her claims.
By the time Judge Pugliese was managing the case, based on his review
of the record, he found Lask was apprised of the reasons for Judge Meloni's
rulings and determined he was not going to vacate or reconsider the order,
telling Lask "[t]here was nothing, no new law, no new facts, set forth in your
pleading. And you don't meet any one of the delineated reasons in the rule to
vacate that would grant that relief."
Judge Pugliese provided Lask with the opportunity to convince him that
she complied with Judge Meloni's order and asked whether she "[s]et forth
specifically what each defendant said" to establish the elements of her libel
claims. Lask responded: "Yes I tell you in my motion papers and in my
opposition that . . . all I have to do is just resubmit my same discovery" and
"[m]y motion says refer to what I already filed. I can't answer any different
A-0706-17
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way than what I already filed." Ultimately, Judge Pugliese, by operation of the
June 3, 2015, order, dismissed the case, finding:
that on at least four occasions, you were given an
opportunity to comply with discovery and you didn't.
And the last order was June 3 rd, 2015, and
instead of responding to what I believe were Judge
Meloni's clear instructions as to what was required of
you, the [eighteen] requests and the six
interrogatories; and then specifically, he particularly
identified interrogatories 23, 24, and 32 as being non-
responsive, that those responses haven't been served
within the time required, which would have been
September 1 st.
Based on our review of the foregoing, the trial court did not abuse its
discretion in finding that Lask's noncompliance with several court orders
justified the sanction of dismissal. Since January 24, 2014, when Lask was
served with the initial interrogatories, the court explained on numerous
occasions the reasons that Lask's answers were deficient and offered various
opportunities for Lask to present the necessary information providing the basis
of her claims. The record demonstrates Lask undertook a course to delay the
proceedings, and when she did provide answers, they were either unresponsive
or deficient. Even when her complaint was dismissed without prejudice and
she was afforded ninety days to provide fully responsive answers and move to
reinstate her complaint, Lask did not comply with the order but rather
A-0706-17
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responded to the court's request by essentially stating that it should refe r to
what was already submitted. The record contains ample support for the
conclusion that Lask invited the extreme sanction through a course she pursued
in light of both the court's and defendants' efforts to obtain the necessary
facts.4
We also reject Lask's contention Florence's counterclaim should have
been dismissed because, as required by Levinson v. D'Alfonso & Stein, 320
N.J. Super. 312 (App. Div. 1999) (discussing N.J.S.A. 2A:53A-27), Florence
was required to file an Affidavit of Merit indicating that the practices that were
the subject of the complaint fell outside the acceptable professional standards.
Lask argues that while Florence insists that he is alleging fraud, his claims are
actually "negligence-professional malpractice allegations." They were not.
The affidavit of merit statute did not apply here because Florence's claim
did not require proof of a deviation from the professional standard, and
therefore Florence's fraud claim does not require an assessment of the
4
Even assuming that this were a Rule 4:23-5 motion, and that plaintiff failed
to comply with the two-step procedural paradigm, Lask's statement that she
"can't answer any different way than what I already filed" precludes her from
relief as she may have failed to provide a claim upon which relief could be
granted. R. 4:6-2(e).
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23
professional standard. Stated differently, this does not appear to be a
malpractice claim or professional negligence dressed as a fraud claim.
Finally, Lask argues the trial court erred in finding that quantum meruit
does not apply if a party fails to submit a bill or have a written retainer. She
asserts the court committed plain error by ignoring her eight years of service to
Florence. Lask also argues Florence's summary judgment motion should have
been denied as his motion failed to include a statement of material facts
pursuant to Rule 4:46-2. Lask also contends the court erred by denying her
motion for reconsideration as the court failed to recite the proofs it relied on in
directing her to pay $2000 to Florence, and it was punitive to order her to pay
money she never received.
Although Florence's motion for summary judgment did not comply with
the requirements of Rule 4:46-2 because it lacked the necessary statement of
material facts, summary judgment was still ripe for review because the
material facts—two settlements totaling $105,000 and no attorney fee
agreement—were not disputed. Compare Lyons v. Township of Wayne, 185
N.J. 426, 435-37 (2005) (finding the court was unable to conclude that there
was no genuine issue as to any material fact because the movant failed to
comply with the requirements of Rule 4:46-2(a)) with Kenney v. Meadowview
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24
Nursing and Convalescent Ctr., 308 N.J. Super. 565, 569-70 (App. Div. 1998)
(finding that although neither party fully complied with Rule 4:46-2, summary
judgment was still ripe as the material facts were not disputed). Moreover,
Florence submitted his counter statement of material facts in response to
Lask's cross-motion for summary judgment.
Finally, Lask contends the trial court committed plain error when it
rejected her quantum meruit claim because she failed to submit a bill or have a
written retainer. Since Lask concedes she was not a party to the April 2005
agreement, we focus on her September 22, 2012, email.
"It is well-established that '[a] lawyer is required to maintain the highest
professional and ethical standards in his [or her] dealings with [their] clients.'"
Alpert, 410 N.J. Super. at 529 (quoting In re Humen, 123 N.J. 289, 299-300
(1991)). "In light of the unique and special relationship between an attorney
and a client, ordinary contract principles governing agreements between
parties must give way to . . . higher ethical and professional standards . . . ."
Cohen v. Radio-Elecs. Officers Union, 275 N.J. Super. 241, 259 (App. Div.
1994), modified, 146 N.J. 140 (1986).
"Because lawyers stand in a fiduciary relationship with their clients, they
must act fairly in all their dealings with them." Balducci v. Cige, 240 N.J.
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25
574, 592 (2020). "Fee agreements that contravene the Rules of Professional
Conduct [(RPC)] and public policy are not enforceable." Ibid. (citing Tax
Auth., Inc. v. Jackson Hewitt, Inc., 187 N.J. 4, 15 (2006)).
When contracting for a fee, a "lawyer must explain at the outset the basis
and rate of the fee the lawyer intends to charge." Alpert, 410 N.J. Super. at
530. That requirement is detailed in RPC 1.5(b), which provides that "[w]hen
the lawyer has not regularly represented the client, the basis or rate of the fee
shall be communicated in writing to the client before or within a reasona ble
time after commencing the representation." The interpretation of a contract is
a question of law which we review de novo. Kieffer v. Best Buy, 205 N.J.
213, 222-23 (2011).
The trial court found the September 22, 2012, email failed as a
comprehensive agreement because, among other things, it violated RPC 1.5(b)
as there was no basis or rate of fee communicated in the email before
commencing representation. The court also noted this email was not sent at
the inception of the litigation but rather years later. Applying the principles
enumerated above, the trial court did not err in finding the 2012 email violated
RPC 1.5(b). Certainly, even ignoring the email's other deficiencies, the
execution of the agreement approximately eight years after representation
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26
commenced is not within a reasonable time as required by RPC 1.5(b). See
Starkey, Kelly, Blaney & White v. Estate of Nicolaysen, 172 N.J. 60, 67
(2002) (finding the execution of a fee agreement thirty-three months after
representation has commenced is not within a reasonable time as required by
RPC 1.5(b)). Moreover, Lask's argument that RPC 1.5(b) did not apply
because she represented Florence for over eight years is untenable, as the
record is bereft of any facts demonstrating that Lask had represented Florence
in any matter prior to the one from which this case stems.
Without an enforceable agreement, we consider whether Lask is entitled
to revive her quantum meruit theory that was dismissed as a result of her
failure to provide discovery. Quantum meruit is a quasi-contractual form of
recovery which "'rests on the equitable principle that a person shall not be
allowed to enrich [themselves] unjustly at the expense of another.'" Starkey,
172 N.J. at 68 (quoting Weichert Co. Realtors v. Ryan, 128 N.J. 427, 437
(1992)). "Courts generally allow recovery in quasi-contract when one party
has conferred a benefit on another, and the circumstances are such that to deny
recovery would be unjust." Ibid. (quoting Weichert, 128 N.J. at 437). To
establish a quantum meruit claim, a plaintiff must establish: "(1) the
performance of services in good faith, (2) the acceptance of the services by the
A-0706-17
27
person to whom they are rendered, (3) an expectation of compensation
therefor, and (4) the reasonable value of the services." Ibid. (quoting Longo v.
Shore & Reich, Ltd., 25 F.3d 94, 98 (2d Cir. 1994) (internal quotations and
citations omitted)).
In Estate of Pinter by Pinter v. McGee, 293 N.J. Super. 119, 128 (App.
Div. 1996) we held that a law firm's failure to memorialize its contingent fee
arrangement, therefore violating Rule 1:21-7 and RPC 1.5(c), precluded the
firm from recovering on a theory of quantum meruit. In that case, a law firm
was retained to handle a negligence and wrongful death action; however, there
was no written retainer agreement. Id. at 121-22. An attorney who worked on
the case left the firm and took the case with him. Id. at 122. After the case
settled, a dispute arose regarding fees: the original firm argued it had an oral
agreement with the client that the case would be taken on a discounted
contingent basis, whereas the attorney who took the case stated the case was
accepted on a no-fee basis. Id. at 122-23. The trial court denied the original
firm any recovery because of its failure to obtain an executed fee agreement.
Id. at 124. We affirmed, holding that "[w]hile quantum meruit recoveries by
law firms have been permitted by our courts, they do not involve
circumstances in which the [r]ules have been violated." Id. at 126-27.
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28
Subsequently, in Glick v. Barclays De Zoete Wedd, Inc., 300 N.J. Super.
299, 312 (App. Div. 1997), we acknowledged our decision in Pinter was at
odds with two of our other decisions, La Mantia v. Durst, 234 N.J. Super. 534(App. Div. 1989) and In Re Estate of Travarelli, 283 N.J. Super. 431 (App.
Div. 1995). In Glick, we considered it "too harsh a result to deny all
compensation to an attorney who was retained and rendered services in good
faith based solely on a failure to obtain a written fee agreement in conformity
with R. 1:21-7 (or RPC 1.5(c)) where no wrongful or unethical conduct is
found to exist." Id. at 313.
There, we also explained that under a quantum meruit theory "the crucial
factor in determining the amount of recovery is the contribution which the
lawyer made to advancing the client's cause," and suggested possible outcomes
regarding quantum meruit fee disputes between attorneys. Id. at 310-11.
More recently, in Starkey, 172 N.J. at 62-63, our Supreme Court was
tasked to determine whether an attorney who enters into an oral contingency -
fee agreement, which is later deemed unenforceable because it was not reduced
to a writing within a reasonable amount of time, is entitled to recover a fee
under the principle of quantum meruit. There, the Court explained that the
purpose of RPC 1.5(b)'s writing requirement is to avoid misunderstanding and
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29
fraud, apprise the client of their financial responsibility, as well as to prevent
overcharging. Id. at 69. The Court found that although invalidating the
contingent fee agreement was a sufficient vindication of RPC 1.5(b), there was
"not the slightest hint of fraud or bad faith" by that attorney, and no suggestion
of a misunderstanding by anyone. Ibid. Ultimately, the Court held the
attorney was entitled to payment based on quantum meruit and noted "the loss
of a potentially substantial contingency fee, as well as the possibility of a
professional disciplinary action, should provide adequate incentive to lawyers
similarly situated to take greater care in complying with the [RPC]." Ibid.At the August 8, 2016, hearing the trial court here stated:
As to quantum meruit, promissory estoppel, and
unjust enrichment, as well []as exemplary . . .
damages, to the extent that they are claims for
damages, there . . . are no facts pled upon which a
[c]ourt can draw any inferences that they are in play.
And, with respect to . . . quantum meruit or unjust
enrichment for that matter is not going to breathe life
into an attorney's claim for a fee in this state with
respect to our ethical rules because . . . there must be a
contract . . . in a fee relationship such as this for that
. . . to occur, and there just is not.
Our review of the record and the complaint supports the trial court's
determination. Moreover, Lask's complaint was dismissed because she
provided no sufficient discovery to support her claims and did not establish her
A-0706-17
30
quantum meruit claim by supplying evidence of time sheets or other records of
services provided.
We also reject Lask's argument that Judge Pugliese should have recused
himself. After reviewing the record, we are satisfied that the judge's remarks,
in the context of the proceedings, do not provide an "objectively reasonable
belief that the proceedings were unfair." DeNike v. Cupo, 196 N.J. 502, 517
(2008) (internal quotation marks and citations omitted). Even assuming Judge
Pugliese's statements, taken in isolation, had the potential to appear to have
had some impact on his ability to be impartial, that concern was allayed by his
decision to dismiss Florence's counterclaim after the judge made those
statements. Therefore, the judge's comments did not serve as a valid basis for
recusal.
II.
In his cross-appeal, Florence argues that while the trial court was correct
in awarding him $7,265.72 in costs, this court should modify, under the
circumstances of this case, our decision in Alpert, 410 N.J. Super. at 547, so
that he can also be afforded frivolous litigation attorney fees. Florence also
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31
argues the trial court erred in not awarding him relief under the frivolous
litigation statutes. 5
We review a trial court's impositions of frivolous litigation fees for an
abuse of discretion. McDaniel v. Man Wai Lee, 419 N.J. Super. 482, 498
(App. Div. 2011). Reversal is warranted only in situations where the decision
"was not premised upon consideration of all relevant factors, was based upon
consideration of irrelevant or inappropriate factors, or amounts to a clear error
in judgment." Masone v. Levine, 382 N.J. Super. 181, 193 (App. Div. 2005)
(citing Flagg v. Essex Cty. Prosecutor, 171 N.J. 561, 571 (2002)).
N.J.S.A. 2A:15-59.1(a)(1) allows a party who prevails in a civil action to
seek reasonable litigation costs and reasonable attorney fees "if the judge finds
that at any time during the proceedings or upon judgment that a complaint,
counterclaim, cross-claim or defense of the non-prevailing person was
frivolous." N.J.S.A. 2A:15-59.1(a)(1).
5
Florence's argument for relief under the frivolous litigation statutes is
unpersuasive and warrants little discussion. The trial court correctly found
that Lask's claims against Florence, which largely stemmed from contractual
issues surrounding her entitlement to a fee, were not frivolous. Imposing a
sanction based on those claims would impermissibly favor cost-avoidance over
access to the courts. Gooch v. Choice Entertaining Corp., 355 N.J. Super. 14,
18 (App. Div. 2002).
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32
Rule 1:4-8 implements the frivolous litigation statute, and provides that
an attorney's or pro se party's signature on a "pleading, written motion, or
other paper" certifies that:
to the best of his or her knowledge, information,
and belief, formed after an inquiry reasonable
under the circumstances:
(1) the paper is not being presented for any
improper purpose, such as to harass or to cause
unnecessary delay or needless increase in the
cost of litigation;
(2) the claims, defenses, and other legal
contentions therein are warranted by existing
law or by a non-frivolous argument for the
extension, modification, or reversal of existing
law or the establishment of new law;
(3) the factual allegations have evidentiary support,
or as to specifically identified allegations, they
are either likely to have evidentiary support or
they will be withdrawn or corrected if
reasonable opportunity for further investigation
or discovery indicates insufficient evidentiary
support; and
(4) the denials of factual allegations are warranted
on the evidence or, as to specifically identified
denials, they are reasonably based on a lack of
information or belief or they will be withdrawn
or corrected if a reasonable opportunity for
further investigation or discovery indicates
insufficient evidentiary support.
[R. 1:4-8(a).]
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33
This provision also "prescribes the procedure for seeking sanctions against an
attorney or pro se party who files a frivolous 'pleading, written motion, or
other paper.'" Toll Bros., Inc. v. Township of West Windsor, 190 N.J. 61, 69
(2007) (citing R. 1:4-8(b)).
Here, the trial court found that Lask's claims against Poplar were
frivolous and ordered all of Poplar's costs reimbursed. In doing so, the court
stated:
Dismissals were had against Ms. Lask
relative to the claims against the
attorney/defendants on the basis that there
[were] refusals of a response to particular
discovery in those regards, but in some cases
based on a lack of evidence being presented by
Ms. Lask as to those claims.
Relative to the claims had against Mr.
Poplar, it's apparent to the [c]ourt that Ms. Lask
knew or should have known that the claims
against Mr. Poplar . . . were without any
reasonable basis in either law or equity. The
[c]ourt gave multiple opportunities to Ms. Lask
to submit evidence especially regarding
allegations of tortious interference and [libel]
and to refuse to respond to this [c]ourt.
And this [c]ourt is of the opinion that she
knew at the outset that when the allegations
were made that she would not be able to support
them with evidence. And I say that because not
just me . . . but the prior judge on this case gave
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34
her a multitude of opportunities to present
evidence and gave her multiple extensions to put
forward more than just an assertion in the
[c]omplaint, but to put forward and add some
teeth to her case and her assertions and her
allegations and she didn't do it.
....
And I do find that these actions were
frivolous. And let me state again. The frivolity
is based on the fact that she knew or should
have known that she had no evidence
whatsoever to present to back up these
contentions beyond the assertions that were
made in that [c]omplaint. And when tasked to
present evidence in the matter, she was unable
to do so.
[I]n essence, I continued to grant
extensions for Ms. Lask to provide evidence. It
seemed to me at some point . . . I was, in
essence, attempting to draw it out of her, to give
her enough time that there would be no question
that if she had evidence that she would have had
sufficient time to provide it to the [c]ourt which,
you know, as I look back at it now, leads the
[c]ourt to conclude that she never had or
intended to produce it. And that much of this
was just a charade, was just in bad faith. And I
need to place that on the record because that is
part of the [c]ourt's ruling and reasoning in
terms of assessing the award of costs and
expenses to Mr. Poplar.
The court also highlighted that Lask, as well as her various attorneys
throughout the litigation, received various safe harbor letters from Poplar.
A-0706-17
35
However, despite the frivolous litigation letters being sent, Lask did not
withdraw her complaint.
Based on the foregoing, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in
finding that Lask knew, or should have known, that her complaint lacked any
reasonable basis in law or equity and that Lask acted in bad faith by unduly
delaying the course of the litigation.
We reject Poplar's argument that our decision in Alpert, 410 N.J. Super.
at 547, should be modified under the circumstances of this case to afford
Poplar, who appeared pro se, frivolous litigation attorney fee sanctions. There,
we said "an attorney appearing pro se is not entitled to fees unless they are
actually incurred as opposed to imputed." Id.III.
On cross-appeal, Florence argues the trial court erred in dismissing his
counterclaim on the basis of the economic loss doctrine. Florence contends
the economic loss doctrine is not applicable to this claim as this was not a
business contract dispute but rather, Lask's purported contract was an
instrument of fraud.
To prevail on a common law fraud claim, Florence must show that Lask:
"(1) made a representation or omission of a material fact; (2) with knowledge
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36
of its falsity; (3) intending that the representation or omission be relied upon;
(4) which resulted in reasonable reliance; and that (5) [he] suffered damages."
DepoLink Court Reporting & Litig. Support Servs. v. Rochman, 430 N.J.
Super. 325, 336 (App. Div. 2013). Florence must prove each element by
"clear and convincing evidence." Ibid.As the trial court noted, Florence did not put forth any testimony
concerning what funds he was deprived of, and only pointed to monetary
damages for which he already received a remedy from the court.
None of the additional arguments raised by the parties have sufficient
merit to warrant discussion in a written opinion. R. 2:11-3(e)(1)(E).
Affirmed.
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37