MARTA STEKELMAN VS. CHRISTINE CARHART, ETC. MARTA STEKELMAN VS. SEAVIEW AT SHARK RIVER ISLAND HOMEOWNERS ASSOCIATION, INC. (L-3240-19 AND L-3446-19, MONMOUTH COUNTY AND STATEWIDE) (CONSOLIDATED)

NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE
APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION
This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court." Although it is posted on the
internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited. R. 1:36-3.
SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY
APPELLATE DIVISION
DOCKET NO. A-1799-19
A-2495-19
MARTA STEKELMAN,
Plaintiff-Respondent,
v.
CHRISTINE CARHART,
individually and as an agent
or employee of First Service
Residential Company,
Defendant-Appellant.
__________________________
MARTA STEKELMAN,
Plaintiff-Respondent,
v.
SEAVIEW AT SHARK RIVER
ISLAND HOMEOWNERS
ASSOCIATION, INC.,
Defendant-Appellant.
__________________________
Argued (A-1799-19) December 9, 2020 and Argued (A-
2495-19) January 27, 2021 – Decided July 29, 2021
Before Judges Ostrer and Accurso.
On appeal from the Superior Court of New Jersey, Law
Division, Monmouth County, Docket Nos. L-3240-19
and L-3446-19.
Catherine M. Brennan argued the cause for appellants
(Hill Wallack LLP, attorneys; Catherine M. Brennan,
on the briefs).
Respondent has not filed a brief.
PER CURIAM
In these two appeals, which we consolidate for purposes of our opinion, a
homeowners association and its manager contend the trial court abused its
discretion by denying them Rule 1:4-8 frivolous litigation sanctions against a
townhouse owner who, acting pro se, unsuccessfully sued the association over
its approval of a large capital improvement project, and also unsuccessfully sued
the manager over her allegedly defamatory communication about the owner's
lawsuit. As we discern no basis to disturb the trial court's exercise of discretion,
particularly given the incomplete record before us, we affirm.
I.
Marta Stekelman, the townhouse owner, was represented by a major law
firm when she filed a declaratory judgment action to determine the association's
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authority to undertake its planned re-siding project. Evidently, Stekelman also
shared her opposition to the project in a letter to other owners. That prompted
the association's manager, Christine Carhart, to assert, in a letter she sent to
owners, that Stekelman's lawsuit sought to "derail" the project; her suit had "no
substance"; it was an "attempt by one person to overrule the will of the majority
of owners"; and it would "cause delay and unnecessary expense" for the
association and its members. Carhart provided Stekelman's name and her
address.
Stekelman then filed a pro se defamation complaint against Carhart,
contending that Carhart's reference to "derailing" the project implied criminal
behavior; and her letter prompted residents to attack her "verbally and by e-mail
communications." She alleged the letter damaged her reputation among her
neighbors and friends.
Shortly afterwards, Stekelman voluntarily dismissed the declaratory
judgment complaint without prejudice. She later certified, her attorney "did not
wish to proceed" as her counsel, "but advised [her] she could re-file [her]
action," which she did. In her pro se complaint, Stekelman alleged the
association approved the $8 million re-siding project in "an unlawful and
incoherent manner." Stekelman also alleged the project would excessively
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deplete the association's reserve fund; and she questioned the selected
contractor's capabilities. Apparently as alternative relief, she asked the court to
address the contractor's qualifications and require the contractor to provide a
surety bond.
In separate letters through counsel, the association demanded that
Stekelman withdraw her two complaints because they were frivolous; and if she
did not, the association would seek monetary sanctions. Regarding the
defamation complaint, counsel contended that "derail" was not used in a
criminal sense; the statements in Carhart's letter were true; and Stekelman could
not prove damages, particularly because she was retired. Regarding the other
complaint, counsel contended that an engineer's report documented the need for
the re-siding project; the association complied with its bylaws; over two-thirds
of members in good standing approved the project; and the reserve fund would
not be depleted. The letter did not address the contractor's qualifications or the
surety bond issue.
Stekelman did not withdraw either complaint. Upon separate motions of
Carhart and the association, the court dismissed the defamation action without
prejudice and, a couple months later, granted summary judgment and dismissed
with prejudice the complaint regarding the project. Stekelman had retained new
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counsel to respond to the summary judgment motion. We do not have the motion
papers, argument transcripts, or the court's oral decision granting either motion.
Sanctions motions in the two cases followed the court's decisions on the
dispositive motions. Carhart and the association argued that there was no
reasonable basis in law for either complaint. Stekelman submitted written
opposition and appeared pro se to argue against the motion regarding the
defamation complaint; and was represented by counsel in opposing the other
motion. During argument on the defamation case, Stekelman repeated that
Carhart's letter caused people to think less of her. She also stated under oath
that if she "knew [she] would have to pay if [she] lost [she] may have acted
different[ly]." Opposing the second sanctions motion, Stekelman's attorney
argued that he presented a non-frivolous, albeit unsuccessful, argument
challenging the association's approval of the project; that is, that the association
lacked authority to continue the vote from one meeting to the next.
The court denied both motions.
Regarding the defamation case, the judge explained in a supplemental
written decision that she dismissed the complaint without prejudice because "it
did not articulate a legal cause of action for defamation," but that Carhart's email
was nonetheless "unprofessional [and] antagonistic," it inappropriately included
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Stekelman's name and address, and Stekelman suffered genuine "distress" as a
result. The judge concluded that plaintiff did not act with "bad faith or malicious
intent" nor was it shown that plaintiff knew that Carhart's letter was not
actionable defamation. The judge also stated in her earlier oral decision that it
was "understandable why a self-represented litigant would be upset" by
Carhart's communication and "make an application to address same."
In her oral decision denying sanctions in the case challenging the project
itself, the judge made two findings. First, she held that the complaint was not
frivolous, as it was not brought in bad faith, solely to harass, delay or cause
malicious injury, nor was it "filed without a reasonable basis in law or equity
and could not be supported by a good faith argument for an extension,
modification, or reversal of the existing law." The judge noted that Stekelman,
in her pro se complaint, "raised the issue of special meetings" and objected to
the "manner of the vote," and her counsel presented a "valid" but ultimately
unsuccessful "argument as to whether the board was able to 'continue the special
assessment meeting.'" Secondly, the court held that the association's counsel's
"safe-harbor letter" did not adequately address the weaknesses in Stekelman's
complaint; specifically, the letter did not address the association's authority to
continue its vote from one meeting to the next.
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Carhart and the association appeal. Carhart contends that Stekelman
lacked any reasonable basis to ground her defamation complaint on Carhart's
use of the word "derail"; and the court relied on the wrong factors in denying
fees under Rule 1:4-8 and N.J.S.A. 2A:15-59.1. Specifically, Carhart contends
the judge mistakenly relied on her dim view of Carhart's statement,
notwithstanding it was not actionable defamation; Stekelman's subjective good
faith; and Stekelman's understandable desire to seek redress.
For its part, the association contends Stekelman lacked a reasonable basis
in law to allege the association's vote was unlawful; the court failed to consider
factors that allegedly indicated Stekelman's bad faith desire to delay the project;
and the association's safe-harbor letter was not procedurally defective, because
Stekelman did not explicitly raise the "[meeting] continuation issue" in her
complaint; rather, newly retained counsel raised the issue in opposing the
summary judgment motion.
Stekelman did not file an opposing brief in either appeal.
II.
As a threshold matter, we note that because Carhart and the association
seek sanctions for Stekelman's actions as a pro se litigant, we consider their
arguments under Rule 1:4-8, and not under N.J.S.A. 2A:15-59.1. Trocki Plastic
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Surgery Ctr. v. Bartkowski, 344 N.J. Super. 399, 405 (App. Div. 2001) (holding
that Rule 1:4-8 and not N.J.S.A. 2A:15-59.1 governs request for sanctions
against pro se litigant).
The rule requires an attorney or pro se litigant to certify, to the best of his
or her knowledge formed after reasonable inquiry that (1) a pleading "is not
being presented for any improper purpose, such as to harass or to cause
unnecessary delay or needless increase in the cost of litigation"; (2) "existing
law or . . . a non-frivolous argument" to change the law warrants the pleading;
(3) the factual allegations are adequately supported; and (4) factual denials are
warranted. R. 1:4-8(a). An attorney or pro se litigant who violates any of those
requirements is subject to sanctions if the aggrieved party demands in writing
that the attorney or pro se litigant withdraw the offending pleading after
specifically explaining why the pleading violates the rule, and the attorney or
pro se litigant still refuses to withdraw the pleading. R. 1:4-8(b)(1). The Rule
is not a simple fee-shifting mechanism. Sanctions for violating the rule "shall
be limited to a sum sufficient to deter repetition of such conduct." R. 1:4-8(d).
We review a trial court's order to grant or deny sanctions under Rule 1:4-
8 for an abuse of discretion. McDaniel v. Man Wai Lee, 419 N.J. Super. 482,
498 (App. Div. 2011). We will disturb the trial court's decision only if the judge
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did not consider "all relevant factors," relied on "irrelevant or inappropriate
factors," or made a "clear error in judgment." Ibid. (quoting Masone v. Levine,
382 N.J. Super. 181, 193 (App. Div. 2005)). We discern no mistaken exercise
of discretion here.
The trial judge declined to find, in either case, that Stekelman filed her
complaint for an improper purpose, such as to harass, or to unnecessarily delay
litigation or increase its costs. Only the association challenges that finding, on
the grounds that Stekelman filed her lawsuit challenging the project after she
dismissed her first complaint without prejudice. Yet that fact hardly
demonstrates the trial court erred, particularly given her certification that she
dismissed the lawsuit because her attorney wanted to withdraw from
representing her but advised her that she could re-file her suit.
Nor are we persuaded by Carhart's and the association's arguments that
Stekelman's lawsuits lacked a reasonable basis in existing law or in a non-
frivolous argument for a change in law. "Sanctions for frivolous litigation are
not imposed because a party is wrong about the law and loses his or her case."
Tagayun v. AmeriChoice of New Jersey, Inc., 446 N.J. Super. 570, 580 (App.
Div. 2016). A court must examine the questioned pleading and the arguments
for and against it to determine if the attorney or pro se party lacked an
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objectively reasonable basis for the pleading. See McDaniel, 419 N.J. Super. at
499 (noting that "[s]anctions are not to be issued lightly; they are reserved for
particular instances where a party's pleading is found to be 'completely
untenable,' or where no rational argument can be advanced in its support[.]"
(quoting United Hearts, L.L.C. v. Zahabian, 407 N.J. Super. 379, 389 (App. Div.
2009))).
Carhart and the association bear the burden to show the trial court failed
to properly perform that review. While Carhart and the association ask us to
overturn the court's decision, they have not provided us with the record of their
motions to dismiss and for summary judgment. Furthermore, they have not
provided us with Stekelman's written opposition to their motions for sanctions.
An appellant is required to provide in the appendix on appeal "such . . . parts of
the record . . . as are essential to the proper consideration of the issues." R. 2:6-
1(a)(1)(I). We are not "obliged to attempt review of an issue when the relevant
portions of the record are not included." Cmty. Hosp. Grp., Inc. v. Blume
Goldfaden Berkowitz Donnelly Fried & Forte, P.C., 381 N.J. Super. 119, 127
(App. Div. 2005). 1
1
Notably, the court dismissed Stekelman's defamation complaint without
prejudice. Putting aside Stekelman's weak claim about Carhart's use of the word
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In any event, we find no basis for concluding the court erred in finding
that Stekelman had an objectively reasonable basis in the law, or a non-frivolous
argument to extend the law, when she argued the vote approving the project was
unlawful. To determine if a complaint states a claim upon which relief may be
granted, a court searches the complaint indulgently and liberally for the
fundament of a claim. Printing Mart-Morristown v. Sharp Elec. Corp., 116 N.J.
739, 746 (1989). The continuation-of-the-vote argument was the legal theory
her second attorney utilized to support Stekelman's assertion in her complaint
that the vote approving the project was unlawful. The association does not
contend that the attorney's argument was frivolous. Stekelman's complaint
encompassed that argument. Therefore, the complaint was not frivolous.
Finally, even assuming for argument's sake that Stekelman lacked an
objectively reasonable basis in the law to pursue her defamation complaint
against Carhart, or her action against the association, the court did not err in
declining to award sanctions. In oral argument on the sanctions motion in the
defamation case, Stekelman stated she might not have pursued the litigation if
"derail," the gist of Stekelman's complaint, generously read, was that Carhart
crafted her communication with the intention that it would provoke Stekelman 's
neighbors to turn against her and cause her distress. Because Stekelman did not
replead before Carhart filed her motion for sanctions, we do not address whether
Stekelman had an alternative ground for relief.
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she knew the consequences. Stekelman has incurred legal fees of her own in her
unsuccessful attempt to challenge the homeowners association's project. She
has become aware of the financial risks of bringing pro se litigation that a court
may later find lacks a reasonable basis. In short, the court properly denied
sanctions because none were necessary "to deter a repetition of such conduct."
R. 1:4-8(d).
Affirmed.
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