Procacci Brothers Sales Corporation v. Director, Division of Taxation

NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT APPROVAL OF
THE TAX COURT COMMITTEE ON OPINIONS
TAX COURT OF NEW JERSEY
120 High Street
KATHI F. FIAMINGO Mount Holly, NJ 08060
JUDGE
(609) 288-9500 EXT 38303
May 25, 2021
Via eCourts
Michael J. Duffy
Deputy Attorney General
Via eCourts
Marc A. Simonetti, Esq.
Pillsbury Winthrop Shaw Pittman LLP
Re: Procacci Brothers Sales Corporation v. Director, Division of Taxation
Docket Nos. 015626-2014
Dear Counsel:
This letter constitutes the court’s opinion after trial of the issues in the within matter. At
issue is the imposition of the New Jersey Corporation Business Tax (“CBT”) for the tax years 2002
through 2008. Plaintiff contends that it is exempt from the imposition of CBT by virtue of the
application of 15 U.S.C. § 381, more commonly known as Public Law 86-272 (“P.L. 86-272”),
which prohibits the imposition of a state tax on income on a corporation engaged in interstate
commerce which has limited in-state business activities. For the reasons as more particularly set
forth below the court finds that under the circumstances presented here, plaintiff’s conduct of
accepting product returned to it prior to acceptance by the customer is ancillary to its solicitation
of sales and thus protected activity pursuant to P.L. 86-272. Plaintiff’s conduct in sending its
trucks into the State for the purpose of accepting returns of accepted produce is not protected
conduct however under the facts presented here, that conduct was de minimis and the court finds
that with the exception of the tax year ending January 2007, such conduct was insufficient to
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warrant imposition of the CBT. As to the tax year ending January 2007, plaintiff’s conduct of
occasionally sending trucks into the State to obtain produce from a related entity and delivering
such produce to its warehouse facility in Pennsylvania, together with the systematic conduct of
sending its trucks for the purpose of picking up produce rejected after delivery, constitutes
sufficient contacts to conclude that plaintiff conducted business in the State of New Jersey,
subjecting it to tax in this state.
Thus, to the extent of the tax imposed for the year ending January 2007, the court affirms
the Director’s final determination. The tax imposed for the other years under audit is rejected.
The court upholds the imposition of the penalties and interest imposed for tax year ending January
2007.
FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
A. Procedural History
On January 11, 2006, the Division of Taxation (the “Division”) conducted a truck stop of
a driver for Procacci Brother Sales Corporation (“plaintiff”). As a result of the stop a warrant of
jeopardy assessment was issued for failure to file N.J. Corporation Business Tax (“CBT”) returns.
Plaintiff filed a protest of the jeopardy assessment with the Division’s conference and appeals
branch. While the protest was pending, plaintiff sought relief under the 2009 amnesty program
and filed CBT returns for years 2002 through 2008. The Division reviewed the CBT returns and
on March 11, 2013, a notice of assessment related to final audit determination (“assessment”) was
issued which plaintiff protested. A final determination dated August 20, 2014 was issued,
assessing CBT, interest and penalties totaling $1,444,374.48 for the period of 2002 through 2008
(“final determination”).
2
On November 18, 2014, plaintiff filed a complaint with the Tax Court, appealing the final
determination. Plaintiff filed a motion for partial summary judgment which the court denied on
August 30, 2017. Trial on the issues in this matter was then heard on three non-consecutive dates.
Immediately prior to trial, plaintiff filed an in limine motion to exclude certain witness testimony
and documents by the Director of the Division of Taxation (“Director” or “defendant”). The court
denied the motion, finding that the proposed witnesses were in rebuttal of plaintiff’s positions
asserted in a deposition taken shortly before the start of trial. The court permitted plaintiff and
defendant an opportunity to depose the proposed witness and examine the documents prior to the
next scheduled date for testimony.
B. Findings of Fact
1. Plaintiff’s business
The court makes the following findings of fact based on the testimony and evidence
presented. Plaintiff is a wholesale produce distributor which purchases and sells fresh fruits and
vegetables. During the years under review it was a family-owned business which had been in
operation since 1948. Plaintiff purchases and distributes produce to large chain supermarkets (like
Wakefern, Grand Union and Giant), and other smaller grocery stores, and food service entities
(like Subway and Burger King). As a wholesaler plaintiff does not sell its product directly to
consumers, but instead sells its product to its customers which thereafter sell it at their retail
locations.
During the period under review plaintiff did not maintain any office locations in the State
of New Jersey; owned no real property in New Jersey; and maintained no inventory in the State.
Plaintiff did service customers within the State of New Jersey receiving orders at its Pennsylvania
headquarters where those orders were processed. The orders were fulfilled at plaintiff’s
3
Philadelphia warehouse and shipped to customers some of whom were located in New Jersey.
Testimony revealed that although the majority of the produce was delivered by third party carrier
trucks, during fiscal years 2004 through 2007 plaintiff also shipped into New Jersey on plaintiff’s
own trucks.
Fiscal year 2004 Fiscal Year 2005 Fiscal Year 2006 Fiscal Year 2007
1
Total Packages
shipped into NJ 4,254,021 3,815,518 3,489,570 3,644,138
Packages
shipped on 475,745 476,119 483,499 415,889
plaintiff’s trucks
Percentage
shipped on 11.183 12.48 13.86 11.41
plaintiff’s trucks
2. The Vineland Produce Auction
The Vineland Produce Auction has a long history in the State of New Jersey. During the
audit period it was comprised of approximately 82 farmers who took their produce to market
during each growing season. Particularly important to the produce industry is the “gap period”
from approximately May to the beginning of July when New Jersey provides most of the produce
grown in the area. 2
On the other side of the auction are the buyers, consisting of cash buyers and buyers
licensed by the New Jersey Department of Agriculture to purchase product on credit. 3 During the
1
“Package” is an industry term which refers how to a particular item of produce is boxed. For
example, a package of corn is approximately 4 and ½ dozen; a package of peppers is approximately
28 pounds; and a package of cabbage is 50 pounds.
2
According to the testimony provided neither Maryland nor New York have marketable product
during the gap period.
3
A person engaging in or carrying on the business of purchasing any agricultural commodity in
this State must obtain a license from the N.J. Department of Agriculture. N.J.S.A. 4:11-18. The
applicant must satisfy the Secretary of the Department of Agriculture as to “character, financial
responsibility and good faith.” N.J.S.A. 4:11-19.
4
so-called gap period, the Vineland Auction set the market (price) for produce sold in every
available market. The Vineland Auction is unique in that it remains the only remaining produce
auction in the United States, although the manner in which sales are conducted are substantially
different.
The Director presented evidence from plaintiff’s director of sales during the audit period.
The Director attempted to demonstrate that the plaintiff’s activities exceeded mere solicitation of
sales by locating a purchasing agent in the State of New Jersey. Although the witness testified that
it was his belief that plaintiff had a buyer at the Vineland Auction during the audit period, he
learned “definitely” that there was no license for plaintiff to purchase on the Vinland Auction until
sometime after 2007, after the end of the audit period. That testimony was corroborated by a
representative of the Vineland Auction, also produced by the defendant. The only reliable
evidence at trial confirmed that plaintiff had no license to purchase on the Vineland Auction until
sometime after the audit period.
The Director’s witness further testified that he learned that although plaintiff did not have
a seat at the Vineland Auction, plaintiff’s representative during the audit period would purchase
produce from a buyer with a seat at the auction. Although the witness testified that he believed
plaintiff’s representative had an office in New Jersey, he was equivocal on the issue and unable to
testify with any direct knowledge as to this important factual issue.
The witness testified that the Vineland Auction “set the price” for produce sold during the
all-important gap period. The Auction acted like a “stock market” in terms of the pricing of
produce during this period of time, setting the price of produce for every available market. The
prices set at the Vineland Auction were hand-written on price list. Buyers at the auction were
subject to strict limitations on the dissemination of the price list with rather rudimentary
5
precautions put in place to limit access. The actual price lists prepared at the auction could not be
delivered to individuals outside of the auction. The witness testified that plaintiff’s employee
would provide the sales team with the prices established at the auction in order to sell to their
clients. Although the witness testified that he believed an employee of plaintiff was stationed in
New Jersey and relayed the pries set at the auction to the sales team in Pennsylvania, he had no
direct knowledge of where the employee was when he obtained the prices, or from whom or how
he obtained them. The testimony, while credible, was not reliable evidence that the referenced
employee was located in New Jersey when the pricing information was provided. The witness
was unable to testify with any certainty whether the employee obtained the pricing data
telephonically from someone located in New Jersey, or whether the employee was actually in New
Jersey at the time. The testimony did not establish that plaintiff held a seat at the Vineland Auction
during the years under review or that any employee of plaintiff was stationed in New Jersey for
the purpose of obtaining pricing information, or for any other purpose.
3. Ag-Mart Produce,Inc.
Credible testimony was provided that an entity related to plaintiff, Ag-Mart Produce, Inc
d/b/a Santa Sweets, Inc. (“Ag-Mart”) grew tomatoes and other produce within New Jersey and that
plaintiff purchased produce from the related entity. Uncontradicted testimony was provided that
at least through 2004, plaintiff utilized third party carriers to pick up Ag-Mart produce in New
Jersey and deliver it to plaintiff at its facilities in Pennsylvania. In its interrogatory answers
plaintiff indicated that “[f]rom 2005 through December 31, 2006, an employee leasing
arrangement was utilized where [p]laintiff’s drivers would deliver Ag-Mart Produce Inc.’s
products to [p]laintiff’s warehouse in Philadelphia.” At trial, plaintiff’s representative testified
that third-party carriers were used to deliver Ag-Mart produce to plaintiff “at least through 2006”
6
thus contradicting the answers to interrogatories. The witness then testified that there was a
“falling out” with the third-party carrier at the end of December 2005, and that in 2006 only “in a
pinch” would plaintiff send one of its trucks to Ag-Mart’s New Jersey farm to pick up product and
deliver it to plaintiff’s Pennsylvania facility. The court finds that the credible evidence provided
demonstrates that during the tax year ending January 2007, plaintiff utilized its trucks on a
systematic basis to pick up produce from Ag-Mart, located in New Jersey, and delivered it to its
facility in Pennsylvania.
4. Perishable Agricultural Commodities Act of 1930
As a wholesaler of produce plaintiff was subject to the provisions of the Perishable
Agricultural Commodities Act of 1930, 7 U.S.C. §§ 499a to 499t (“PACA”). PACA requires a
wholesaler to accept the return of rejected produce within a reasonable time, not to exceed 24 hours
of delivery. Thus, according to plaintiff’s witnesses, rejection of produce might occur at the time
of delivery, or at any time within the 24-hour period thereafter. If rejected at delivery, produce
was returned on the truck which delivered it to the customer.
The total number of packages delivered into New Jersey which were rejected upon
delivery, and returned to plaintiff is as follows:
7
Fiscal year 2004 Fiscal Year 2005 Fiscal Year 2006 Fiscal Year 2007
Total Packages
delivered to NJ 4,254,021 3,815,518 3,489,570 3,644,138
Packages
rejected 128,928 131,335 127,315 176,876
Percentage of
total packages 3.03 3.44 3.65 4.854
rejected
Packages
delivered and 28,762 25,155 37,709 37,610
returned on
plaintiff’s trucks
Percentage of
packages 0.676 0.659 1.08 1.032
returned on
plaintiff’s trucks
5. Delivery of produce on pallets
During the period in question plaintiff delivered its produce on pallets. To a great extent
those pallets were provided by a third party, CHEP, USA (“CHEP”) which were preferred in the
industry for produce delivery. Plaintiff and CHEP entered into an agreement whereby CHEP
would provide the preferred pallets for use by plaintiff. Although plaintiff would deliver its
product on the CHEP pallets, ownership of the pallets remained with CHEP and would be delivered
only to customers which had agreements with CHEP for its retrieval of its pallets. Thus, although
produce was delivered to a customer on a CHEP pallet, that pallet remained the property of CHEP
and once the pallet was delivered to the customer, plaintiff no longer retained any responsibility
for its return to CHEP.
To a much lesser extent, plaintiff also utilized “brown wood” or “brown” pallets, upon
which produce would be delivered to customers which did not participate in the CHEP program.
Plaintiff did not track any inventory of brown pallets, deeming them to be of insufficient value.
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However, if plaintiff delivered produce on brown pallets to a customer, it would obtain an equal
number of brown pallets from that customer to be returned to its warehouse.
Plaintiff’s representative testified that although the brown pallet upon which it delivered
produce to a non-CHEP participating customer was at some point its property, the exchange of
one brown pallet for another meant that the pallet remaining with the customer was not plaintiff’s
property but became the property of the customer. According to the uncontroverted testimony of
plaintiff’s representative, there was always an equal exchange of one brown pallet for another.
LEGAL ANALYSIS
A. Presumption of Correctness
“[T]ax assessments are presumed correct, and the taxpayer has the burden of proving
otherwise.” Campo Jersey, Inc. v. Director, Div. of Taxation, 390 N.J. Super. 366, 383 (App.
Div.), certif. denied, 190 N.J. 395 (2007). “New Jersey Courts generally defer to the interpretation
that an agency gives to a statute [when] that agency is charged with enforc[ement.]” Koch v.
Director, Div. of Taxation, 157 N.J. 1, 8 (1999). Determinations by the Director are afforded a
presumption of correctness because “[c]ourts have recognized the Director’s expertise in the
highly specialized and technical area of taxation.” Aetna Burglar & Fire Alarm Co. v. Director,
Div. of Taxation, 16 N.J. Tax 584, 589 (Tax 1997) (citing Metromedia, Inc. v. Director, Div. of
Taxation, 97 N.J. 313, 327 (1984). The Supreme Court has directed courts to accord “great
respect” to the Director’s application of tax statutes, “so long as it is not plainly unreasonable.”
Metromedia, 97 N.J. at 327. Nonetheless, “courts remain the final authority with respect to
statutory construction and have no obligation to summarily approve of the Director’s
administrative interpretations.” Gray v. Director, Div. of Taxation, 28 N.J. Tax 28, 35 (Tax 2014).
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Plaintiff argues that while the Director’s Final Determination relied on two theories for the
inapplicability of P.L. 86-272 to plaintiff’s activities, the Director advanced additional theories
during the trial as to which, plaintiff asserts, no presumption of correctness attaches and which,
further, the Director bears the burden of proof by the preponderance of the evidence. However,
even if the Director is offering an alternative theory from that set
forth in its [f]inal [d]etermination, the Tax Court has held that the
Director is not required to state all possible grounds and theories to
support he assessment, and should not be precluded from developing
any defensive theory to justify the tax, provided he meets due
process requirements and acts within the statutory time period. . . .
Moreover, . . . the taxpayer is not prejudiced by permitting the
Director to articulate an alternative theory than that set forth in the
[f]inal [d]etermination since the Tax court reviews proceedings de
novo.
[Weintraub v. Dir., Div. of Taxation, 19 N.J. Tax 65, 83-84 (Tax
2000)(Internal citations omitted).]
[W]hether the presumption of validity has been overcome should be determined only once,
either at the close of the plaintiff's proofs in the context of a R. 4:37-2(b)(2) motion, or at the
conclusion of the trial. MSGW Real Estate Fund, LLC v. Mountain Lakes Borough, 18 N.J. Tax
364, 380 (1998). R. 4:37-2(b) permits a defendant to move to dismiss the action after the
completion of the presentation of plaintiff’s evidence. Here no such motion was made. Instead,
plaintiff moved at the end of its own case for judgment under R. 4:40, before the Director had
submitted its defense and other proofs, which the court denied. 4
B. Taxation of income of foreign corporations
N.J.S.A. 54:10A-2 provides,
Every domestic or foreign corporation which is not hereinafter
exempted shall pay an annual franchise tax for each year … for the
privilege of having or exercising its corporate franchise in this State,
4
R. 4:40-1 permits a motion for judgment “either at the close of all the evidence, or at the close of
the evidence offered by an opponent.”
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or for the privilege of deriving receipts from sources within this
State, or for the privilege of engaging in contacts within this State,
or for the privilege of doing business, employing or owning capital
or property, or maintaining an office, in this State.
However, the United States Constitution limits the State to tax out-of-state corporations’
net income except to the extent that income is fairly allocable to the State. Complete Auto Transit,
Inc. v. Brady, 430 U.S. 274, 279 (1977). In recognition of the constitutional limitation, the
regulations interpreting the New Jersey Corporation Business Tax, (“CBT”) circumscribe the
situations in which foreign corporations are to file a CBT return and pay a tax thereunder, to those
where the foreign corporation is “doing business” in the State. N.J.A.C. 18:7-1.6(a).
The determination of whether a foreign corporation is doing business in the state is fact
sensitive. N.J.A.C. 18:7-1.9(b). Consideration is given to:
1. The nature and extent of the activities of the corporation in New
Jersey;
2. The location of its offices and other places of business;
3. The continuity, frequency, and regularity of the activities of the
corporation in New Jersey;
4. The employment in New Jersey of agents, officers, and
employees; and
5. The location of the actual seat of management or control of the
corporation.
[Ibid.]
C. P.L. 86-272
Plaintiff argues that its activities in New Jersey are exempt from taxation as a result of P.L.
86-272 which provides,
No state … shall have power to impose … a net income tax on the
income derived within such State by any person from interstate
commerce if the only business activities within such State by or on
behalf of such person during such taxable year are either, or both, of
the following:
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(1) the solicitation of orders by such person, or his representative,
in such State for sales of tangible personal property, which
orders are sent outside the State for approval or rejection, and, if
approved, are filled by shipment or delivery from a point outside
the State; and
(2) the solicitation of orders by such person, or his representative,
in such State in the name of or for the benefit of a prospective
customer of such person, if orders by such customer to such
person to enable such customer to fill orders resulting from such
solicitation are orders described in paragraph (1).
In interpreting P.L. 86-272, the Supreme Court of the United States determined that the
term “solicitation” includes “not just explicit verbal requests for orders but also any speech or
conduct that implicitly invites an order.” Wisconsin Dep’t of Revenue v. William Wrigley, Jr.,
Co., 505 U.S. 214, 223 (1992). Further, the activity doesn’t need to be “strictly essential to making
requests for purchases,” and the activity can be “entirely ancillary to requests for purchases” but
must not be an activity the company would engage in outside of making sales. Id. at 228-230. 5
Wrigley involved multiple activities that Wisconsin argued went beyond solicitation of
orders: “replacement of stale gum by sales representatives; the supplying of gum through agency
stock checks; the storage of gum, racks, and promotional materials; the rental of space for storage;
the regional managers’ recruitment, training, and evaluation of employees; and the regional
managers’ intervention in credit disputes.” Id. at 232. The Supreme Court of the United States
found that replacing stale gum, supplying gum through agency stock checks and the storage of
gum were neither solicitation nor ancillary to solicitation, making them nonexempt activity. Id. at
5
The court provides an example of giving a salesman a car and samples to demonstrate activity
that falls under soliciting orders. For comparison, the court explains that salesmen repairing or
servicing products sold by the company wouldn’t be solicitation of orders because the company
would have good reason to do this without the existence of a sales team. While good for making
sales, the activity isn’t “ancillary to requesting purchases” and assigning the activity to a salesman
doesn’t convert the act into solicitation. Id. at 229.
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233. However, the remaining activities were exempt as their only purpose was facilitating
solicitation. Id. at 234. The court concluded that replacing stale gum was unprotected activity
because the company would already want to engage in this activity even if it didn’t employ a sales
force, and the activity must “facilitate the requesting of sales” instead of just facilitating sales. Id.
at 233. Further, the court reasoned supplying gum through agency stock checks was not ancillary
because plaintiff charged the wholesalers for the stock of gum and thus served a business purpose
separate from the solicitation of orders. Id. at 234. 6 The court reasoned both storage of gum and
rental of storage space were related to the replacing of stale gum or agency stock checks, making
them not ancillary to solicitation. Ibid.In Chester A. Asher, Inc. v. Dir., Div. of Taxation, 22 N.J. Tax 582, 595-96 (Tax 2006),
the court found that the conduct of the taxpayer’s drivers in accepting “occasionally” returned
product and collecting payment from some customers, was not protected activity. Here the
Director argues that the plaintiff’s occasional acceptance of returned produce is unprotected
activity, thus subjecting plaintiff to taxation in this State. In opposition plaintiff asserts that it was
compelled by a federal regulatory requirement to accept returns of produce and, therefore that
activity is protected. See, Heublein, Inc. v. South Carolina Tax Comm’n, 409 U.S. 275 (1972).
In Heublein the South Carolina Beverage Control Act controlled the taxpayer’s activities
in the State.
Under that Act, only registered producers of registered brands of
alcoholic beverages may ship those brands of alcoholic beverages
into the State. [S.C. Code ANN.] §§ 4-134, 4-135. Such producers
must have a resident representative who has no direct or indirect
6
In addressing this activity, the court noted that it occurs in relation to plaintiff setting up display
racks with gum. If the facts stopped at the activity occurring in relation to the displays, the court
could conclude it was exempt under 15 U.S.C. § 381(a)(2). However, the court then noted plaintiff
charges for the stocking of gum in the displays, which led the court to determine it served a separate
business purpose.
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interest in a local liquor business. §§ 4-131 (3), 4-139. Shipments
of liquor into the State may be made only to the producer in care of
its representative. § 4-141. Prior to the shipment, the producer must
mail a copy of the invoice showing the quantity and price of the
items shipped, and a copy of the bill of lading, to the Alcoholic
Beverage Control Commission. Immediately after accepting
delivery, the representative must furnish the Commission a copy of
the invoice showing the time and place of delivery. Ibid. When
received, the shipment must be stored in a licensed warehouse of the
producer, or, after delivery is complete, the shipment may be
transferred to a licensed wholesaler. §§ 4-140, 4-141. Before the
goods are shipped to a wholesaler, however, the representative must
obtain the Commission's permission to make the transfer. § 4-141.
Heublein complied with this regulatory scheme.
[Heublein, 409 U.S. at 277-78.]
When the taxpayer acted to comply with these requirements, South Carolina assessed tax based on
the income from taxpayer’s sales and argued that the activity exceeded the protection of P.L. 86-
272. Id. at 276-278.
The Supreme Court of the United States held the activity for compliance with the
referenced Act wasn’t protected because P.L. 86-272 doesn’t apply to activity required by a state
regulatory scheme if the regulation “serves [a] legitimate State purpose other than assuring that
the State may tax the firm’s income ….” Id. at 279-83. The court concluded that P.L. 86-272
won’t be read to prohibit States from adopting these regulatory schemes, even though it causes the
taxpayer to “have more than the minimum contacts with the State for which [P.L. 86-272] provides
tax immunity.” Id. at 279. The court noted that Congress didn’t address the issue of whether local
activities to comply with regulatory schemes would be protected activity under P.L. 86-272. Id.
at 281. However, the court reasoned that P.L. 86-272 wasn’t enacted by Congress so that States
could avoid it by requiring activity that would require more than mere solicitation, rather the State
regulatory scheme must serve a legitimate purpose. Id. at 282.
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In Pomco Graphics, Inc. v. Dir., Div. of Taxation, 13 N.J. Tax 578 (Tax 1993), the court
considered the issue of whether the acquisition of a license, required by the State of New Jersey to
engage in sales with casinos, subjected the foreign corporation taxpayer to taxation. There, the
court held the purchase of a required license was protected activity under P.L. 86-272 because it
was ancillary to the solicitation of orders. Id. at 590-91. The court noted that Pomco’s “sole
purpose” for obtaining the license was to allow the legal solicitation of orders from New Jersey
casinos. Id. at 590. Further, the court stated, “[t]he acquisition of a casino license is required
‘conduct’ to solicit an order.” Ibid. The court then explained that New Jersey couldn’t require by
law that plaintiff engage in activity if it wants to solicit orders and then use that required activity
to subject plaintiff to taxation when it would otherwise be immune. Ibid.Plaintiff asserts that Pomco applies to protect its conduct of accepting rejected produce.
The Director cogently points out however that no State action applies to require plaintiff to accept
rejected goods. Instead, that requirement is imposed by a federal statute, PACA, which requires
wholesalers of produce to accept the return of rejected produce within 24-hours of delivery. The
court agrees that on its face Pomco is inapplicable to the matter before it. None of the conduct
upon which the final determination is based was required by the State in order that plaintiff might
conduct its business in the State. In rejecting the Director’s argument that obtaining a license in
the State of New Jersey constituted conduct that was more than ancillary to the protected conduct
of solicitation of sales, Judge Lario specifically found that
the acquisition of a casino license is a statutory requirement imposed
by the State of New Jersey which is clearly ancillary to solicitation
of orders and it is not an in-state business activity beyond the
protection of § 381. Although New Jersey may qualify and regulate
a person seeking to solicit business from New Jersey casinos, it may
not utilize such laws to disqualify that person from the federal
immunity granted by § 381. It may not do indirectly that which it is
prohibited from doing directly. "§ 381 unquestionably does limit
15
the powers of States to tax companies whose only in-state activity is
'the solicitation of orders'." However, where the only business
activity of a person is the "solicitation of orders" within this State,
neither the acquisition and renewal of a casino license, which
expands the seller's market base, nor the receipt of a certificate of
authority to collect New Jersey sales and use tax, is sufficient to
deny Pomco immunity from tax under § 381.
[Pomco Graphics, Inc. v. Dir., Div. of Taxation, 13 N.J. Tax 578,
590-91 (1993) (internal citation omitted).]
Plaintiff argues that regardless of whether it is the State or the federal government which
requires its acceptance of rejected produce, that such acceptance is required by law and thus
constitutes protected conduct as ancillary to the solicitation of orders. The argument has appeal.
In order to qualify as a seller of produce in the United States, a corporation must satisfy the
requirements of PACA.
The court’s review of the PACA and its requirements is at odds with the plaintiff’s
testimony it was required to accept produce rejected within 24 hours of delivery. According to
PACA, it is unlawful for “any dealer to reject or fail to deliver in accordance with the terms of the
contract without reasonable cause any perishable agricultural commodity.” 7 U.S.C. § 499b(2).
“Provided [a] shipment has not already been accepted, either through diversion, unloading or any
other act of control, a buyer may reject a shipment by clearly and promptly notifying the seller of
his intention to do so within eight hours of arrival for a truck shipment and within 24 hours for a
rail shipment.” Top 10 Contracting Issues, Rules & Regulations for the Perishable Agricultural
Commodities Act, AMS.USDA.GOV, https://www.ams.usda.gov/rules-regulations/paca/top-10-
contracting-issues (last visited 5/7/21) (answering the third question, “Can I reject the shipment
and what is the procedure to reject?”). “Once title passes, the seller can only regain the produce if
the buyer agrees to release it or rejects the product. Ibid. “In most instances the act of acceptance
occurs when a buyer unloads product for any reason other than inspection or, diverts the load. A
16
buyer, who accepts product, loses its right to reject and or demand the seller remove the product.
Top 10 Contracting Issues, (emphasis added) AMS.USDA.GOV (last visited 5/7/21) (answering
the second question, “What is considered acceptance of goods?”). Thus, plaintiff’s position that
it must accept the return of product at any time within 24-hours of delivery even if accepted by the
customer appears to be contrary to the requirements of PACA.
However plaintiff’s representative testified that when a delivery was made, the customer
would have a team of inspectors and if rejected prior to acceptance, the product would be returned
on the truck on which it had been shipped to the customer. The witness further testified that the
times when the produce was rejected after it had been taken off the truck and accepted by the
customer were “few and far between,” although he believed it was the plaintiff’s obligation to
accept the return, or provide a credit for, such produce. The testimony, which the court accepts as
credible, was that a customer’s dissatisfaction was most often handled by a credit without the
return of the produce. The second most common method of handling the issue was the rejection
and return of the produce prior to acceptance, and finally, return of the produce at a later time, but
such returns were uncommon. Indeed, the witness testified that usually the rejection of the produce
was made prior to acceptance at the time of delivery.
The court finds that to the extent product is rejected prior to acceptance, the Seller has the
obligation under PACA to accept the return of the rejected produce. The court agrees that
regardless of the source of the requirement, that is whether the requirement is imposed by State or
federal law, the conduct of accepting the return of rejected product upon delivery is ancillary to
the sale. Indeed, unless and until the product is accepted, under PACA (and most likely under
contract law) title does not pass and the product remains the property of the seller. Thus, to the
extent that plaintiff demonstrated that product was returned on plaintiff’s trucks at the point of
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delivery and prior to the acceptance of the product, the court concurs that the act of returning
rejected produce ancillary to the sale of the product is protected activity under P.L. 86-272.
However, regularly retrieving product on taxpayer’s trucks which was accepted by the
buyer is neither required by PACA nor conduct protected by P.L. 86-272 as ancillary to the sale
of that product. In Chester A. Asher, Inc. v. Dir., Div. of Taxation the court found that the regular
activity of the taxpayer’s delivery drivers in the collection of payments for products from some
customers and on a less regular basis from others, and the occasional acceptance of returns was
not protected activity. 22 N.J. Tax 582, 595-98 (Tax 2006). Additionally, the court noted that the
delivery drivers may have “on at least one occasion picked up baking supplies for [the taxpayer]
and been involved in” an unrelated activity of the taxpayer. Ibid. The court reasoned that the
activities did not fall within the scope of solicitation of orders and would exist independent of sales
activity and did not help facilitate the requesting of sales. Ibid. Further, the court compared the
picking up of “damaged, spoiled, or overshipped packages” with the picking up of stale gum in
Wrigley. Ibid.The court found that although the pickup of returns was de minimis in Asher the collection
of past due accounts was not, and that the nature and cumulative activities of the taxpayer during
the years under review went beyond the de minimis activities protected by P.L. 86-272 and
Wrigley. Id. at 598. In making that determination, the court noted that while the amount of the
unprotected activities when compared to the total revenue collected was relatively small, the
quantity of the activity was less important than the existence of the company policy and the
regularity with which the unprotected activity (there the pickup of returns and collection and past
due accounts) occurred. Id. at 599. Thus the court found that the unprotected activity was
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“sufficiently systematic to warrant a finding that the activity constitutes a non-trivial connection
to New Jersey and is not de minmis.” Ibid.Here, plaintiff’s proofs demonstrated that overall less than 5% of the packages of product
shipped into New Jersey were “rejected” during each of the years under review. The evidence
provided demonstrated that of the packages shipped into New Jersey and returned to plaintiff,
either by rejection before acceptance or otherwise, 1% or less were returned on plaintiff’s trucks.
It is further clear that the majority of those packages returned on plaintiff’s trucks were rejected
prior to acceptance and within activity protected by P.L. 86-272. Based on the uncontroverted
testimony provided, the return of product on plaintiff’s trucks, after acceptance, was de minimis
in quantity.
Nonetheless, the question is whether the practice of sending plaintiff’s trucks into New
Jersey to obtain return of produce after its acceptance was “sufficiently systematic to warrant a
finding that the activity constitutes a non-trivial connection to New Jersey.” Ibid. Without more,
the court cannot find that the plaintiff engaged in such activity. The uncontroverted testimony
established that the vast majority of the produce returned to plaintiff was rejected prior to
acceptance and was ancillary to the sale of the product. Although cross examination established
that product was received back by the plaintiff on a regular and systematic basis, the product
rejected prior to acceptance and returned to plaintiff on the truck which delivered it, or for which
a credit was provided, is protected activity which cannot be considered.
However, the testimony also established that plaintiff engaged in other activity in the State
not ancillary to the sale of its product. Specifically, plaintiff’s representative testified that during
2006, it would use its trucks to pick up tomatoes from Ag-Mart. The court also finds that this
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conduct was regular and systematic. 7 The court further finds that such conduct, together with the
systematic conduct of sending trucks to New Jersey to pick up accepted but returned product
although de minimius, constitutes conduct unprotected by P.L. 86-272.
The Director’s attempt to tax plaintiff on the basis of owning property in the State of New
Jersey is rejected. The credible, unequivocal and uncontroverted testimony establishes that
plaintiff held no ownership interest in any of the CHEP pallets used by it in delivering produce to
its customers. Both plaintiff and the CHEP participating customers had arrangements with CHEP
USA relative to the usage and recovery by CHEP of such pallets. Ownership was and always
remained with CHEP and there is no basis upon which to assert plaintiff’s interest in those pallets
sufficient to subject it to tax.
With respect to the brown pallets, the credible evidence also established an arrangement
similar to the CHEP agreement existed between plaintiff and its customers, such that for each
pallet upon which produce was delivered to a customer, a similar pallet was exchanged. The court
agrees that such arrangement resulted in there being no pallet remaining in New Jersey belonging
to plaintiff upon which taxability can be based.
Additionally, the court finds that during the years under audit neither plaintiff nor any of
its employees had any seat on the Vineland Auction or maintained an office in any facility in the
State of New Jersey. The uncontroverted testimony of the both the plaintiff and the Director’s
witnesses was that the plaintiff’s employee did not have a seat on the Vineland Auction during any
7
The court rejected plaintiff’s attempt to supplement the interrogatories by its submission of
questionable check register data for the period extending beyond December 2005. Plaintiff failed
to provide such evidence to the Director prior to trial although demanded in interrogatories. The
court found that such evidence was hearsay and not subject to the business record rule and could
not be authenticated by the witness, and thus excluded it from being submitted.
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of the years under appeal. Nor was any credible testimony provided to establish that any employee
of plaintiff worked from a location within the State of New Jersey.
Testimony did establish that plaintiff’s employee obtained data learned from the Vineland
Auction and shared that information with the sales team at plaintiff’s “war room.” The Director
suggests that this “gathering of market data” is unprotected activity and cites Blue Buffalo Co. v.
Comptroller of the Treasury, 243 Md. App 693, 712 ( Ct. Spec. App. 2019) as support. In Blue
Buffalo, the court found that the gathering of “market opportunities and competitor activities in []
routine reports” was a “business objective distinct from the solicitation of orders.” Ibid. The trial
court there found that the plaintiff taxpayer “would have reason to gather data about the activities
of its competitors independently of whether it deployed a [ ] sales force.” Ibid. Here there was no
credible evidence that any employee of plaintiff traveled to the Vineland Auction or any other
location in the State for the purpose of obtaining the relevant market data. Merely gathering such
data from sources within this State, without a presence in this State, does not constitute unprotected
conduct.
D. Income Taxable
Thus, based on the credible evidence provided, the court finds that for tax year
commencing February 1, 2006 and ending January 31, 2007 plaintiff had sufficient conduct in
New Jersey beyond mere solicitation of sales that subjected it to tax in this State. The court further
finds that the plaintiff did not engage in unprotected conduct in this State for the other tax years
under appeal.
E. Penalties Assessed
Plaintiff argues the underpayment penalty and amnesty penalty should be abated because
it demonstrated defendant’s final determination was incorrect, that it qualified for amnesty, and
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that it had reasonable cause to believe it was exempt from CBT. The Director maintains that its
final determination was correct and that the penalties are supported by the testimony.
N.J.S.A. 54:49-4(a) provides that a penalty “equal to 5% of the underpayment” is added to
the assessment for “any part of any underpayment of tax” unless taxpayer shows a reasonable
cause for the underpayment. Pursuant to N.J.A.C. 18:2-2.7, “[t]he Director is authorized to waive
the penalty … ‘if the failure to pay any tax when due … is explained to the satisfaction of the
Director.’” Xylem Dewatering Solutions, Inc. v. Dir., Div. of Taxation, 30 N.J. Tax 41, 68 (Tax
2017). In Xylem, the court held that the penalty should be abated because the taxpayer’s failure
to pay tax was reasonable. Id. at 69. In reaching its decision, the court found taxpayer’s position
was reasonable, even if ultimately incorrect, because a lack of clear direction from the Division of
Taxation and lack of judicial guidance on the issue lead to taxpayer’s position. Ibid.With respect to tax year ending January 2007 the court finds that the underpayment penalty
was properly imposed. Plaintiff knew or should have known that its actions in sending trucks into
the State for the purpose of trucking its related entity’s produce to its warehouse facility was not
protected activity. It is clear from the testimony that plaintiff intended to avoid the status by
entering into an arrangement to reimburse itself for the services rendered. The court thus finds
that the underpayment penalty for the tax year ending January 2007 is upheld.
Plaintiff further argues that the amnesty penalty imposed by N.J.S.A. 54:53-19(b) should
not be assessed because when it filed the returns under appeal, the “amount paid was based on
reasonable cause.”
N.J.S.A. 54:53-19(b) provides,
There shall be imposed a 5% penalty, which shall not be subject to
waiver or abatement, in addition to all other penalties, interest, or
costs of collection otherwise authorized by law, upon any State tax
liabilities eligible to be satisfied during the period established
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pursuant to subsection a. of this section that are not satisfied during
the amnesty period.
Plaintiff argues that it could not have known the full payment of tax due until after the audit
of its returns and that the amount it paid was based on what it reasonably believed was due.
Plaintiff filed a return under the amnesty program for the tax year ending January 2007 which the
court finds did not accurately reflect its liability for tax. Plaintiff’s failure to accurately reflect its
tax liability subjects it to the penalty set forth in N.J.S.A. 54:53-19.
CONCLUSION
For the reasons set forth above, the court affirms the final determination as to the taxes,
penalties and interest imposed for the year ending January 2007 only. The parties shall provide
the court with computations pursuant to -R. 8:9-3 within thirty days of the date of this opinion.
Very truly yours,
/s/ Kathi F. Fiamingo
Kathi F. Fiamingo, J.T.C.
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