State v. Clements

It is first urged that, in passing upon the sufficiency of the evidence to support the verdict, we overlooked that this conviction is based upon circumstantial evidence, and that in such a case the circumstances must be such as, if believed, exclude every reasonable hypothesis except that of guilt.

The trial court instructed the jury that the prosecution relied upon circumstantial evidence to convict, and that therefore, "before you will be authorized to find a verdict of guilty in this case, the facts and circumstances shown in evidence must be incompatible, upon any reasonable hypothesis, with the innocence of the defendant, and incapable of explanation upon any reasonable hypothesis other than that of the guilt of the defendant." Hence there can be and is no objection to the manner in which the case was given to the jury. The objection is that it was for this court, as a matter of law, to conclude that the circumstantial proof did not meet the requirements of the instruction properly given. Such is not the law governing the review of criminal verdicts.

In any criminal case the proof must satisfy the jury beyond a reasonable doubt of the defendant's guilt. Otherwise he must be acquitted. The jury must be so instructed. Yet the principal inquiry of this court in reviewing the evidence is directed to the question whether it substantially supports the verdict. The weight of the evidence — whether it proved guilt beyond a reasonable doubt — is for the jury to decide. These principles are well understood, and no authorities need be cited.

[4] The rule in a circumstantial evidence case is but a special application of the general rule of reasonable doubt. The jury having been properly instructed as to the defendant's rights, its decision is final if supported by substantial evidence. The rule is thus stated at 17 C.J. 267:

"The fact that the evidence is circumstantial and conflicting does not alone empower the appellate court to weigh it or determine its sufficiency, if it reasonably tends to prove the guilt of the accused and fairly warrants a conviction. A verdict based on circumstantial evidence carries the same presumption of correctness as other verdicts, and will not be disturbed unless wholly unwarranted, even though the evidence is weak and unsatisfactory to the appellate court. But mere suspicion raised by the circumstances proved will not sustain a conviction, especially when such suspicion is removed by uncontradicted evidence; and when the circumstantial evidence relied on does not carry with it a reasonable certainty of guilt a reversal will follow."

The following cases which we have examined support the text: Richardson v. State, 56 Ark. 367, 19 S.W. 1052; People v. Martinez, 20 Cal. App. 343, 128 P. 952; Buckine v. State,121 Ga. 337, 49 S.E. 257; Sanderson v. State, 169 Ind. 301, 82 N.E. 525; State v. Rainsbarger, 74 Iowa, 196, 37 N.W. 153; Minniard v. Commonwealth, 158 Ky. 210, 164 S.W. 804; Browning v. State,33 Miss. 47; Samples v. State, 10 Okla. Crim. 102, 134 P. 838; State v. Wideman, 68 S.C. 119, 46 S.E. 769; Morris v. State (Tex.Cr.App.) 39 S.W. 934; McCune v. Com., 2 Rob. (Va.) 771; Schwantes v. State, 127 Wis. 160, 106 N.W. 237; Cannon v. State, 17 Ala. App. 82, 81 So. 860; State v. Brown, 114 Kan. 699, 220 P. 175.

We cannot say that the circumstances proved in this case did not warrant the jury in reaching the verdict it did.

[5] In disposing of the charge that the jury had been tampered with, we accepted the finding of the trial court against the truth of the charges made, although we characterized the affidavit denying the charges as somewhat equivocal. It is now urged that, as the evidence upon which the court's finding was based was entirely documentary, the finding was not binding upon us; but that it was our duty, from the evidence, to determine the truth of the charges. A careful re-examination of the affidavit in question discloses that, while there is an unequivocal and express denial of any conversation of any kind, with any juror, after the submission of the case and the retirement of the jury to consider its verdict, the sworn allegation on behalf of the appellant to the effect that a private conversation of about 20 minutes' duration took place between a juror, unknown, and the third person named, during a recess in the trial, was denied only in this language:

"Affiant utterly negatives and denies any conversation, at any time, with any juror or jurors, in relation to the then pending case."

In so far as the findings of the trial court are supported by substantial evidence, we accept and act upon them. We must admit, however, that we can find no substantial evidence to support the finding that there was no communication. The effect of the counter affidavit seems to be that a conversation of some kind, with one of the jurors, did in fact take place, but that it had no reference to the case being tried. P.H. Hill, who thus seems to admit having his communication with a juror, was a deputy sheriff, more or less concerned in the apprehension and prosecution of the appellant, but denying any prejudice against him.

It is needless to point out that this is a regrettable occurrence. We doubt not that the trial court, had he viewed the facts as we are constrained to view them, would have visited proper punishment upon those who thus trifled with the dignity and authority of the court in a manner to threaten a miscarriage of justice.

Counsel for appellant suggest, without reference to texts or cases, that, by weight of authority, even a technical separation of the jury in a capital case will necessitate setting aside its verdict. As to this subject in general see valuable case notes in 43 Am. Dec. 83, 1 Ann. Cas. 287, 34 A.L.R. 1115. We are not prepared to admit the point, but need not determine it, as counsel concede that, since State v. Blancett, 24 N.M. 433,174 P. 207, the law in this state is otherwise. In the Blancett Case it was held that a separation of one of the jurors from the others is not ground for a new trial, unless it appears that the defendant was prejudiced thereby. It is the latest of a line of decisions in this state and in the territory liberalizing the early strict rule as to separation in criminal cases. Territory v. Nichols, 3 N.M. (Gild.) 103, 2 P. 78; Territory v. Chenowith, 3 N.M. (Gild.) 318, 5 P. 532; Territory v. Edie, 6 N.M. 555,30 P. 851, on rehearing 7 N.M. 183, 34 P. 46; Roper v. Territoy,7 N.M. 255, 33 P. 1014; United States v. Swan, 7 N.M. 306,34 P. 533; United States v. Spencer, 8 N.M. 667, 45 P. 715; United States v. Cook, 15 N.M. 124, 103 P. 305; State v. Starr, 24 N.M. 180, 173 P. 674. Of these decisions United States v. Swan and United States v. Spencer are perhaps inharmonious with the others. They are so at least as to the statement of the rule.

The case before us, however, is not one of mere technical separation, as the result of which there may have been unauthorized and improper communication between jurors and others. Such a communication seems to have occured, and we must apply the rules controlling in such cases.

In Territory v. Edie, supra, there was a communication between the foreman of the jury and a deputy sheriff. The latter, at the former's request, while separated from the other jurors, wrote the verdict. Viewed technically, there could be no more dangerous communication. It not only related to the case upon which the jury was deliberating, but the jury's conclusion upon the case was written by and put in the language of an outsider. The court thus disposed of the matter:

"It does not appear, nor is it claimed, except in argument, that the form so written had anything to do with the result of the jury's deliberations. Whilst it is an irregularity, censurable in the highest degree, the extreme rigor with which it was visited under the ancient rule has been considerably relaxed in modern practice. It is now almost universally established that, unless it appears that such interference takes place for some corrupt or sinister purpose, or that such conduct has been prompted by the parties and has resulted injuriously to one of such parties, the verdict will not be disturbed, either in civil or criminal cases. 2 Grah. W. New Trials, 317; People v. Boggs,20 Cal. 435; People v. Symonds, 22 Cal. 352. It not appearing that the defendant's rights were either impaired or imperiled by such irregularity, we cannot hold it error solely on eloquent counsel's vivid portrayal of the grave injustice that may sometimes result from such misconduct."

On the rehearing, it was urged that the rule of decision thus stated was in irreconcilable conflict with Mattox v. United States, 146 U.S. 140, 13 S. Ct. 50, 36 L. Ed. 917. O'Brien, C.J., writing the opinion, admitted that "the language chosen by us to express the rule may not be faultless." It was decided, however, that the same result would follow adoption of the rule of the Mattox Case, viz.:

"Private communications, possibly prejudicial, between jurors and third persons, or witnesses, or the officer in charge, are absolutely forbidden, and invalidate the verdict, at least unless their harmlessness is made to appear."

The dissent by Seeds, J., concurred in by Fall, J., expresses the view that the rule originally announced was then "in consonance with the great weight of authority," but that it is not the law of New Mexico, because of the Mattox decision by the Supreme Court of the United States; the difference in the two rules being that one "throws the burden upon the territory to prove the acts done not prejudicial, they being assumed to be such," while "the other casts the burden upon the accused to prove the acts injurious or prejudicial to him." The opinion of Chief Justice O'Brien is interesting because of the free and forcible expression of his views as to the rule best adapted to meet the ends of justice under the conditions then prevailing in New Mexico.

Thompson says (Trials, §§ 25-33):

"A communication explained and apparently harmless and innocent will not vitiate the verdict, but an unexplained communication, possibly prejudicial, will avoid it."

At 16 C.J. 1081, it is said:

"It has been held that it is not misconduct which will vitiate the verdict for jurors to communicate with outsiders where nothing is said about the case."

Speaking of communications occurring while the jury is engaged in deliberation, Wharton says (Crim. Proc. §§ 1665-1778) that, according to the better opinion, they are not to be presumed without influence upon the verdict, and constitute ground for a new trial; but that if such communications do not touch the subject-matter of the trial, the rule is otherwise. These statements of the law find general support in Coats v. State,101 Ark. 51, 141 S.W. 197; Mansfield v. Commonwealth, 163 Ky. 488,174 S.W. 16; State v. Robertson, 133 La. 806, 63 So. 363; State v. Oteri, 128 La. 939, 55 So. 582, Ann. Cas. 1912C, 878; State v. Goodson, 116 La. 388, 40 So. 771; Taylor v. State (Miss.)30 So. 657; Commonwealth v. Lombardi, 221 Pa. 31, 70 A. 122; State v. Cotts, 49 W. Va. 615, 39 S.E. 605, 55 L.R.A. 176; Zinn v. State,135 Ark. 342, 205 S.W. 704; State v. Harris, 12 Nev. 414; Pope and Jacobs v. State, 36 Miss. 121.

In People v. Newell, 192 Cal. 659, 221 P. 622, the district attorney engaged in casual conversation with a juror, in the corridor outside the courtroom, during a recess, in plain view of bystanders. He having denied "that he had mentioned the case or the panel of jurors to the jury," the Supreme Court said:

"Upon the showing made, it is manifest there was no foundation for the asserted misconduct, and the court properly declined to take any action."

In People v. Mayen, 188 Cal. 237, 205 P. 435, 24 A.L.R. 1383, the rights of the defendant were held not "prejudicially affected by the alleged misconduct of one of the jurors by reason of a passing conversation with a member of the grand jury, during the trial, who was in the courtroom at one of the adjournments, in which the grand juror remarked that he was a member of the grand jury and interested in the case."

In People v. Emmons, 7 Cal. App. 685, 95 P. 1032, three several occurrences were relied upon. One of them was that "one of the jurors was seen talking with some one not a juror in the hallway of the courthouse, and that he was heard to say: ``Well; ask him.'" The court, while giving the explanation of the harmlessness of the other occurrences, apparently did not consider the one we have mentioned as worthy of notice.

In People v. Golsh, 63 Cal. App. 609, 219 P. 456, where there was a conviction of first degree murder, "a jurywoman was seen talking to the father of the deceased in a highly excited manner and gesticulating violently." The Court of Appeals said:

"It does not appear that the conversation related to the case on trial. It therefore is not of itself a circumstance sufficient to raise a presumption that the juror was improperly influenced. It was of course a grave impropriety, exposing the juror to suspicion and reflecting upon the administration of justice, but in the absence of any showing as to the nature of the subject-matter of the conversation we cannot say that it was legal misconduct calling for a reversal of the judgment."

In State v. Guy, 121 Wash. 534, 209 P. 673, a juror, separated from the others, while sitting on a bench in a corridor outside the courtroom, during a recess, was joined by, and engaged in conversation with, one of the state's witnesses. The Supreme Court, being satisfied from the consideration of affidavits, in some respects conflicting, that the conversation did not relate to the cause on trial nor affect the juror's judgment or deliberation, refused a new trial.

In Fitzpatrick v. State, 149 Ga. 75, 99 S.E. 128, another murder case, the showing on motion for new trial was to the effect that a juror separated himself from his fellows, went a considerable distance, not in company with an officer, entered the house of one Cox, and conversed with him. It appearing by counter affidavit that Cox was the keeper of the courthouse and that the juror went to his house to get the courthouse keys, so that the jury might gain admittance to resume their deliberations, and that nothing was said about the case except a question by Cox as to whether the jury had agreed on a verdict, to which the juror made no reply, the court denied a new trial.

Appellant relies upon State v. Hunt, 26 N.M. 160, 189 P. 1111, as analogous in its underlying principle. That decision involved a communication between the judge and a juror relating to a proceeding in the case. It was held that, in such a case, prejudice need not be shown. The decision was based upon the right of the accused to be present during all proceedings. It is urged that the strict rule adhered to in the Hunt Case, supported, as was there indicated, by practically unanimous authority, is inconsistent with the comparative liberality of the authorities above referred to when dealing with communications with outsiders. However that may be, it is evident that the two classes of cases involve different principles and that the results have been reached from different considerations. The great influence of a communication from the judge regarding the case is manifest. No such influence attaches presumptively to a communication from an outsider, particularly when it has no reference to the case.

We cannot admit, therefore, that it is the law of this state that the bare fact of an unauthorized and improper communication necessitates in all cases a new trial, even in capital felonies. When it appears that there has been such communication, the important question is whether prejudice has resulted. Such a communication certainly requires explanation, not only to secure the accused in his rights, but to maintain the court's authority. But if it satisfactorily appears that the communication was harmless and had no effect on the verdict, the rights of the accused do not require, and public interest does not permit, the granting of a new trial. So we dispose of appellant's contention to the effect that a conclusive presumption of prejudice arises in such a case as this. The question remains whether such presumption of prejudice as arose upon the appellant's showing has been satisfactorily rebutted.

It is to be admitted that the denial in the counter affidavit is not wholly satisfactory. It would be much better if the communication which took place had been explained in detail, so that the trial court, and this court, instead of the affiant, might have drawn the conclusion as to whether it related to the case. We think, however, that the sweeping nature of the denial is attributable to, and excusable because of, the indefinite nature of the charge. Appellant's showing is more remarkable for what it fails to disclose than for what it reveals. The time is fixed only by naming the date. The place is not mentioned. The name of the offending juror is not stated. The nature of the conversation is said to be unknown. It is disclosed only that the offending third person took an unknown juror to one side and talked to him about 20 minutes. Where did he take him? Was it in the courtroom, the corridors of the courthouse, on the street? Was it in public view? Where were the bailiff and the other jurors? Was the misconduct reported to defendant's counsel? If so, why was it not reported to the court? The answers to these questions would have thrown light on the subject of investigation and brought out the facts. Most of them could have been shown. The time and place could have been fixed. The identity of the juror could have been established. It could have been shown whether, in addition to being private, the conversation was seemingly secret and clandestine, and whether it was apparently earnest and important or merely casual.

An affidavit so general as this was held, in a well-considered case (State v. Cotts, supra), not worthy of being received. The West Virginia Supreme Court said, in that case, that such facts should have been stated as would have enabled the prosecution to follow up, identify, and explain the fact or contradict the testimony; and it cited Cornelius v. State, 12 Ark. 810, to the effect that the offending jurors should be named, "for, without that information, the state could not have negatived the presumption of influence." In United States v. Cook, supra, the Territorial Supreme Court held that an allegation, on information and belief, that, while separated, the jurors heard the case discussed, should not be considered.

If it be suggested, as an excuse for failing to identify the offending juror, that his affidavit could not have been received to impeach the verdict (a question we do not decide), it may be answered that it could have been received to rebut the presumption of prejudice. Nicholson v. State, 18 Wyo. 298,106 P. 929; State v. Cotts, supra.

Another matter impresses us. Both appellant and the State, so far as the record discloses, stood on the affidavits we are considering. There was apparently no request for an opportunity to cross-examine Mr. Hill or otherwise that a full investigation be had. The trial court evidently took the counter affidavit as a denial that any communication had taken place. The record does not disclose that counsel in any way called the attention of the court to his error, or pointed out the real effect of the denial. Although written exceptions were filed to the findings, there was no exception whatever to the finding in question.

An application for a new trial, particularly in a criminal cause of this gravity, is a matter of serious moment. Its decision involves grave responsibility. Every safeguard should surround the right of an accused person to a fair trial and to a verdict based on the evidence alone. On the other hand, new trials for purely technical reasons are against public interest. It is the duty of the court to award them for the correction of misconduct prejudicial to the accused. It is also the duty of the court to protect the administration of public justice against abuse. To adopt the rule contended for here would render it easy for one in a desperate situation involving his life to procure some act to be done which, as matter of law, would invalidate an unfavorable verdict. To allow high presumptive force to such a showing as is here made would lend encouragement to those who would profit from getting technical misconduct into the record, and tend to discourage a full and honest showing on the meritorious question of prejudice.

So we think that the presumption of prejudice raised by the appellant's meager showing is slight, and that it is satisfactorily rebutted by the general denial of any communication, with any juror, having relation to the case. We mention counsel's failure to except to the court's finding, not as intimating that, for lack of exception by counsel, we should permit the execution of a tainted judgment in a capital case, but because of the inference readily to be drawn, in connection with the other facts mentioned, that the court's misapprehension of the effect of the counter affidavit was deemed more advantageous to appellant than the correction of it.

Our careful consideration of this case leads us to the conclusion that appellant was not entitled to a new trial because of the communication complained of.

It is strongly urged that we incorrectly disposed of appellant's contention of error as to the remark of the assistant district attorney, construed by counsel as a comment on appellant's failure to testify. We are unconvinced, however, and do not think it necessary to modify what we heretofore said.

The full reconsideration which we have given this case, aided by the able arguments and briefs of learned counsel, discloses nothing to warrant a reversal of the judgment, and we are constrained to adhere to the affirmance thereof.

PARKER, C.J., and BICKLEY, J., concur.