State v. Kennedy

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IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF NEW MEXICO
No. S-1-SC-37528
STATE OF NEW MEXICO,
Plaintiff-Respondent,
v.
JERRY KENNEDY, JR.,
Defendant-Petitioner.
ORIGINAL PROCEEDING ON CERTIORARI
Briana Zamora, District Judge
Dane Eric Hannum
Albuquerque, NM
for Petitioner
Hector H. Balderas, Attorney General
Meryl Elizabeth Francolini, Assistant Attorney General
Santa Fe, NM
for Respondent
DECISION
VIGIL, Chief Justice.
{1} A jury in metropolitan court found Defendant guilty of driving while intoxicated
(DWI), speeding, and resisting arrest. Under the applicable law at the time, Defendant
appealed to the district court, which affirmed.1 NMSA 1978, § 34-8A-6(C) (1993,
amended 2019) (providing that a person aggrieved by a judgment of the metropolitan
court in an action involving driving while intoxicated may appeal to the district court);
see State v. Bell, 2015-NMCA-028, ¶ 2, 345 P.3d 342 (stating that in cases involving
1Effective June 14, 2019, appeals from the metropolitan court in cases involving driving while intoxicated
go directly to the Court of Appeals. NMSA 1978, § 34-8A-6(D) (2019).
driving while intoxicated, the metropolitan court acts as the trial court and the district
court acts in its appellate capacity).
{2} Defendant then appealed to the Court of Appeals, raising two issues: (1) whether
the prosecutor’s comments during closing argument violated his constitutional privilege
against self-incrimination and right to due process, and (2) whether the metropolitan
court erred in denying Defendant’s motion for a mistrial on that basis. State v. Kennedy,
A-1-CA-36091, mem. op. ¶ 1 (N.M. Ct. App. Jan. 17, 2019) (non-precedential), cert.
granted, 2019-NMCERT-004 (S-1-SC-37528, Apr. 12, 2019). The Court of Appeals
affirmed. Id. ¶¶ 26-27.
{3} We granted certiorari to determine if the Court of Appeals erred in its holding that
the prosecutor’s closing argument comments did not deprive Defendant of a fair trial.
We affirm.
I. BACKGROUND
{4} At the trial in metropolitan court, defense counsel told the jury in his opening
statement that although Defendant had consumed two beers earlier in the day of his
arrest, “there will be no evidence that he was intoxicated or impaired to any degree
when he was driving.” Defense counsel added that it was only after driving and parking
his vehicle that Defendant went to the house of his friend, James Chavez (Chavez), to
“pay him some money and he consumes some alcohol there.” However, defense
counsel did not stop there. Defense counsel added that when Defendant was asked
about drinking by Officer Charles W. Miller (Miller), “[h]e said yes, he had earlier, but he
didn’t tell [Miller] about what he’d just consumed at . . . Chavez’s house because he
wasn’t driving at that time.”
{5} In this context, the following evidence was then presented. As Miller drove
southbound, he noticed two southbound vehicles speeding. One was a blue Ford truck
(Ford truck) and the other, following close behind the Ford truck, was a black Honda
sedan (Honda). Miller pulled over the rear-most vehicle, the Honda. The Honda
stopped, and the Ford truck kept going. During the traffic stop, Miller suspected the
driver of the Honda, Jessica Villalobos (Villalobos), to be intoxicated. While
administering field sobriety tests to Villalobos, Miller saw the Ford truck drive by his
location and park down the street. While still talking to Villalobos, Miller watched the
driver of the Ford truck exit the vehicle and go “to the right real quick and then across
the street to the left.”
{6} About ten minutes after the Ford truck parked, Defendant walked down the street
and approached Miller. As Defendant approached Miller, he inquired about posting
bond for Villalobos. Defendant confirmed he was the driver of the Ford truck and that he
was the person Villalobos had been following. In speaking with Defendant, Miller
observed that Defendant’s eyes were bloodshot, his speech “dragged, if not slurred,”
and that a strong odor of alcohol was coming from him. Miller asked Defendant if he had
been drinking, and Defendant answered that he had “a couple of beers” around
lunchtime.
{7} Suspecting Defendant of drinking and driving, Miller called for backup and had
Defendant perform field sobriety tests. Following Defendant’s poor performance on the
field sobriety tests, Miller told Defendant to turn around and put his hands behind his
back. Defendant pulled away, yelled “[o]h shit,” and bolted across the street. As
Defendant was running away, he stumbled over a curb and landed in a lawn. Miller
caught, physically restrained, and handcuffed Defendant. Subsequently, Miller
administered a breath alcohol test to Defendant and the results were .14 and .13.
{8} In support of the defense raised in defense counsel’s opening statement, Chavez
testified that after Defendant parked the Ford truck, Defendant went to Chavez’s house,
stayed for fifteen to twenty minutes, and consumed “a couple shots” and a beer.
Defendant did not testify.
{9} In his closing arguments, the prosecutor remarked:
[Defendant] didn’t tell Officer Miller on December 8 of 2014 that he had
just had a large amount of alcohol to drink. And if you’re being
investigated for DWI, I think it’s a fact that might’ve come up at that time.
When [Defendant] was being placed under arrest, that would’ve been a
very good time to say “Whoa, wait, no let me explain. I was driving, but I
drank after the fact.” Instead he—
At that point, defense counsel objected and moved for a mistrial. In an exchange at a
bench conference, defense counsel argued that the prosecutor was commenting on
Defendant’s right to remain silent. The prosecutor responded, “I do believe [defense
counsel] has opened the door directly to this line of argument.” The metropolitan court
stated that it was not ready to declare a mistrial. After the defense completed its closing
argument, the prosecutor argued in rebuttal:
If you truly believe that [Defendant] drove to his friend’s house, consumed
several shots of Jack Daniels and a beer, then approached Officer Miller,
and at no point in time during the investigation thought to tell Officer Miller
that he had drank after he had driven, you should find him not guilty.
However, I don’t think with all the facts in front of us that that creates a
reasonable doubt.
The defense made no objection to this argument.
II. DISCUSSION
{10} Defendant argues that the prosecutor’s closing and rebuttal arguments deprived
him of a fair trial. In answering this question, we consider three factors as “useful
guides”: (1) whether the prosecutor’s statements invaded some distinct constitutional
protection, (2) whether the statements were isolated and brief, or repeated and
pervasive, and (3) whether the statements were invited by the defense. State v. Sosa,
2009-NMSC-056, ¶¶ 26, 34, 147 N.M. 351, 223 P.3d 348.
{11} Defendant in turn argues that the prosecutor’s arguments were a comment on his
constitutional right to remain silent, they were not isolated and brief, and they were not
invited. Defendant contends that his “presentation of a drank-after-driving affirmative
defense . . . does not give the State carte blanche to trample his constitutional rights to
silence and due process.”
{12} Conversely, the State argues that the comments did not violate Defendant’s right
to remain silent because the comments concerned the period following his arrest, but
before he received his Miranda warnings. The State further asserts that the comments
were isolated and brief because they were not the focus or theme of the prosecutor’s
arguments, and they were relatively brief in duration. Finally, the State contends the
comments were invited because defense counsel, in his opening statement, informed
the jury that when Miller asked Defendant if he had been drinking, “[h]e said yes, he had
earlier, but he didn’t tell him about what he’d just consumed at . . . Chavez’s house
because he wasn’t driving at that time.” The State also suggests this statement was a
reference to a fact not in evidence.
{13} The Court of Appeals concluded that the prosecutor’s comments invaded a
distinct constitutional protection because the broad references to “December 8” and
“during [the] investigation” were sufficient to encompass post-Miranda silence. Kennedy,
No. A-1-CA-36091, mem. op. ¶ 21 (alteration in original). However, the Court of Appeals
did not reverse for two reasons. First, the Court determined that the comments were
isolated and brief because they “constituted a relatively brief portion of the State’s
roughly eleven-minute initial closing argument and five-minute rebuttal.” Id. ¶ 24.
Second, the court concluded, the comments were invited because defense counsel
repeatedly asked Miller on cross-examination whether he questioned Defendant about
consuming alcohol after parking his vehicle, “strongly suggested that there was an
account that Defendant had not relayed to the officer[.]” Id. ¶ 25. The Court of Appeals
determined this line of questioning “practically invited the State to comment upon the
account not provided at that time by Defendant.” Id. The Court of Appeals therefore held
that although the prosecutor’s comments did invade a distinct constitutional protection,
the comments were isolated, brief, and invited by the defense, weighing against
reversal of Defendant’s convictions. Id. ¶¶ 21-25.
{14} We agree with the Court of Appeals that the prosecutor’s comments invaded
Defendant’s constitutional right to remain silent. The prosecutor’s statements were
sufficient to encompass both pre-arrest and post-arrest silence, and while the record
does not indicate whether Defendant was given Miranda warnings, if “such an inference
will benefit a defendant, we presume that the warning was given.” State v. DeGraff,
2006-NMSC-011, ¶ 18, 139 N.M. 211, 31 P.3d 61.
{15} We also agree with the Court of Appeals that the prosecutor’s comments were
isolated and brief. The comments constituted a brief portion of the State’s closing and
rebuttal arguments, they were not the focus or theme of the prosecutor’s argument, and
when defense counsel objected to the comment in closing, discussion about the
comment took place at the bench rather than in open court. See State v. Sena, 2020-
NMSC-011, ¶ 20, 470 P.3d 227 (holding that when the jury hears the court overrule an
objection to improper argument, the “stamp of judicial approval” is placed on the
improper argument, magnifying the prejudice).
{16} Finally, while we agree with the Court of Appeals’ conclusion that the comments
were invited by the defense, we disagree with its analysis and application of the “invited-
response doctrine.” We conclude that the prosecutor’s comments were invited for a
different reason, which we discuss below. Because the statements made by the
prosecutor in closing and rebuttal arguments were fair comments on Defendant’s failure
to testify when Defendant did not testify as represented by defense counsel in his
opening statement, we affirm.
A. Standard of review
{17} Ordinarily we review the “denial of a motion for mistrial under an abuse of
discretion standard.” Sena, 2020-NMSC-011, ¶ 15. However, Defendant’s arguments
rely on his rights to silence and to due process under both the New Mexico and United
States Constitutions, and we review questions of constitutional law de novo. Id.B. Analysis
{18} Because we agree with the Court of Appeals analysis of the first two Sena
factors, we limit our analysis to the third: whether the State’s arguments were invited by
the defense. See Sosa, 2009-NMSC-056, ¶¶ 26, 34.
{19} In reviewing whether a comment was invited by a party, we begin “with the
proposition that ‘it would be fundamentally unfair and a deprivation of due process to
allow the arrested person’s silence to be used to impeach an explanation subsequently
offered at trial.’” State v. Garcia, 1994-NMCA-147, ¶ 12, 118 N.M. 773, 887 P.2d 767(quoting Doyle v. Ohio, 426 U.S. 610, 618). However, “the prosecution may refer to the
defendant’s failure to testify if the door is opened by the defense.” State v. Henry, 1984-
NMSC-023, ¶ 6, 101 N.M. 266, 681 P.2d 51. “[W]e are least likely to find error where the
defense has opened the door to the prosecutor’s comments by its own argument or
reference to facts not in evidence.” Sosa, 2009-NMSC-056, ¶ 33 (internal quotation
marks and citation omitted).
{20} The “invited-response doctrine” arises in contexts in which the defense promises
either (1) to produce some form of evidence and then fails to present it, or (2) offers to
produce a witness that ultimately never takes the stand. Henry, 1984-NMSC-023, ¶ 11
(holding defense counsel opened the door to the prosecutor’s comment on the
defendant’s failure to testify where, in opening statement, counsel informed the jury that
the defendant would testify and discussed certain facts his testimony would establish,
but the defendant did not take the stand); State v. Smith, 2001-NMSC-004, ¶ 37, 130
N.M. 117, 19 P.3d 254 (concluding that the prosecutor’s comment on silence was
invited because the defendant did not testify, and no evidence was introduced in
support of defense counsel’s assertion); Lockett v. Ohio, 438 U.S. 586, 595 (1978)
(holding defense counsel invited the prosecutor’s remarks “first, by outlining [the]
contemplated defense in his opening statement and, second, by stating to the court and
jury near the close of the case, that [the defendant] would be the ‘next witness’”). Said
another way, comments are invited when defense counsel states certain evidence or
testimony will be introduced, and it is not.
{21} The Court of Appeals concluded that the prosecutor’s comments were invited
because defense counsel repeatedly questioned Miller on cross-examination about
whether he questioned Defendant about consuming alcohol after parking his vehicle.
Kennedy, A-1-CA-36091, mem. op. ¶ 25. However, the defense is entitled to “examine
the prosecution’s witnesses about the deficiencies of the investigation and argue the
investigation’s shortcomings against the standard of reasonable doubt.” State v. Ware,
1994-NMSC-091, ¶ 26, 118 N.M. 319, 881 P.2d 679. “The State is, after all, still
charged with proving its case beyond a reasonable doubt,” id., and requiring this proof
is in no way an invitation to comment on Defendant’s silence. Notwithstanding that the
cross-examination of Miller was not improper, we conclude the prosecutor’s comments
were invited for a different reason.
{22} In his opening statement defense counsel informed the jury that when Miller
asked Defendant if he had been drinking, Defendant “said yes, he had earlier, but he
didn’t tell him about what he’d just consumed at . . . Chavez’s house because he wasn’t
driving at that time.” There is only one person who knows why Defendant did not tell
Miller “about what he’d just consumed,” and that is Defendant himself. In addition,
although Chavez testified that Defendant had drinks at his house, he did not provide
any testimony supporting the other claim made by defense counsel in his opening
statement that Defendant was not under the influence when he was driving, and that he
was only under the influence after he was driving. Defense counsel promised to
produce evidence—why Defendant did not tell Miller what he had consumed at
Chavez’s house, and that Defendant was not under the influence of alcohol when he
was driving—and then defense counsel failed to produce said evidence. Defense
counsel implicitly, if not explicitly, represented that Defendant would testify to these
facts and then Defendant never took the stand. It was this argument made by defense
counsel that invited the prosecutor’s comments. “[I]t is clear that the prosecutor was
responding to defense counsel’s claim during opening argument and was thus
commenting on what Defendant had already invited.” Smith, 2001-NMSC-004, ¶ 40.
III. CONCLUSION
{23} While we partially disagree with the reasoning of the Court of Appeals, we agree
with its ultimate conclusion and therefore affirm.
{24} IT IS SO ORDERED.
MICHAEL E. VIGIL, Chief Justice
WE CONCUR:
BARBARA J. VIGIL, Justice
C. SHANNON BACON, Justice
DAVID K. THOMSON, Justice
JUDITH K. NAKAMURA, Justice, Retired,
Sitting by Designation