United States v. Gary

This opinion is subject to administrative correction before final disposition.
Before
HITESMAN, GASTON, and STEWART
Appellate Military Judges
_________________________
UNITED STATES
Appellee
v.
Octavious D. GARY
Lance Corporal (E-3), U.S. Marine Corps
Appellant
No. 201800353
Decided: 27 May 2020
Appeal from the United States Navy-Marine Corps Trial Judiciary
Military Judge:
Terrance J. Reese
Sentence adjudged 7 September 2018 by a special court-martial
convened at Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune, North Carolina,
consisting of a military judge sitting alone. Sentence approved by the
convening authority: confinement for 100 days, reduction to pay grade
E-1, and a bad-conduct discharge.
For Appellant:
Captain Bree A. Ermentrout, JAGC, USN
For Appellee:
Major Kelli A. O’Neil, USMC
Lieutenant Jonathan Todd, JAGC, USN
Senior Judge HITESMAN delivered the opinion of the Court, in which
Senior Judge GASTON and Judge STEWART joined.
United States v. Gary, NMCCA No. 201800353
Opinion of the Court
_________________________
This opinion does not serve as binding precedent, but
may be cited as persuasive authority under NMCCA
Rule of Appellate Procedure 30.2.
_________________________
HITESMAN, Senior Judge:
Appellant was convicted, pursuant to his pleas, of one specification of
conspiracy to wrongfully distribute a controlled substance, in violation of
Article 81, Uniform Code of Military Justice [UCMJ], 1 and one specification
of wrongful distribution of a controlled substance, in violation of Article 112a,
UCMJ. 2
Appellant raises two assignments of error: (1) Appellant’s pleas were im-
provident because the military judge failed to conduct an inquiry into the
affirmative defense of duress, and (2) the convening authority failed to
consider matters submitted by Appellant prior to taking action on the case.
We find no prejudicial error and affirm.
I. BACKGROUND
Appellant and another Marine agreed to obtain and distribute MDMA, 3 a
Schedule I controlled substance. 4 They travelled to Georgia and purchased
MDMA and then returned to Camp Lejeune, North Carolina, where Appel-
lant sold the MDMA.
During the providence inquiry into the conspiracy charge, the military
judge asked, “Did anyone force or coerce you into the conspiracy to commit
wrongful distribution of a controlled substance?” 5 Appellant responded, “No,
1 10 U.S.C. § 881 (2012).
2 10 U.S.C. § 912a (2012).
3 MDMA is an acronym for 3,4-methylenedioxy-methamphetamine, also known
as “ecstasy” or “molly.”
4 21 U.S.C. § 812.
5 Record at 18.
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Opinion of the Court
your Honor.” 6 The military judge then asked Appellant if he could have
avoided joining the conspiracy if he wanted to and whether his decision to
join the conspiracy was freely made. 7 Appellant answered both questions,
“Yes, your honor.” 8 Later in the providence inquiry regarding wrongful
distribution, the military judge asked Appellant, “Did anything or anyone
force you to distribute this drug? 9 Appellant responded, “No, your Honor.” 10
Responding to the military judge’s additional questions, Appellant stated
that he could have avoided distributing the drug if he had wanted to and he
had no legal justification or excuse for distributing MDMA. The military
judge found that Appellant’s pleas were made voluntarily and with a factual
basis. He found Appellant guilty of the charges in accordance with his pleas.
As part of the Defense sentencing case, Appellant read an unsworn state-
ment explaining how his financial difficulties pushed him to the verge of
bankruptcy and he decided to distribute MDMA to make himself debt-free.
Both the trial counsel and Appellant’s trial defense counsel [TDC] discussed
Appellant’s financial situation during their brief sentencing arguments.
TDC submitted a request for clemency pursuant to Rules for Courts-
Martial [R.C.M.] 1105 and 1106 on 31 October 2018. Within the request, TDC
asked the convening authority [CA] to defer forfeitures in order to provide
Appellant’s girlfriend and newborn son financial support. On 15 November
2018, under cover letter, the CA’s staff judge advocate [SJA] provided him a
prepared court-martial order [CMO], the initial Staff Judge Advocate’s
Recommendation [SJAR], an addendum to the SJAR, Appellant’s clemency
request, and the record of trial. In the cover letter, the SJA informed the CA
that Appellant requested deferment of automatic forfeitures. The SJA further
advised the CA that he “must carefully consider the matters submitted by
detailed defense counsel.” 11 The CA took action on Appellant’s court-martial
on 27 November 2018 by signing the CMO prepared by his SJA. The CMO
contained conflicting statements. It stated that the CA considered Appellant’s
clemency request of 31 October 2018 before taking action in his case. Howev-
6 Id.
7 Id.
8 Id.
99 Record at 23.
10 Id.
11 Staff Judge Advocate ltr of 15 Nov 18.
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Opinion of the Court
er, it also erroneously stated that Appellant did not request deferment of any
part of his sentence. 12
Additional facts necessary to the resolution of the assignments of error
are included in the discussion.
II. DISCUSSION
A. Financial Duress Is Not An Affirmative Defense
Appellant contends that the military judge erred and should have reo-
pened the providence inquiry when Appellant reasonably raised an apparent
affirmative defense of duress that was inconsistent with his plea.
Military judges have broad discretion to accept guilty pleas. 13 Prior to
accepting a guilty plea, a military judge must ensure the plea is supported by
a factual basis. 14 In the course of a guilty-plea proceeding, if an accused “sets
up a matter inconsistent with their plea of guilty, the military judge must
resolve the inconsistency or reject the plea.” 15 “An affirmative defense . . .
constitutes a matter inconsistent with the plea of guilty,” but “not every
mitigating statement or word requires further inquiry.” 16 Nor does the “mere
possibility of a defense . . . render a plea of guilty improvident.” 17
The military judge must elicit sufficient facts to satisfy every element of
the offense in question, and a military judge’s decision to accept a plea of
guilty is reviewed for an abuse of discretion. 18 However, questions of law
arising from the guilty plea are reviewed de novo. 19 A reviewing appellate
court may reject a guilty plea only if there is a substantial basis in law or fact
to question the plea. 20 After applying this standard, any conclusion reached
12 The Government moved to attach an affidavit from the CA to the record. Alt-
hough we granted that motion, we did not find the affidavit helpful and we did not
consider it in resolving the issues raised in this case.
13 United States v. Inabinette, 66 M.J. 320, 322 (C.A.A.F. 2008) (citation omitted).
14 Id.
15 United States v. Simpson, 77 M.J. 279, 282 (C.A.A.F. 2018).
16 United States v. Hayes, 70 M.J. 454, 458 (C.A.A.F. 2012).
17 United States v. Bullman, 56 M.J. 377, 381 (C.A.A.F. 2002) (citation omitted).
18 Inabinette, 66 M.J. at 322 (citations omitted).
19 Id. (citing United States v. Pena, 64 M.J. 259 (C.A.A.F. 2007)).
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Opinion of the Court
by this Court “must overcome the generally applied waiver of the factual
issue of guilt inherent in voluntary pleas of guilty.” 21
During the providence inquiry, the military judge correctly explained the
elements necessary to establish a violation for conspiracy to wrongfully
distribute MDMA and wrongful distribution of MDMA. Appellant stated that
he understood the elements and definitions explained to him by the military
judge and that they correctly described what he did. Appellant explained in
his own words what he did and why he was guilty of the charges. The inquiry
established a factual basis supporting each element of the specifications. The
military judge found Appellant’s guilty pleas to be provident and accepted
them. We will not disturb a guilty plea once it is accepted unless the record
reveals “a substantial conflict between the plea and the accused’s statements
or other evidence of record.” 22
Appellant claims that he raised the affirmative defense of duress when he
read an unsworn statement to the military judge and stated, “I let the
pressure build until I felt like I was on the verge of bankruptcy. So I made a
plan to be debt free and not owe any money to anyone.” 23
The affirmative defense of duress exists where “the accused’s participa-
tion in the offense was caused by a reasonable apprehension that the accused
or another innocent person would be immediately killed or would immediate-
ly suffer serious bodily injury if the accused did not commit the act.” 24 Thus,
duress as an affirmative defense does not exist unless there is an apprehen-
sion of immediate death or serious bodily harm. Appellant did not at trial,
and does not now, allege any such apprehension. Instead, Appellant attempts
to shoehorn his troubled financial situation into the definition of duress.
Accordingly, Appellant never raised the affirmative defense of duress and we
find no basis in law or fact to question his pleas. We find the military judge
did not abuse his discretion when he did not reopen the providence inquiry.
20 Simpson, 77 M.J. at 282 (citing Inabinette, 66 M.J. at 322).
21United States v. Dawson, 50 M.J. 599, 601 (N-M. Ct. Crim. App. 1999); accord
R.C.M. 910(j).
22 United States v. Shaw, 64 M.J. 460, 462 (C.A.A.F. 2007) (citation omitted).
23 Defense Exhibit A.
24 R.C.M. 916(h).
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B. Post-Trial Processing
Appellant contends that he is entitled to new post-trial processing be-
cause the CA did not consider his request to defer forfeitures before taking
action in his case. The Government concedes that the CA erred when he
failed to state the basis for his decision to deny Appellant’s request to defer
forfeitures. However, the Government argues that the CA tacitly denied
Appellant’s request when he ordered the adjudged sentence executed and
that Appellant has suffered no prejudice because of the CA’s failure to state
the basis of his denial. We review the denial of a request for deferment for an
abuse of discretion. 25
1. Clemency request
Appellant submitted a clemency request after he had been served with
the SJAR and the addendum to the SJAR. His clemency request letter
referenced R.C.M. 1105 and 1106, but not 1101(c), which addresses the
deferment of forfeitures. This request also contained a non-specific request to
defer forfeitures. Since no forfeitures were adjudged, the deferment request
could only apply to the automatic forfeitures of two-thirds pay per month
which ran from the date of sentencing until the CA took action on the case.
Appellant did not ask the CA to waive automatic forfeitures, which would
affect those forfeitures from the date the CA took action on the case for the
remainder of Appellant’s sentence to confinement.
The CA is required to consider matters submitted by Appellant under
R.C.M. 1105 and 1106 before taking action in the case. 26 This Court will not
speculate, but looks to the record to determine whether the CA considered
clemency matters submitted by TDC. 27
Here, the SJA submitted a document package under cover letter to the CA
to assist him in taking action in Appellant’s case. TDC was listed under the
“Copy to” line. The cover letter itself notified the CA of the Appellant’s
forfeiture deferment request and it advised the CA that he must carefully
consider matters submitted by Appellant. There were several enclosures to
the SJA’s cover letter including Appellant’s clemency request letter dated 31
25 United States v. Brownd, 6 M.J. 338, 339 (C.M.A. 1979); R.C.M. 1101(c)(3).
26 Article 60(c)(2)(A), UCMJ, and R.C.M. 1107(b).
27 United States v. Stephens, 56 M.J. 391, 392 (C.A.A.F. 2002) (citation omitted).
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Opinion of the Court
October 2018. Also enclosed was a prepared CMO that the CA signed
unchanged, indicating that he had reviewed the package. 28
Appellant does not aver that the CA did not consider his clemency re-
quest, only that he may not have considered Appellant’s deferment request,
which was contained within that same clemency request. Appellant also
concedes that error in the CMO with regard to deferment requests may have
been the result of a drafter’s error.
Despite the confusion created by the deferment request being embedded
within TDC’s clemency request and the SJA’s drafting error, after consider-
ing the entire package submitted to the CA, we conclude that the CA consid-
ered the entirety of Appellant’s clemency request, which included the request
for deferment of forfeitures. We further conclude that the erroneous state-
ment that Appellant had not requested such deferment was merely a drafting
error (albeit one that the SJA and CA should have recognized).
2. Deferment request
The CA could only defer automatic forfeitures as requested until he took
final action on Appellant’s case. Therefore, when he signed the CMO, he in
effect denied Appellant’s request to defer forfeitures.
“When a convening authority acts on an accused’s request for deferment
of all or part of an adjudged sentence, the action must be in writing (with a
copy provided to the accused) and must include the reasons upon which the
action is based.” 29 We consider the CA’s action of ordering the adjudged
sentence executed tantamount to denying the deferral-of-forfeitures request
after due consideration. 30 However, in order to comply with the mandate in
Sloan and R.C.M. 1101(3), the CA was required to articulate the reasons for
denying the deferral request in writing. Because the CA failed to do so, we
find that he erred and we now consider whether Appellant was prejudiced by
that error. CA deferment decisions are reviewed for an abuse of discretion,
but because the CA did not articulate the basis for his decision, we must
28 See Id.
29United States v. Sloan, 35 M.J. 4, 7 (C.M.A. 1992), overruled on other grounds
by United States v. Dinger, 77 M.J. 447, 453 (C.A.A.F. 2018).
30 See United States v. Phillips, 2006 CCA LEXIS 61, *28-*29 (N-M. Ct. Crim.
App. 16 March 2006) (considering the same in the context of a deferral of confine-
ment request).
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Opinion of the Court
review the facts of this case for ourselves to determine whether deferment
would have been appropriate, and thus whether Appellant was prejudiced. 31
We consider the factors enumerated in R.C.M. 1101(c)(3) to determine if
Appellant’s deferment request should have been granted. We specifically note
the serious nature of the offenses, the relatively lenient sentence adjudged,
and Appellant’s family situation. Appellant engaged in serious criminal
misconduct. Although Appellant was willing to testify against his co-
conspirator, he was convicted of conspiring to distribute and then actually
distributing MDMA to persons in the vicinity of Marine Corps Base Camp
Lejeune.
Pursuant to a pre-trial agreement, the CA agreed to suspend adjudged
confinement in excess of 120 days, but provided no protection against
forfeitures. The military judge sentenced Appellant to only 100 days’ con-
finement, negating any effect on the sentence by the pre-trial agreement. By
the time TDC submitted the clemency request including the deferment
request to the CA, Appellant had already served more than half of his
sentence to confinement. Rather than request deferment of forfeitures
immediately after sentencing, Appellant waited until after he was served
with both the SJAR and an addendum to the SJAR. Only then did he request
deferment of forfeitures, embedded in his clemency request.
Finally, Appellant was still receiving one third of his pay while confined
which he could have provided to his girlfriend and newborn child. There is no
evidence that Appellant was the only source of their support or that they
were otherwise in danger of suffering undue financial hardship. Additionally,
as discussed above, the timing of the request indicates that forfeitures were
not a priority to Appellant.
Considering the above factors, Appellant failed to meet his burden of
showing that his interests and the interests of the community that would be
furthered by the requested deferral outweigh the community’s interests in
imposition of the punishment on its effective date. 32 Under these circum-
stances, we find it was appropriate to deny Appellant’s deferment request.
Accordingly, we find that Appellant did not suffer any prejudice from the CA
not articulating in writing the specific reasons for his denial.
31 Id.
32 See R.C.M. 1101(c)(3).
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Opinion of the Court
III. CONCLUSION
The approved findings and the sentence are correct in law and fact and no
error materially prejudicial to Appellant’s substantial rights occurred. Arts.
59 and 66, UCMJ. The findings and sentence are AFFIRMED.
Senior Judge GASTON and Judge STEWART concur.
FOR THE COURT:
RODGER A. DREW, JR.
Clerk of Court
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