United States v. Urbonas

This opinion is subject to administrative correction before final disposition.
Before
HOLIFIELD, GERRITY, and DEERWESTER
Appellate Military Judges
_________________________
UNITED STATES
Appellee
v.
Maxwell E. URBONAS
Information Systems Technician Third Class (E-4), U.S. Navy
Appellant
No. 201900298
Decided: 16 April 2021
Appeal from the United States Navy-Marine Corps Trial Judiciary
Military Judge:
Wilbur Lee
Sentence adjudged 16 August 2019 by a special court-martial con-
vened at Joint Base Pearl Harbor-Hickam, Hawaii, consisting of a mil-
itary judge sitting alone. Sentence in the Entry of Judgment: reduc-
tion to E-1, forfeiture of $1,537 per month for 6 months, confinement
for 6 months, and a bad-conduct discharge.
For Appellant:
Captain Jeremiah Sullivan, JAGC, USN
For Appellee:
Brian K. Keller, Esq.
United States v. Urbonas, NMCCA No. 201900298
Opinion of the Court
_________________________
This opinion does not serve as binding precedent, but
may be cited as persuasive authority under NMCCA
Rule of Appellate Procedure 30.2(a).
_________________________
PER CURIAM:
Appellant was convicted, in accordance with his plea, of one specification
of indecent language, in violation of Article 134, Uniform Code of Military
Justice [UCMJ], 10 U.S.C. § 934 and submitted his case for review without
assignment of error. This Court specified three issues:
I. Was Appellant prejudiced by that portion of his sen-
tence awarding forfeiture of $1,537 per month for six
months when the plea agreement ordered “two-thirds
forfeitures will be adjudged” without specifying the
exact amount each month or the number of months,
and the forfeiture amount was in violation of Rule for
Courts-Martial 1003(b)(2)?
II. Was Appellant prejudiced by that portion of his sen-
tence awarding confinement for “six months” instead
of the maximum “180 days” as set forth in the plea
agreement?
III. Was Appellant prejudiced by the omission from the
Entry of Judgment and the confinement order of the
court-ordered 91 days of pre-trial confinement credit?
We find no error materially prejudicial to Appellant’s substantial rights
with regard to the lack of specificity of a term for forfeitures under Issue I,
where the military judge advised Appellant and all parties agreed that under
the plea agreement the term of adjudged forfeitures was intended to permit a
duration of up to 12 months.
However, the Government concedes the remaining error for Issue I, which
we find materially prejudicial to Appellant’s substantial rights, as the mili-
tary judge sentenced Appellant and included in the Entry of Judgment [EOJ]
a forfeiture amount in violation of Rule for Courts-Martial [RCM] 1003 (b)(2).
We provide relief in the decretal paragraph and modified EOJ.
We further find it was error for the military judge to violate the terms of
the plea agreement by exceeding the 180-day maximum confinement limita-
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United States v. Urbonas, NMCCA No. 201900298
Opinion of the Court
tion (because “six months” at the time sentence was adjudged was equal to
181 days); and to fail to include the 91 days of pre-trial confinement credit in
the EOJ. However, we find no error materially prejudicial to Appellant’s
substantial rights occurred because the military brig corrected the military
judge’s error by applying the correct 180-day maximum for confinement and
gave Appellant 91 days of pre-trial confinement credit. 1 The EOJ will be
modified to correctly reflect the confinement amount of 180 days and the 91
days of pre-trial confinement credit.
I. BACKGROUND
As part of his plea agreement with the convening authority, Appellant, an
E-4, waived his right to a trial by members and requested trial by military
judge alone. As such, the provisions outlined in RCM 705 (Plea agreements)
and RCM 1002(d)(2) (Sentencing determination) applied to Appellant’s case.
The plea agreement required a sentence that included a bad conduct dis-
charge, confinement within a range of 120 to 180 days, reduction to E-1, and
“two-thirds forfeitures”—without specifying their duration. The military
judge advised Appellant that the plea agreement permitted a maximum
sentence of a bad-conduct discharge, confinement of six months, reduction to
E-1, and forfeiture of two-thirds pay for twelve months. Both trial and de-
fense counsel, as well as Appellant, agreed with the military judge’s interpre-
tation of the plea agreement. The military judge accepted the plea agreement
as binding on the parties and the court-martial. 2
The military judge did not impose a sentence within the limitations set
forth in the plea agreement, but instead sentenced Appellant to a bad-
conduct discharge, confinement for “six months” (instead of 180 days), reduc-
tion to E-1, and forfeiture of $1,537 per month for six months (instead of
$1,120 per month for six months, which is the whole dollar amount of two-
1 In the military brig’s prisoner sentence computation dated 19 August 2019
(3 days after the sentence was adjudged), it was noted the military judge sentenced
Appellant to six months of confinement but the maximum under the plea agreement
was 180 days, and Appellant was given the 91 days of pre-trial confinement credit. It
appears no one brought this issue to the attention of the convening authority or the
military judge who could have corrected this prior to the EOJ. Had the Government
brought this change by the military brig to the attention of the convening authority
and the military judge, these issues could have been resolved at that time.
2 See UCMJ art.53a(d); see also RCM 1002(a)(2) (“[T]he court-martial shall sen-
tence the accused in accordance with the limits established by the plea agreement.”).
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United States v. Urbonas, NMCCA No. 201900298
Opinion of the Court
thirds pay for an E-1 with over four months of service). 3 The military judge
also ordered 91 days of pre-trial confinement credit. The convening authority
took no action on the findings or sentence. The military judge’s sentence, as
announced, was included in the EOJ; however, the EOJ failed to include the
91 days of pre-trial confinement credit. 4 Appellant requested a deferment of
confinement, which was denied without explanation.
II. DISCUSSION
A. Forfeiture of Pay
When a military judge accepts a plea agreement containing a sentence
limitation, the accused shall be sentenced in accordance with the limitations
in the plea agreement. 5 If a sentence includes a reduction in grade, the
maximum forfeiture is based upon the grade to which the accused is re-
duced. 6 After reducing Appellant to E-1 in accordance with the plea agree-
ment, the military judge imposed forfeitures of $1,537 per month for 6
months, incorrectly calculating “two-thirds forfeitures” based on E-4 pay.
When a court exceeds a sentencing limitation, it is plain error. 7 The Govern-
ment concedes this error.
As a punishment, partial forfeitures “shall state the exact amount in
whole dollars to be forfeited each month and the number of months the
forfeitures will last.” 8 After mandating reduction to E-1, the plea agreement
failed to mandate forfeitures in an exact amount or for any duration, stating
only that “[t]wo-thirds forfeitures will be adjudged.” This term was ambigu-
ous, leaving neither a minimum nor maximum timeframe. “Interpretation of
3 The military judge was required to adjudge forfeitures of two-thirds at the plea
agreement’s mandated reduced rank of E-1; however, the military judge incorrectly
used the rank of E-4 and miscalculated the two-thirds pay for an E-4 as $1,537 (the
correct amount for an E-4 would have been $1,538 per month). If forfeitures were
calculated correctly, using the pay scale for 2019—the year Appellant was sen-
tenced—it should have been $1,120 per month for Appellant’s reduced rank of E-1.
4 The sentence adjudged was also included in the Confinement Order, and the
Statement of Trial Results, which will be ordered corrected in the decree.
5 RCM 1002(a)(2).
6 RCM 1003(a)(2).
7 See generally United States v. Dinger, 77 M.J. 447, 453 (C.A.A.F. 2018); United
States v. Stewart, 62 M.J. 291, 295 (C.A.A.F. 2006).
8 RCM 1003(b)(2).
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Opinion of the Court
a [plea agreement] is a question of law, which we review de novo. 9 We will
look at the terms of the plea agreement, as well as Appellant’s “understand-
ing of the terms of [the] agreement as reflected in the record as a whole. 10
The military judge is required to ensure that the accused understands the
impact of a plea agreement and that the parties agree to its terms. 11 It is
critical for any ambiguities or errors to be clarified and corrected, and the
courts have “long emphasized the critical role that a military judge and
counsel must play to ensure that the record reflects a clear, shared under-
standing of the terms of any [plea] agreement between an accused and the
convening authority.” 12
After originally discussing the maximum punishment with regard to for-
feitures, the military judge specifically addressed the ambiguity in the plea
agreement regarding the duration of forfeitures. He asked the parties what
the duration of the forfeitures was intended to be, as the military judge
interpreted the term as giving him discretion to adjudge forfeitures of two-
thirds pay for up to 12 months. All parties agreed with the military judge as
to the parties’ intent, and the plea was accepted in accordance with Article
53a, UCMJ, and R.C.M 910(f)(4). The duration of forfeitures was not raised
by the Defense at any point during the case, in the post-trial processing of the
case, or on appeal until this Court raised the issue. 13
B. Confinement Exceeds Sentencing Limitation
The plea agreement allowed for a confinement range between 120-180
days. The military judge adjudged, and included in the EOJ, a sentence of
confinement for “six months”. Based on the timing of the calendar at sentenc-
ing, six months equaled 181 days. This error was not objected to by either
trial or defense counsel. However, the military brig corrected this error and
changed the total confinement to 180 days in accordance with the plea.
Therefore no error materially prejudicial to Appellant’s substantial rights
9 United States v. Lundy, 63 M.J. 299, 301 (C.A.A.F. 2006).
10 See id.
11 See RCM 910(f)(4); see also United States v. King, 3 M.J. 458 (C.M.A. 1977);
United States v. Green, 1 M.J. 453, 456 (C.M.A. 1976).
12 United States v. Williams, 60 M.J. 360, 362 (C.A.A.F. 2004).
13 Automatic forfeiture of two-thirds pay applies during the period of confine-
ment. See U.C.M.J. art 58(b).
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Opinion of the Court
occurred, as Appellant did not serve more than 180 days. We will correct the
EOJ to comply with the plea agreement.
C. Summary Denial of Deferment
According to the EOJ, Appellant requested a deferment of confinement,
and the convening authority summarily denied the request without stating
the basis for doing so. “When a convening authority acts on an accused’s
request for deferment of all or part of an adjudged sentence, the action must
be in writing (with a copy provided to the accused) and must include the
reasons upon which the action is based.” 14 Accordingly, the failure to state in
writing the basis for the denial of a deferment request constitutes error. 15 We
review the denial of a request for deferment for an abuse of discretion. 16
However, when a convening authority does not state a reason for its action,
we are left unable to assess any abuse of discretion since “the basis for the
exercise of that discretion is unknown.” 17 Therefore, “we must independently
review the facts of this case and determine whether deferment was appropri-
ate, and if it was, what remedy should follow.” 18
Our analysis of the factors enumerated in RCM 1103(d)(2) convinces us
that it was appropriate to deny the deferral of confinement request. Appel-
lant’s crimes involved indecent language to an undercover officer related to
the sexual abuse of a child. The crime and the facts underlying Appellant’s
offense were serious. The sentence as modified by this Court in accordance
with the plea agreement includes a bad-conduct discharge, reduction to E-1,
confinement for 180 days, and forfeiture of $1,120 per month for six months.
Under RCM 1103(d)(2), Appellant has the burden of showing that the inter-
ests of Appellant and the community in deferral outweigh the community’s
interest in imposition of the punishment on the effective date. In balancing
the interests of Appellant—to help him go to work and school and potentially
to obtain therapy—against the seriousness of the crimes and the sentence as
modified by this Court in accordance with the plea agreement, we find Appel-
lant did not meet his burden. It was therefore appropriate to deny the defer-
14 United States v. Sloan, 35 M.J. 4, 7 (C.M.A. 1992).
15 See id.
16 United States v. Brownd, 6 M.J. 338, 340 (C.M.A. 1979).
17 Sloan, 35 M.J. at 6.
18 United States v Phillips, NMCCA 20040865, 2006 CCA LEXIS 61 at *28-9
(N-M. Ct. Crim. App. 16 March 2006) (unpublished).
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United States v. Urbonas, NMCCA No. 201900298
Opinion of the Court
ment request. Accordingly, we find that Appellant did not suffer any preju-
dice from the convening authority not articulating in writing the specific
reasons for his denial.
D. Deficient Entry of Judgment, Statement of Trial Results, and Con-
finement Order
The Entry of Judgment and Confinement Order failed to reflect the 91
days of pretrial confinement credit ordered by the military judge; both docu-
ments and the Statement of Trial Results also reflected improper amounts for
both confinement and forfeitures. Although no error materially prejudicial to
Appellant’s substantial rights occurred, Appellant is entitled to have court-
martial records that correctly reflect the content of his proceeding.19
III. CONCLUSION
In accordance with RCM 1111(c)(2), we modify the Entry of Judgment and
direct that it be included in the record. The Statement of Trial Results and
the Confinement Order are ordered to be corrected in accordance with this
opinion. At appellant’s reduced grade of E-1 with over four months of service,
forfeiture of two-thirds pay per month for a period of six months calculates in
whole dollars to $1,120 pay per month for six months. Accordingly, the
findings and only so much of the sentence as provides for reduction to E-1,
forfeiture of $1,120 pay per month for six months, confinement for 180 days,
and a bad-conduct discharge are affirmed. All rights, privileges, and property
of which Appellant has been deprived by virtue of execution of forfeitures
that have not been affirmed will be restored. We issue a corrected Entry of
Judgment in accordance with Rule for Courts-Martial 1111(c)(2).
After careful consideration of the record, submitted without assignment of
error, we have determined that the findings and sentence as modified are
now correct in law and fact and that no error materially prejudicial to Appel-
lant’s substantial rights occurred. 20 Accordingly, the findings and sentence in
the EOJ as modified are AFFIRMED.
19 United States v. Crumpley, 49 M.J. 538, 539 (N-M. Ct. Crim. App. 1998).
20 UCMJ arts. 59, 66.
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United States v. Urbonas, NMCCA No. 201900298
Opinion of the Court
FOR THE COURT:
RODGER A. DREW, JR.
Clerk of Court
8
UNITED STATES NMCCA NO. 201900298
v. ENTRY
OF
Maxwell E. URBONAS JUDGMENT
Information Systems Technician
Third Class (E-4), As Modified on Appeal
U.S. Navy
Accused
16 April 2021
On 16 August 2019, the Accused was tried at Joint Base Pearl Harbor-Hickam,
Hawaii, by a special court-martial, consisting of a military judge sitting alone.
Military Judge Wilbur Lee, presided.
FINDINGS
The following are the Accused’s pleas and the Court’s findings to all offenses the
convening authority referred to trial:
Charge I: Violation of Article 80, Uniform Code of Military Justice,
10 U.S.C. § 880.
Plea: Not Guilty.
Finding: Dismissed.
Specification: Attempted Production of Child Pornography from on
or about 22 March 2019 until on or about 25 March
2019.
Plea: Not Guilty.
Finding: Dismissed.
Charge II: Violation of Article 82, Uniform Code of Military Justice,
10 U.S.C. § 882.
Plea: Not Guilty.
Finding: Dismissed.
United States v. Urbanos, NMCCA No. 201900298
Modified Entry of Judgment
Specification: Solicitation of Forcible Pandering from on or about
22 March 2019 until on or about 25 March 2019.
Plea: Not Guilty.
Finding: Dismissed.
Charge III: Violation of Article 134, Uniform Code of Military Justice,
10 U.S.C. § 934.
Plea: Guilty.
Finding: Guilty.
Specification: Communicating Indecent Language from on or about
22 March 2019 until on or about 24 March 2019.
Plea: Guilty.
Finding: Guilty.
SENTENCE
On 16 August 2019, the Accused was sentenced by a military judge. The Accused
was adjudged the following sentence as modified by this Court:
Reduction to pay grade E-1.
Confinement for 180 days.
Forfeiture of $1,120 pay per month for 6 months.
A bad-conduct discharge.
The Accused has served 91 days of pretrial confinement and shall be credited
with 91 days of confinement already served, to be deducted from the adjudged
sentence to confinement.
FOR THE COURT:
RODGER A. DREW, JR.
Clerk of Court
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