State v. Elliot

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1 IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF NEW MEXICO
2 STATE OF NEW MEXICO,
3 Plaintiff-Appellee,
4 v. NO. 32,787
5 WILLIAM B. ELLIOTT,
6 Defendant-Appellant.
7 APPEAL FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF DOÑA ANA COUNTY
8 Fernando R. Macias, District Judge
9 Hector H. Balderas, Attorney General
10 Paula E. Ganz, Assistant Attorney General
11 Santa Fe, NM
12 for Appellee
13 Jorge A. Alvarado, Chief Public Defender
14 Will O’Connell, Assistant Appellate Defender
15 Santa Fe, NM
16 for Appellant
17 MEMORANDUM OPINION
18 VANZI, Judge.
1 {1} Defendant appeals from his conviction for breaking and entering on grounds
2 that (1) he was deprived of a fair trial when the district court refused his requested jury
3 instruction on the lesser included offense of criminal damage to property, (2) he was
4 denied his right to a speedy trial, and (3) he was subjected to unfair pre-indictment
5 delay. We affirm in all respects.
6 BACKGROUND
7 {2} It is undisputed that at around 2:30 a.m. on February 17, 2010, Defendant and
8 a companion—both intoxicated—knocked at the door of a ground-floor unit at the
9 Casa Bandera Apartments in Las Cruces. The residence was presently occupied by
10 Anthony Torrez and Jasper Walker, who lived there, and Chon Miranda and LeAnn
11 Ulibarri, who were visiting. None knew Defendant or his companion.
12 {3} It is also beyond dispute that, after a short conversation between Defendant and
13 Torrez, Defendant kicked in the door and entered the apartment. Ulibarri began to
14 scream as Torrez, Walker, and Miranda—all bull riders— approached Defendant and
15 “hit him like a tidal wave[,]” causing a vicious brawl to spill out into the breezeway
16 of the apartment complex. The melee lasted for several minutes and was broken up
17 when a neighbor called the police. Defendant was subsequently charged with and
18 convicted of breaking and entering.
2
1 {4} The only apparent points of factual dispute are (1) why Defendant broke down
2 the door and, (2) whether Defendant stumbled or stepped into the apartment.
3 Defendant testified that someone inside, presumably Torrez, slammed the door on his
4 elbow, trapping him. Defendant then pushed and kicked against the door to free his
5 arm, which came loose as the door swung open. Defendant claimed that it was his
6 momentum that carried him into the apartment and led to the fight.
7 {5} Torrez, Walker, Ulibarri, and Miranda all testified to the effect that Defendant,
8 enraged, pressed up against the door to prevent Torrez from closing it. Torrez used
9 “all [his] might” to close the door and then engaged the deadbolt. Seconds later, the
10 “whole door was hit down”—its frame broken off completely. Defendant stepped into
11 the apartment, and the fight ensued. According to all of the apartment’s occupants and
12 a detective who investigated the scene, Defendant’s arm was not trapped in the door
13 when it was kicked down. We include further factual information as necessary in
14 connection with each issue raised.
15 DISCUSSION
16 Defendant’s Requested Jury Instruction
17 {6} Defendant asserts that he was entitled to a lesser included offense instruction
18 on criminal damage to property pursuant to Rule 5-611(D) NMRA (“If so instructed,
19 the jury may find the defendant guilty of an offense necessarily included in the offense
3
1 charged.”), the common law, and the United States and New Mexico constitutions. We
2 apply a single analysis to Defendant’s contentions because Rule 5-611(D) tracks the
3 common law, see State v. Munoz, 2004-NMCA-103, ¶ 9, 136 N.M. 235, 96 P.3d 796,
4 and because Defendant has not developed any specific constitutional argument. See
5 Headley v. Morgan Mgmt. Corp., 2005-NMCA-045, ¶ 15, 137 N.M. 339, 110 P.3d
6 1076 (“We will not review unclear arguments, or guess at what [those] arguments
7 might be.”). As Defendant has raised a mixed question of law and fact, we view the
8 evidence in the light most favorable to the granting of the requested instruction and
9 then apply a de novo standard of review. State v. Ramirez, 2008-NMCA-165, ¶ 4, 145
10 N.M. 367, 198 P.3d 866.
11 {7} At trial, the district court summarily refused to grant Defendant’s requested
12 instruction because criminal damage to property is “certainly” not a lesser included
13 offense to breaking and entering. Although the district court’s reasoning was
14 apparently erroneous, see State v. Rubio, 1999-NMCA-018, ¶ 17, 126 N.M. 579, 973
15 P.2d 256 (assuming that “under appropriate fact patterns, criminal damage to property
16 could be a lesser[]included offense of breaking and entering”), we will uphold its
17 decision if it is right for any reason, State v. Allen, 2014-NMCA-111, ¶ 6, 336 P.3d
18 1007, cert. denied, 2014-NMCERT-010, 339 P.3d 425.
19 {8} The purpose of providing a lesser included offense instruction at a defendant’s
20 request is
4
1 to protect the defendant from the possibility that jurors who are not
2 convinced of his guilt of the charged offense would nonetheless convict
3 him of the offense because they are convinced that he committed a crime
4 (the lesser[]included offense) and believe that he should be punished but
5 are presented with an all-or-nothing choice between convicting of the
6 charged offense or acquittal.
7 State v. Andrade, 1998-NMCA-031, ¶ 11, 124 N.M. 690, 954 P.2d 755. Thus, the
8 instruction should be granted if
9 (1) the defendant could not have committed the greater offense in the
10 manner described in the charging document without also committing the
11 lesser offense . . . ; (2) the evidence adduced at trial is sufficient to
12 sustain a conviction on the lesser offense; and (3) the elements that
13 distinguish the lesser and greater offenses are sufficiently in dispute such
14 that a jury rationally could acquit on the greater offense and convict on
15 the lesser.
16 State v. Meadors, 1995-NMSC-073, ¶ 12, 121 N.M. 38, 908 P.2d 731. The State
17 appears to concede that the first two elements of the Meadors test are met, leaving
18 only the third element—whether “a jury rationally could acquit on the greater offense
19 and convict on the lesser”—in dispute. Id.20 {9} The jury was instructed, in relevant part, that breaking and entering is a general
21 intent crime that requires: (1) that Defendant entered the dwelling without permission;
22 and (2) that the entry was obtained by the breaking of the front door. This language
23 accurately tracks the statute and its uniform jury instruction. See NMSA 1978, § 30-
24 14-8 (1981); UJI 14-1410 NMRA. The elements of criminal damage to property are:
25 (1) intentional damage to the property of another; (2) without permission. See NMSA
5
1 1978, § 30-15-1 (1963); UJI 14-1501 NMRA. Thus, “[a]n unauthorized entry is the
2 distinguishing element of the two crimes.” Rubio, 1999-NMCA-018, ¶ 17. For these
3 reasons, we frame the question as whether, viewing the evidence in the light most
4 favorable to Defendant, a jury could rationally find that Defendant did not commit an
5 unauthorized entry.
6 {10} Even accepting Defendant’s version of events, which requires ignoring the
7 testimony of five witnesses, as well as a photograph of the damaged door frame and
8 strike plate that was exhibited for the jury, Defendant’s conduct meets the element that
9 distinguishes breaking and entering from criminal damage to property. In other words,
10 Defendant still committed an unauthorized entry. His motive is irrelevant. The
11 physical “entering” and “breaking” elements that Defendant’s version of the facts
12 implicates are “bodily movements, to which the general intent instruction clearly
13 applies.” State v. Contreras, 2007-NMCA-119, ¶ 17, 142 N.M. 518, 167 P.3d 966. In
14 this context, “[g]eneral intent is only the intention to make the bodily movement
15 which constitutes the act which the crime requires.” Id. ¶ 16 (internal quotation marks
16 and citation omitted). According to Defendant’s version of events at trial, the bodily
17 movement that caused Defendant to break the door and enter the apartment was the
18 kicking of the door. Since it is undisputed that Defendant purposely kicked the door
19 and gained entry by doing so, there is no reasonable view of the evidence that criminal
6
1 damage to property was the highest degree of crime committed and, therefore, there
2 was no error in refusing the instruction. Rubio, 1999-NMCA-018, ¶ 17.1
3 Speedy Trial
4 {11} Defendant was arrested on the day of the incident, February 17, 2010, and then
5 indicted on February 25, 2010. Defendant requested two continuances in 2010 and
6 was eventually re-indicted in November of that year. New trial dates were set and
7 vacated on three occasions after the second indictment. Trial was finally held on
8 February 2, 2012, nearly two years after the day of the incident.
9 {12} Delays that exceed one year for simple cases trigger the speedy trial analysis.
10 State v. Garza, 2009-NMSC-038, ¶¶ 21, 48-49, 146 N.M. 499, 212 P.3d 387. The
11 State does not dispute that this is a simple case and that the analysis is triggered here.
12 In evaluating a speedy trial claim, the Court must consider: “(1) the length of the
13 delay, (2) the reasons given for the delay, (3) the defendant’s assertion of the right to
14 a speedy trial, and (4) prejudice to the defendant.” State v. Lopez, 2009-NMCA-
15 127, ¶ 20, 147 N.M. 364, 223 P.3d 361. “[W]e independently evaluate the four factors
16 to ensure that no speedy trial violation has occurred while giving deference to the trial
1
17 While Defendant’s testimony about his reasons for kicking the door may have
18 supported an instruction on an affirmative defense, see, e.g., UJI 14-5181 NMRA
19 (self-defense), we are not presented with that issue here.
7
1 court’s findings.” State v. Talamante, 2003-NMCA-135, ¶ 3, 134 N.M. 539, 80 P.3d
2 476 (alteration, internal quotation marks, and citation omitted).
3 1. Length of Delay
4 {13} “[T]he right to a speedy trial attaches when the defendant becomes the
5 ‘accused’ which occurs with a formal indictment or information or arrest.” Id. ¶ 4.
6 Defendant asserts on appeal that we should measure the length of delay beginning
7 with Defendant’s arrest on February 17, 2010. The State counters that the delay
8 should be measured from the date of the second indictment, November 23, 2010.
9 {14} We have previously identified two circumstances when a case is dismissed and
10 then re-indicted where we will look to the initial arrest, information, or indictment as
11 the starting point for speedy trial purposes: (1) where the State and the district court
12 essentially treat the two cases as a single case, see id. ¶ 9, or (2) where the State acts
13 in bad faith in dismissing and refiling charges against the defendant. See State v.
14 Fierro, 2014-NMCA-004, ¶ 13, 315 P.3d 319.
15 {15} As in Talamante, the State and the district court here essentially treated the
16 separate indictments against Defendant as a single case. The grand jury indicted
17 Defendant for the second time on the same day that identical charges were dismissed.
18 The same prosecutor and same defense attorney litigated the second case. In its
19 request for jury setting, the State characterized both cases against Defendant as one
20 “really old” case. Here, as in Talamante, “the charges against Defendant were never
8
1 dismissed or discharged in any real sense, thus his speedy trial rights continued to
2 apply.” 2003-NMCA-135, ¶ 8. “The fact that the first indictment was dismissed is of
3 no consequence because the second indictment was returned on the same day charging
4 the identical offenses set forth in the first indictment.” Id. Therefore, Defendant’s right
5 to a speedy trial attached on February 17, 2010.
6 {16} Defendant was not tried until February 2, 2012. “In determining the weight to
7 be given to the length of delay, we consider the extent to which the delay stretches
8 beyond the bare minimum needed to trigger judicial examination of the claim.” State
9 v. Stock, 2006-NMCA-140, ¶ 13, 140 N.M. 676, 147 P.3d 885 (internal quotation
10 marks and citation omitted). Here, the overall delay of nearly two years in a simple
11 case, which should have been completed in half that time, weighs against the State.
12 See Garza, 2009-NMSC-038, ¶ 48.
13 2. Reasons for Delay
14 {17} “Closely related to length of delay is the reason the government assigns to
15 justify the delay.” Id. ¶ 25 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). These
16 reasons “may either heighten or temper the prejudice to the defendant caused by the
17 length of the delay.” Id. (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). There are
18 three types of delay, each carrying a different weight. Id. Prosecutorial bad faith will
19 be weighed heavily against the State; negligent or administrative delays will weigh
9
1 less heavily; and appropriate delays for valid reasons, such as a missing witness, are
2 justified. Id. ¶¶ 25-27.
3 {18} The record on appeal indicates that Defendant contributed to delay early in the
4 case. Defendant requested to continue and vacate the first two trial settings, which
5 would have occurred within a year. Defendant also requested to be re-indicted nine
6 months after the initial indictment and shortly before trial so that he could testify to
7 the grand jury. When the State, in good faith, supported Defendant’s request,
8 dismissing all charges and re-indicting him, Defendant elected not to testify after all.
9 “[D]elay occasioned by the accused will weigh heavily against him.” State v. Harvey,
10 1973-NMCA-080, ¶ 7, 85 N.M. 214, 510 P.2d 1085. We find that a total of nine
11 months—from February 17, 2010, until November 23, 2010—were occasioned by
12 Defendant and cannot be attributed to the State.
13 {19} After the second indictment, trial was set for May 18, 2011. The State requested
14 and was granted a continuance the day prior to trial because the prosecutor was
15 scheduled to attend a conflicting jury trial. The district court then twice delayed the
16 trial because “the court had other priority trials[.]” As there is no indication that the
17 State, at any point, “held back in its prosecution . . . to gain some impermissible
18 advantage[,]” we attribute the period of delay from November 23, 2010, until
19 February 2, 2012, to negligent or administrative delay, which is “weighed more lightly
20 than a deliberate intent to harm the accused’s defense[.]” Garza, 2009-NMSC-
10
1 038, ¶¶ 25-26 (internal quotation marks and citations omitted). Thus, of the two years
2 it took to bring this case to trial, fourteen months are attributable to negligent or
3 administrative delay.
4 3. Assertion of the Right
5 {20} “The defendant’s assertion of his speedy trial right . . . is entitled to strong
6 evidentiary weight in determining whether the defendant is being deprived of the
7 right. We emphasize that failure to assert the right will make it difficult for a
8 defendant to prove that he was denied a speedy trial.” Barker v. Wingo, 407 U.S. 514,
9 531-32 (1972). We thus “accord weight to the frequency and force of the defendant’s
10 objections to the delay[,]” and “analyze the defendant’s actions with regard to the
11 delay.” Garza, 2009-NMSC-038, ¶ 32 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).
12 {21} The record shows that Defendant asserted his right to a speedy trial immediately
13 upon the filing of the second indictment in November 2010 and again on the morning
14 of trial. As discussed above, the case was re-filed to accommodate Defendant’s
15 request to testify to the grand jury. Defendant then declined to testify. We therefore
16 afford little weight to the November 2010 assertion, which re-initiated the
17 proceedings. See id. (stating that the force of the defendant’s assertion is mitigated
18 when the defendant is engaging in procedural maneuvers or filing motions that are
19 bound to slow the proceedings).
11
1 {22} Nothing in the record indicates that Defendant asserted his speedy trial right
2 during the period of delay occasioned by the State’s negligence. This leaves only
3 Defendant’s assertion on the morning of trial. An assertion at this late stage of
4 proceedings may be timely, but it “is not entitled to much weight.” State v. White,
5 1994-NMCA-084, ¶ 6, 118 N.M. 225, 880 P.2d 322.
6 4. Prejudice to Defendant
7 {23} We analyze prejudice to the accused in light of three interests: (1) preventing
8 oppressive pretrial incarceration, (2) minimizing anxiety and concern of the accused,
9 and (3) limiting the possibility that the defense will be impaired. Garza, 2009-NMSC-
10 038, ¶ 35. On appeal, Defendant only vaguely refers to “anxiety and concern” over his
11 awareness of pending charges. Citing Salandre v. State, 1991-NMSC-016, 111 N.M.
12 422, 806 P.2d 562, he asserts that “the State must show there has been no anxiety and
13 concern.” Defendant has conflated the significance of “presumptive prejudice” and
14 “actual prejudice.” The former is simply the term that has been assigned to the
15 threshold, mechanical inquiry that triggers the speedy trial analysis. Garza, 2009-
16 NMSC-038, ¶ 21. Establishing “presumptive prejudice”—that is, establishing that the
17 State took longer than a year to bring a simple case to trial—does not shift the burden
18 to the State to prove the absence of actual prejudice. See id. ¶ 35 (stating that the
19 defendant bears the burden of proof on this issue). “[W]ithout a particularized
20 showing of prejudice, we will not speculate as to the . . . degree of anxiety a defendant
12
1 suffers.” Id. The burden-shifting principles that Defendant cites to the contrary were
2 expressly modified in Garza. Id. ¶¶ 19-22.
3 5. Balancing Test
4 {24} Since Defendant has not made a particularized showing of actual prejudice, his
5 claim must fail unless the other factors “weigh heavily” against the government. See
6 id. ¶¶ 38-40. They do not. The weight of the fourteen month delay that is attributable
7 to the State’s negligence is mitigated by Defendant’s apparent acquiescence to that
8 delay. Defendant did not assert his right during the entire period and took no position
9 on the State’s last-minute motion to continue the May 18, 2011 trial setting. While
10 proceedings in this case were unfortunately and unnecessarily slow, in the face of
11 Defendant’s acquiescence and in the absence of any showing of actual prejudice, we
12 cannot say that Defendant’s constitutional right to speedy trial was violated.
13 Unfair Pre-indictment Delay
14 {25} Defendant’s final and related argument is that he is entitled to reversal because
15 he was subjected to unfair pre-indictment delay. Our Supreme Court has adopted a
16 two-part test for this issue. Gonzales v. State, 1991-NMSC-015, ¶ 6, 111 N.M. 363,
17 805 P.2d 630. First, a defendant must prove prejudice to his defense as a result of the
18 delay and, second, he must prove that the State intentionally caused the delay to gain
19 a tactical advantage. Id. Defendant’s brief on appeal makes no attempt to establish or
20 even acknowledge either step of the analysis. We accordingly reject this claim. See
13
1 id. ¶¶ 8, 10-11 (discussing a defendant’s burden to make a prima facie showing as to
2 both elements).
3 CONCLUSION
4 {26} We affirm the district court in all respects.
5 {27} IT IS SO ORDERED.
6 __________________________________
7 LINDA M. VANZI, Judge
8 WE CONCUR:
9 _________________________________
10 JAMES J. WECHSLER, Judge
11 _________________________________
12 M. MONICA ZAMORA, Judge
14