State v. Gann

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1 IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF NEW MEXICO
2 STATE OF NEW MEXICO,
3 Plaintiff-Appellee,
4 v. NO. 31,312
5 WILLIAM CORY GANN,
6 Defendant-Appellant.
7 APPEAL FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF SAN JUAN COUNTY
8 Thomas J. Hynes, District Judge
9 Gary K. King, Attorney General
10 Andrew S. Montgomery, Assistant Attorney General
11 Santa Fe, NM
12 for Appellee
13 Jacqueline L. Cooper, Chief Public Defender
14 Will O’Connell, Assistant Appellate Defender
15 Santa Fe, NM
16 for Appellant
17 MEMORANDUM OPINION
18 WECHSLER, Judge.
1 Defendant was convicted of aggravated assault upon a peace officer with a
2 deadly weapon, contrary to NMSA 1978, Section 30-22-22(A)(1) (1971), and
3 possession of a firearm by a felon, contrary to NMSA 1978, Section 30-7-16(A)
4 (2001). Defendant appeals his sentence, arguing that the district court violated his
5 constitutional guarantee against double jeopardy when it granted his motion to run his
6 sentence concurrently with the sentence imposed in his probation proceeding, and
7 thereafter reconsidered and reinstated the original consecutive sentence. For the
8 reasons that follow, we affirm Defendant’s consecutive sentence.
9 BACKGROUND
10 On February 7, 2011, Defendant pled no contest to aggravated assault on a
11 peace officer with a deadly weapon and possession of a firearm by a felon. The
12 district court entered a judgment convicting Defendant and sentencing him to a total
13 prison term of four years followed by a two-year parole term. The district court was
14 aware of a pending proceeding regarding Defendant’s probation violation and ordered
15 that the four-year sentence “shall run consecutively to the sentence imposed [in the
16 probation proceeding].”
17 On April 5, 2011, Defendant filed a motion to reconsider the sentence, asking
18 the district court to reconsider its decision to run the sentences consecutively versus
19 concurrently. One day later, and without awaiting a response from the State or
2
1 holding a hearing on Defendant’s motion, the district court signed the form order
2 submitted by Defendant ordering that the sentence “shall run concurrently with the
3 sentence in [the probation proceeding].” Two days later, on April 8, 2011, the State
4 filed a motion to set aside the new order, arguing that the State had not had an
5 opportunity to respond to Defendant’s motion to reconsider and that the victims are
6 entitled to notice of any and all hearings. In response, Defendant conceded that the
7 State should have had an opportunity to be heard regarding whether the sentence
8 should run consecutively or concurrently, but requested that the April 6, 2011 order
9 remain in place. The district court proceeded to hold a hearing on the State’s motion
10 and ultimately reinstated Defendant’s original consecutive sentence.
11 Defendant filed another motion to reconsider, arguing that he had begun serving
12 his sentence at the time of the April 6, 2011 order and that his sentence therefore could
13 not be increased without violating double jeopardy because he had a reasonable
14 expectation of finality in the amended sentence. The district court denied Defendant’s
15 motion, and this appeal followed.
16 DOUBLE JEOPARDY
17 On appeal, Defendant argues that he had an expectation of finality in the
18 concurrent sentences imposed by the April 6, 2011 order because he was already
19 serving his sentences at the time the order was issued. Therefore, he argues that the
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1 subsequent April 8, 2011 order, reinstating consecutive sentencing, violated his right
2 to finality in his sentence and implicated the constitutional guarantee against double
3 jeopardy. We review Defendant’s contention that the subsequent modification of his
4 sentence violated his constitutional guarantee against double jeopardy de novo. See
5 State v. Lopez, 2008-NMCA-002, ¶ 12, 143 N.M. 274, 175 P.3d 942.
6 “It is a well-established principle of New Mexico law that a [district] court
7 generally cannot increase a valid sentence once a defendant begins serving that
8 sentence.” State v. Porras, 1999-NMCA-016, ¶ 7, 126 N.M. 628, 973 P.2d 880. This
9 Court has since clarified that “[i]ncreasing a defendant’s sentence after a defendant
10 begins serving the sentence implicates double jeopardy concerns if a defendant’s
11 objectively reasonable expectations of finality in the original sentencing proceedings
12 are violated.” State v. Redhouse, 2011-NMCA-118, ¶ 10, 269 P.3d 8. Thus, the
13 question presented in this appeal is whether Defendant had an objectively reasonable
14 expectation of finality that would prevent the district court’s reconsideration of the
15 April 6, 2011 order. We conclude that under the circumstances, Defendant had no
16 reasonable expectation of finality and that double jeopardy did not preclude the
17 subsequent modification of Defendant’s sentence.
18 In this case, the district court originally ruled that Defendant’s sentences were
19 to be run consecutively. Defendant filed a motion to reconsider attaching a form
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1 order, which the district court signed the day after the motion was filed. After the
2 district court signed Defendant’s form order on April 6, 2011, without allowing the
3 State an opportunity to respond, the State had the right to ask the district court to
4 reconsider its decision pursuant to both NMSA 1978, Section 39-1-1 (1917), and Rule
5 5-801(A) NMRA. Section 39-1-1 provides that a district court’s final judgment or
6 decree shall remain under the court’s control for a period of thirty days and for such
7 additional time as may be necessary to enable the court to rule on any motion directed
8 against the judgment or decree and filed within the thirty-day period. The State filed
9 its motion for reconsideration on April 8, 2011, just two days after the entry of the
10 April 6, 2011 order, and the district court’s May 13, 2011 ruling on the motion was
11 within the time permitted by Section 39-1-1.
12 Additionally, the State had the right to ask the district court to reconsider its
13 decision pursuant to Rule 5-801(A), which authorizes the district court to “correct a
14 sentence imposed in an illegal manner within the time provided by this rule for the
15 reduction of sentence.” This Court has recently confirmed that Rule 5-801(A) applies
16 to the state as well as defendants, holding that there is no indication that Rule 5-
17 801(A) was “meant to apply only to defendants or except the [s]tate from its
18 seemingly broad reach.” State v. Torres, 2012-NMCA-026, ¶ 31, 272 P.3d 689, cert.
19 granted, 2012-NMCERT-__, __ P.3d __ (March 2, 2012). Defendant’s sentence was
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1 imposed in an illegal manner in that the district court violated the New Mexico Rules
2 of Criminal Procedure and local court rules when granting Defendant’s motion
3 without allowing the State an opportunity to respond. See State v. Chung, 2012-
4 NMCA-049, ¶ 9, __ P.3d __, cert. granted, 2012-NMCERT-__, __ P.3d __ (May 11,
5 2012). Under our Rules of Criminal Procedure, the State had a right to file a
6 responsive pleading within fifteen days after service of Defendant’s motion. Rule 5-
7 120(C) NMRA (stating that the moving party shall determine if the motion is opposed,
8 and if it is not opposed, an order initialed by opposing counsel shall accompany the
9 motion); Rule 5-120(E) (“Unless otherwise specifically provided in these rules, a
10 written response shall be filed within fifteen (15) days after service of the motion.”).
11 The State also had the right to file a response under the district court’s local rules.
12 LR11-104(B) NMRA (“The responding party shall have fifteen (15) days after service
13 of the motion to answer by written brief.”). Nonetheless, the district court granted the
14 motion without affording the State an opportunity to respond, in violation of the Rules
15 of Criminal Procedure and the district court’s own rules. Further, the district court
16 granted the motion without holding a hearing or considering any evidence,
17 considering or applying applicable case law and standards, or making pertinent
18 findings of fact and conclusions of law. By granting the motion under these
19 circumstances, the district court sentenced Defendant “in an illegal manner,” and the
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1 State had the right to move the court to reconsider its ruling under Rule 5-801(A). See
2 Chung, 2012-NMCA-049, ¶ 9 (holding that granting the state’s motion the day after
3 it was filed, without affording the defendant an opportunity to respond, and without
4 a hearing or considering evidence, was error).
5 Defendant is charged with knowledge of applicable rules and statutes, and he
6 therefore was on notice that, for a limited period of time, the State could seek
7 reconsideration and correction of the April 6, 2011 order pursuant to both Section 39-
8 1-1 and Rule 5-801(A). In fact, Defendant conceded in response to the State’s motion
9 to reconsider that the State should be given an opportunity to be heard on whether
10 Defendant’s sentences should run concurrently or consecutively. Therefore, on these
11 facts, Defendant can have no reasonable expectation of finality in his sentence until
12 the applicable time periods for reconsideration have expired. See State v. Rushing,
13 103 N.M. 333, 335, 706 P.2d 875, 877 (Ct. App. 1985) (holding that the defendant
14 had no reasonable expectation of finality in a sentence obtained through
15 misrepresentations at the time of sentencing). Without a reasonable expectation of
16 finality, the district court’s subsequent reinstatement of Defendant’s consecutive
17 sentence does not violate Defendant’s constitutional guarantee against double
18 jeopardy.
19 CONCLUSION
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1 We affirm Defendant’s conviction and sentence.
2 IT IS SO ORDERED.
3 ______________________________
4 JAMES J. WECHSLER, Judge
5 WE CONCUR:
6 __________________________________
7 CELIA FOY CASTILLO, Chief Judge
8 __________________________________
9 MICHAEL E. VIGIL, Judge
8