State ex rel. CYFD v. Laura J.

I attest to the accuracy and
integrity of this document
New Mexico Compilation
Commission, Santa Fe, NM
'00'04- 15:32:40 2013.05.22
Certiorari Denied, April 8, 2013, No. 33,943
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF NEW MEXICO
Opinion Number: 2013-NMCA-057Filing Date: September 26, 2012
Docket No. 31,324 (consolidated with Docket No. 31,374)
STATE OF NEW MEXICO ex rel.
CHILDREN, YOUTH AND
FAMILIES DEPARTMENT,
Petitioner-Appellee,
v.
LAURA J.,
Respondent-Appellant,
and
In the Matter of ELIJAH J., a child,
and concerning
COLIN D., REBECCA LYNN F., and
DIANA C.,
Intervenors.
consolidated with Docket No. 31,374
STATE OF NEW MEXICO ex rel.
CHILDREN, YOUTH AND
FAMILIES DEPARTMENT,
Petitioner-Appellee,
v.
LAURA J.,
1
Respondent,
and
In the Matter of ELIJAH J., a child,
and concerning
COLIN D.,
Intervenor-Appellant,
and
DIANA C. and REBECCA LYNN F.,
Intervenors.
APPEAL FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF SANTA FE COUNTY
Michael E. Vigil, District Judge
Children, Youth & Families Department
Oneida L’Esperance, Chief Children’s Court Attorney
Rebecca J. Liggett, Children’s Court Attorney
Santa Fe, NM
for Appellee
Caren I. Friedman
Santa Fe, NM
for Appellant Laura J. (No. 31,324)
Rodey, Dickason, Sloan, Akin & Robb, P.A.
Edward Ricco
Melanie B. Stambaugh
Jocelyn Drennan
Albuquerque, NM
for Appellant Colin D. (No. 31,374)
Cuddy & McCarthy LLP
Aaron Wolf
Santa Fe, NM
2
for Intervenors Rebecca Lynn F. and Diana C.
Johnna L. Studebaker
Santa Fe, NM
Guardian ad Litem
OPINION
SUTIN, Judge.
{1} Laura J.’s (Mother’s) and Child’s cousin, Colin D., and Mother separately appeal the
termination of Mother’s parental rights to Elijah J. (Child). We have consolidated the two
appeals and consider in this Opinion the issues presented by Mother and by Colin. In
addition to the propriety of the termination of Mother’s parental rights, this appeal raises
questions of Colin’s standing and whether the Children, Youth and Families Department’s
(the Department) failure to consider Colin for placement of Child requires this Court to
remand for further permanency hearings.
{2} We hold that clear and convincing evidence supported the termination of Mother’s
parental rights and that Mother was afforded due process in regard to the termination
proceedings and determination. We affirm the judgment terminating Mother’s parental
rights. In addition, to the extent Mother may have a legal interest recognized under due
process with respect to placement of Child with relatives, we determine that our remand of
the placement issue satisfies any due process concerns. Last, we also hold that Colin has
standing to appeal and that the Department was obligated but failed to consider Colin as a
potential placement for Child requiring the Department on remand to consider forthwith
whether Colin is an appropriate relative with whom to place Child. Our remand of the
placement issue does not require reversal of the termination of Mother’s parental rights.
BACKGROUND
{3} On December 9, 2008, the Department received a referral alleging that Mother was
abusing drugs and physically neglecting Child; the referral included allegations of
inadequate food and lack of supervision. Two days later, on December 11, Delfina Medina,
an investigator with the Department, went to Mother’s home. According to Ms. Medina,
Mother stated that she had a history of domestic violence, dating back five months, with a
former boyfriend. Mother also reportedly admitted using crack about one month prior to Ms.
Medina’s visit and using marijuana about one week prior to the visit. Before concluding the
home visit, Ms. Medina requested that Mother visit the Department’s office “first thing the
next morning” for the purposes of continuing the investigation and submitting to a urinalysis.
The next day, December 12, 2008, a snowstorm occurred, and Mother “called in and stated
that she would not make it to the Department that day and would reschedule the appointment
by phoning [Ms.] Medina another day, due to her not having a phone that she could be
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reached at.” On January 5, 2009, through Mother’s mother, Ms. Medina requested that
Mother visit the Department on January 7, 2009, but Mother cancelled the appointment
because Child was sick. Mother agreed to allow Ms. Medina to drive her to SED Labs for
a urinalysis. When Ms. Medina arrived at Mother’s home, Mother was not there. Later that
day, Ms. Medina, along with a detective from the Santa Fe Police Department, did an
unannounced home visit, due to Ms. Medina’s concerns about Mother’s slurred speech
earlier that day. The detective, who arrived before Ms. Medina, reportedly told Ms. Medina
that it seemed that “they” (Mother and her two guests) were smoking marijuana in the
apartment. The detective removed drug paraphernalia from the home and granted the
Department a forty-eight-hour hold on Child, who was taken to the Department’s office by
Child Protective Services supervisor Gabrielle James. Child was approximately nine and
one-half months old at that time.
{4} The Department workers noticed that Child’s hands and face were dirty, that he had
scratches and abrasions on his hands and shins, and a rash on his buttocks. He also had what
appeared to be a bump on the back of his head, a mark on his back, and an older rash on his
lower back. He had only one shoe and no socks. He was dressed in a shirt that was too big.
Due to concerns regarding Child’s physical condition and concerns that he was unable to sit
up, unable to hold his head up, and “was not very responsive[,]” Child was taken to the
hospital. At the hospital, a drug screen revealed that Child tested positive for opiates. Child
also had impetigo, and he was “very hungry[.]”
{5} Child was discharged from the hospital the same day he was taken there. Once
discharged from the hospital, Child was placed in foster care. On January 8, a social worker
from the hospital contacted the Department and reportedly stated that, due to his having
tested positive for opiates, Child should not have been discharged from the hospital and that
if Child showed any signs of withdrawal, he needed to be taken back to the hospital
immediately. Also on January 8, 2009, the foster parent reported that Child was very limp
and would not hold his head up. On January 9, 2009, the foster parent took Child to a
follow-up medical appointment, at which the physician determined that the markings on
Child’s body were from bed bugs.
{6} Pursuant to the foregoing facts, presented as part of the Department’s affidavit for
ex parte custody order, the district court found probable cause to believe that Child was
abused or neglected as defined in NMSA 1978, Section 32A-4-2 (1999) (amended 2009).
Accordingly, the court signed an ex parte custody order on January 9, 2009, in which it
ordered Child to remain in the Department’s custody until further order of the court.
{7} On January 20, 2009, the district court held a temporary custody hearing at which the
court ordered continued departmental custody of Child and adopted the Department’s initial
assessment plan. Among other things, the initial assessment plan noted that Child had been
placed with a foster family in San Miguel County while relative placement was being
explored, and it called for Mother to provide a list of relatives to be considered for relative
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placement. Additionally, it called for Mother to participate in a psychological evaluation,
as well as in a parenting assessment, and undergo random urinalyses.
{8} On January 23, 2009, the case was transferred from the Department’s Santa Fe office
to its Las Vegas, New Mexico office because Child’s alleged father was related to an
employee of the Santa Fe office. On January 30, Mother participated in an intake with
Crossroads, a women’s residential recovery center in Carlsbad, New Mexico. Crossroads
accepted Mother into its program and indicated that she could be admitted in March 2009.
{9} On March 3, 2009, the district court held an adjudicatory and dispositional hearing
at which Mother pleaded no contest to allegations of neglect. The court found that the
Department had made and continued to make reasonable efforts to reunify Child with
Mother. The court adopted the Department’s family treatment plan and added additional
requirements of Mother, including that (1) she attend the Crossroads program and participate
in services and, upon release, follow aftercare recommendations; (2) after attending the
Crossroads program, she be assessed for work skills and be referred to appropriate job
training; (3) she get her GED; and (4) she participate in individual counseling.
{10} On March 16, 2009, Mother was admitted to Crossroads, and Child was placed there
with her. At the time of her admittance to Crossroads, Mother was one month pregnant with
her second child. At Crossroads, Mother underwent a psychological evaluation and a
comprehensive clinical and psychosocial assessment. She participated in parenting classes,
substance abuse therapy, and individual therapy. She also interacted with Child to learn to
address Child’s developmental delays.
{11} Mother was scheduled to graduate from the Crossroads program on July 15, 2009;
however, she was unsuccessfully discharged from the program on June 8, 2009, “due to her
manipulative and detrimental behaviors to the group.” In its discharge summary, Crossroads
noted, among other things, that Mother had a very difficult time focusing on her addiction
and the need for changes in her life; that “[s]he focused most of her time on external factors
and manipulated the staff and her group members constantly”; and that she “did work on her
behaviors but would relapse and continue to repeat the same negative behaviors.” Having
been discharged from Crossroads, Mother returned to Santa Fe, where she resumed working
on a treatment plan through the Department. Child was placed with foster parents, Rebecca
Lynn F. and Diana C. (Foster Parents) in Las Vegas on or about June 10, 2009.
{12} On August 11, 2009, the district court held an interim review. The court ordered the
implementation of a modified treatment plan. With an overarching goal of reunification, the
treatment plan included interim goals of Mother obtaining and maintaining a safe and stable
home environment, becoming employed or otherwise demonstrating an ability to provide for
Child, attending individual therapy, demonstrating and maintaining sobriety, and learning
and demonstrating effective parenting skills. Additionally, the treatment plan listed the
assessment of relative placement as an “individual child plan item” and it stated, as a “step”
toward this goal, that the Department would “seek and explore relative placement.”
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{13} Child’s alleged father having been dismissed from the case, the Department
transferred the case back to its Santa Fe office, and on August 13, 2009, it assigned the case
to senior permanency planning worker, Emily Martin. Among other services, Ms. Martin
referred Mother to the Community Infant Program to provide in-home, one-on-one,
parenting services to Mother. According to Ms. Martin and her supervisor Delphine Trujillo,
for the first month or two after the case was transferred back to Santa Fe, Mother made
efforts to comply with her treatment plan. In mid-September 2009 and continuing through
December, Mother’s compliance with the treatment plan “turned downhill.”
{14} Mother’s therapist, Carolyn Burns, testified that, after mid-September, she was no
longer convinced that Mother was sober. In mid-September, when Mother’s boyfriend got
out of jail, Mother, who had been attending weekly individual therapy sessions and making
progress, according to her therapist became “more erratic[.]” Ms. Burns explained that
although Mother would regularly contact her to schedule therapy, Mother was typically a
“no show” for the appointments.
{15} In October 2009, because Mother was “very far into her pregnancy[,]” the
Department arranged for Mother to have individual therapy by phone, offered her
transportation when she needed it, and decreased the number of required weekly Narcotics
Anonymous meetings. Later in October 2009, Mother’s second child, Francisco, was born.
On October 27, 2009, the district court held a first permanency hearing. The court adopted,
as partial findings of fact, the Department’s permanency hearing report and additionally
found that Mother believed that since the birth of Francisco she would be able to make
increased efforts on her treatment plan. The Department explained that it was not filing for
termination of parental rights at the October hearing, because it chose instead to request “an
extension of time to work with [Mother] on . . . reunification.”
{16} Among other facts in the October permanency report, the Department noted that
Mother had made “minimal progress toward[] alleviating the causes of [Child’s] removal and
placement in [the Department’s] custody[.]” The Department noted that Mother had “just
begun to address her substance abuse in outpatient therapy and by attending [Narcotics
Anonymous] meetings”; and that Mother had “made a notable effort in obtaining her
sobriety and consistently tested negative for substances during the month of September”
2009. It also noted, however, that Mother’s progress in addressing her substance abuse had
been slow, and she had “only begun to attend the services designed to help her maintain her
recently [attained] sobriety.” The Department further noted that Mother had “not been able
to provide a safe and stable living environment for herself or” for Child. The Department
also explained that Mother “seem[ed] to be doing the bare minimum in all recommended
services[,]” that her lack of progress toward the desired outcomes listed on her treatment
plan were “largely due to her lack of commitment to [Child] and her failure to follow
through with treatment recommendations on a consistent basis[,]” as well as to Mother’s
relationship with her boyfriend, which continued to be her priority. The Department further
noted that Mother minimized her boyfriend’s drug use, criminal history, and domestic
violence history.
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{17} According to Ms. Martin, after the first permanency hearing in October 2009,
“everything turned south.” Mother was not making it to all of her visitations, she would call
to schedule urinalyses and then fail to take them, she was missing therapy appointments, and
she was missing her parenting appointments by failing to be at home when she was
scheduled to meet with the Community Infant Program workers. In early December 2009,
during a scheduled home visit with Mother, Ms. Martin became concerned for Francisco’s
safety, and she determined that it was necessary to file a report. The cause of Ms. Martin’s
concern was her observation of pills lying outside of an open bottle on the counter and
ashtrays containing either tobacco or marijuana roaches; also Mother’s urinalysis taken on
the day of the home visit revealed a very high level of THC. Cf. Buffett v. Vargas, 1996-
NMSC-012, ¶ 3, 121 N.M. 507, 914 P.2d 1004 (recognizing that THC is the active
ingredient in marijuana).
{18} On January 8, 2010, the Department held a family centered meeting regarding
Francisco. Colin attended the meeting, as did Child’s maternal grandmother. According to
the Department’s notes, following the meeting Colin “said he would definitely be considered
as placement or support to [maternal grandmother] to help care for Francisco.” Later in
January 2010, Colin became a kinship guardian to Francisco, and in April 2010, Colin was
licensed as a foster parent with the Department.
{19} On April 19, 2010, the district court held a second permanency hearing related to
Child. The court found, among other things, that Mother had not attended therapy for
several months, that after having stayed sober for a few months prior to the first permanency
hearing, the few drug tests that she had taken in 2010 had reflected very high levels of THC,
and that she had not provided the Department with proof of her attendance of substance
abuse group meetings. The court ordered Child’s permanency plan to be changed from
reunification to adoption. It also ordered the Department to continue to provide services to
Mother to assist her in adjusting the conditions that rendered her unable to properly care for
Child and ordered Mother to continue to participate in the treatment plan. Additionally, the
court found that
the Department identified the maternal grandmother as a relative and . . .
considered placement with her, but that placement was not feasible . . . .
There was no evidence concerning whether other relatives have been located
or considered for placement. If [Mother] has concerns regarding other
relatives, a hearing should be requested within sixty days.
The court’s order, hereinafter referred to as “the second permanency order,” was not filed
until November 29, 2010.
{20} Four months before the second permanency order was filed, on July 27, 2010, Colin
filed a pro se motion to intervene for the purpose of adopting Child. On August 17, 2010,
the Department filed a motion to terminate Mother’s parental rights to Child. In addition to
detailing Mother’s history of non-compliance with the treatment plan and with Department-
7
arranged services, the Department listed as grounds for termination that Mother had
“recently revealed that domestic violence [was] a problem between her and [her boyfriend].”
The Department’s motion also stated that because Mother’s boyfriend was a household
member, the Department requested that he participate in services but, as of the date of the
motion, he had yet to comply with that request. He had, however, submitted to a urinalysis
which revealed “an extremely high level of THC.”
{21} On September 10, 2010, the court filed a stipulated order granting Colin status as an
intervenor. The details of this order are discussed later in this Opinion. Beginning on
October 25, 2010, and for nine non-consecutive days ending on February 17, 2011, the court
held a hearing on the Department’s motion to terminate Mother’s parental rights. Among
the parties who attended the hearing were Colin and Mother, both represented by their
counsel.
{22} Following the termination hearing, in his closing argument, Colin argued that the
Department failed to follow legal mandates to locate, notify, and consider family members,
other than Child’s grandmother, as potential placement for Child. He also argued that the
Department “knew that relative search was an integral part of family reunification as a
matter of law and public policy” and that despite having been trained on the law, the
Department chose not to follow it. And he argued that the Department “failed utterly in
making reasonable efforts, or any efforts, to reunify [Child] with his family[.]” These and
other of Colin’s arguments were related to and made in support of his request that the district
court order the Department to arrange for Child to be placed with a relative, Colin himself
being a viable option for such placement.
{23} Mother’s closing argument focused mainly on her theory that the Department had
failed to make reasonable efforts to assist her in meeting the treatment plan goals.
Specifically, Mother pointed to the difficulties created by the Department’s decision to place
Child in a Las Vegas foster home. Mother also argued that the Department failed to
understand her psychological and cognitive difficulties and, consequently, it failed to
provide her with an adequate treatment plan. Additionally, “as [a] separate and novel attack
on reasonable efforts and placement specifically at both the permanency stage of the case
and [at the termination stage,]” Mother incorporated all of the argument, theory, and issues
that had been raised by Colin.
{24} On April 8, 2011, the court filed a decision that reflected its findings of fact and
conclusions of law that provided a basis for termination of Mother’s parental rights. The
court concluded that there existed clear and convincing evidence that the causes and
conditions of the neglect and abuse were unlikely to change in the foreseeable future despite
the Department’s reasonable efforts and that it was in Child’s best interest to terminate
Mother’s parental rights. Additionally, the court concluded that “[t]he failure of the
Department to investigate and place . . . [C]hild in a relative placement [was] not relevant
on the issue of whether . . . [Mother’s] parental rights . . . should be terminated.” The court’s
8
decision was followed, on April 21, 2011, by the issuance of its final judgment terminating
Mother’s parental rights.
{25} Colin and Mother separately appeal from the judgment terminating Mother’s parental
rights. Mother’s appeal is based on three contentions of error: (1) the Department failed in
its duty to make reasonable efforts to place Child with a relative, (2) the Department failed
to make reasonable efforts to assist Mother to adjust the causes and conditions that led to
Child’s custody with the Department, and (3) her constitutional right to due process was
violated.
{26} Colin’s appeal is based on his contention that the district court erred in ordering a
change in Child’s permanency plan from reunification to adoption when the Department had
failed to make reasonable efforts to identify and locate relatives who could potentially have
served as placement for Child. Colin maintains that without the court first having made the
requisite finding that the Department had made such reasonable efforts with respect to
placement of Child with him, the case should not have progressed to the termination stage.
As indicated in our discussion that follows, we agree, in part, with Colin.
DISCUSSION
{27} Because our analysis of the issues presented by Mother and Colin requires
interpretation of the Abuse and Neglect Act (the Act), NMSA 1978, §§ 32A-4-1 to -34
(1993, as amended through 2009), we begin our discussion with an overview of the relevant
provisions of the Act, as well as relevant provisions of the New Mexico Administrative
Code. “The express purpose of the . . . Act is to: (1) make the best interest[s] of the child
paramount; (2) preserve the unity of family, to the maximum extent possible; and (3) to
assure that the parties receive a fair hearing and their constitutional and other legal rights are
recognized and enforced.” State ex rel. Children, Youth & Families Dep’t v. Maria C.,
2004-NMCA-083, ¶ 23, 136 N.M. 53, 94 P.3d 796 (alteration, internal quotation marks, and
citation omitted). The provisions of the Act should be interpreted in such a manner as to
effectuate its stated purposes, including, when possible, preservation of family unity. See
State ex rel. Children, Youth & Families Dep’t v. Benjamin O., 2007-NMCA-070, ¶ 34, 141
N.M. 692, 160 P.3d 601 (discussing interpretation of the Children’s Code).
{28} When a child is taken into custody by the Department and a court has found that the
child was abused or neglected, the Department determines the placement of the child.
8.10.8.13(A)(1), (C) NMAC (11/15/05). At the outset, and applying to all subsequent
changes in placement, there exists a preference for placement with qualified relatives of the
child. 8.10.8.13(C)(4) NMAC; 8.10.8.11(C)(5) NMAC (8/15/07). A “relative,” as defined
by Regulation 8.10.8.7(II) NMAC (11/15/05), “is someone connected to another person by
blood or marriage within the fifth degree of consanguinity.” See also 8.10.8.7(Q) NMAC
(providing that “‘[f]ifth degree of consanguinity’ includes brother, sister, grandparents, aunt,
uncle, niece, nephew, first cousin, mother-in-law, father-in-law, sister-in-law, and brother-in-
law, as well as documented godparents”).
9
{29} If, at the dispositional stage, the court finds that a child is abused or neglected, the
court will order the Department to implement a court-approved treatment plan, with which
the child’s parent is ordered to cooperate. Section 32A-4-22(C). Following an initial review
of the disposition, the court will hold a permanency hearing at which the court shall order
one of five permanency plans for the child. Sections 32A-4-25(A), -25.1(A), (B). The
enumerated permanency plan options are:
(1) reunification;
(2) placement for adoption after the parents’ rights have been
relinquished or terminated or after a motion has been filed to terminate
parental rights;
(3) placement with a person who will be the child’s permanent
guardian;
(4) placement in the legal custody of the [D]epartment with the
child placed in the home of a fit and willing relative; or
(5) placement in the legal custody of the [D]epartment under a
planned permanent living arrangement, provided that there is substantial
evidence that none of the above plans is appropriate for the child.
Section 32A-4-25.1(B). “The court shall hold permanency hearings every twelve months
when a child is in the legal custody of the [D]epartment.” Section 32A-4-25.1(G).
If the court adopts a permanency plan other than reunification, the
court shall determine whether the [D]epartment has made reasonable efforts
to identify and locate all grandparents and other relatives. The court shall
also determine whether the [D]epartment has made reasonable efforts to
conduct home studies on any appropriate relative expressing an interest in
providing permanency for the child. The court must ensure the consideration
has been given to the child’s familial identity and connections. If the court
finds that reasonable efforts have not been made to identify or locate
grandparents and other relatives or to conduct home studies on appropriate
and willing relatives, the court shall schedule a permanency review within
sixty days to determine whether an appropriate relative placement has been
made. If a relative placement is made, the subsequent hearing may be
vacated.
Section 32A-4-25.1(D). The required findings provided in Section 32A-4-25.1(D) are
related to certain regulatory provisions that govern the actions of the Department.
Particularly, Subsection (F) of Regulation 8.10.3.16 of the Administrative Code, which
mandates that the Department “shall make every effort to identify, locate[,] and notify fit and
10
willing relatives for consideration of placement of a child in custody who requires out of
home placement.” 8.10.3.16(F) NMAC (3/31/10) (amended 4/29/11 and 2/29/12); see also
8.10.3.7(CC) NMAC (3/31/10) (amended 4/29/11 and 2/29/12) (explaining that the term
“protective services division” a term that is used in 8.10.3.16(F) NMAC, “refers to the
protective services division of the . . . [D]epartment, and is the state’s designated child
welfare agency”). Additionally, we note Regulation 8.10.7.17 NMAC (3/31/10), entitled
“notifying relatives[,]” reads as follows:
A. [The Department] shall exercise due diligence to identify and
notify adult relatives of a child’s removal within thirty . . . days of the
removal. The notice shall inform relatives of their option to become a
placement resource for the child.
B. If the parent is unable or unwilling to provide the
[Department] worker with names and contact information of relatives, the
children’s court attorney shall inform the court and ask the court to question
the parents about relatives. The children’s court attorney shall include in the
court order that the parents will provide names of relatives, for possible
relative placement, to [the Department] and attorneys of record five . . . days
from the date of the hearing.
C. At the permanency hearing, when the court adopts a plan other
than reunification, the children’s court attorney shall request that the court
determine whether . . . the [D]epartment has made reasonable efforts to
identify and locate, and conduct home studies of any appropriate relative
expressing an interest in providing permanency for the child.
{30} When abuse and neglect proceedings reach the second permanency hearing stage,
“the presumption is that adoption or other permanent placement is in the child’s best
interest.” Benjamin O., 2007-NMCA-070, ¶ 29 (internal quotation marks and citation
omitted). Once the court has ordered a plan of adoption, “the course is set for termination[.]”
Maria C., 2004-NMCA-083, ¶ 30. When a termination hearing is held, a parent’s parental
rights will be terminated if the court finds by clear and convincing evidence that, despite
reasonable efforts by the Department “to assist the parent in adjusting the conditions that
render the parent unable to properly care for the child[,]” the conditions and causes of the
neglect or abuse are unlikely to change in the foreseeable future. Sections 32A-4-28(B)(2),
-29(I). “Clear and convincing evidence is defined as evidence that instantly tilts the scales
in the affirmative when weighed against the evidence in opposition and the fact finder’s
mind is left with an abiding conviction that the evidence is true.” State ex rel. Children,
Youth & Families Dep’t v. Lance K., 2009-NMCA-054, ¶ 16, 146 N.M. 286, 209 P.3d 778(alteration, internal quotation marks, and citation omitted).
{31} When a parent appeals from an order terminating her parental rights, we will affirm
the district court if its findings are supported by clear and convincing evidence, and we will
11
resolve all conflicts in the evidence in favor of the Department. See In re Termination of
Parental Rights of Reuben & Elizabeth O., 104 N.M. 644, 648, 725 P.2d 844, 848 (Ct. App.
1986); see also State ex rel. Dep’t of Human Servs. v. Williams, 108 N.M. 332, 335, 772
P.2d 366, 369 (Ct. App. 1989) (“Even in a case involving issues that must be established by
clear and convincing evidence, it is for the finder of fact, and not for reviewing courts, to
weigh conflicting evidence and decide where the truth lies.”).
I. The Termination of Mother’s Parental Rights Was Proper
{32} Mother contends that there was insufficient evidence to support the district court’s
conclusions that the Department made reasonable efforts to assist her to adjust the conditions
and causes that led to Child’s custody with the Department. Mother argues that by placing
Child in Las Vegas when Mother lived in Santa Fe, the Department created a “near-
insurmountable obstacle in Mother’s path” because Las Vegas was not close enough to
Mother’s residence to facilitate visitation. Mother also argues that the Department failed to
create a treatment plan that accommodated her learning disorder and cognitive limitations.
According to Mother, “the district court failed to take into consideration the deleterious
results of the Department’s lack of efforts.”
{33} Mother conceded at the termination hearing, and she likewise concedes in her
briefing to this Court, that owing to a lack of financial and other resources, she was not, and
is not, ready to parent Child. Although we agree with Mother that her having admitted that
she was incapable of parenting Child may not, alone, provide a sufficient basis upon which
to affirm the termination, there existed otherwise sufficient evidence to support the court’s
order. Having provided an overview of the case in the background section of this Opinion,
we narrow our discussion, in this section, to the evidence that bears upon Mother’s two
particularized insufficiency of the evidence claims.
A. The Proximity of Child’s Placement in Las Vegas to Mother’s Residence in
Santa Fe Did Not Affect the Outcome in This Case
{34} The district court found that:
[] [w]hile the case was being managed out of Las Vegas, the
Department transported [Child] to Santa Fe twice a week for supervised visits
. . . . [Mother’s] mother provided transportation for additional visits. . . .
[] Upon transfer of the . . . case to the Santa Fe office in August of 2009,
[Mother] was set up with two weekly supervised visits for an hour and a half
at either the Department’s Santa Fe or Las Vegas offices. Transportation was
provided by [the Department], [Mother’s] mother[,] and the [F]oster
[P]arents. [Mother] was not prejudiced by . . . [C]hild remaining in Las
Vegas after she left Crossroads and moved to Santa Fe. The results of the
case would have been the same.
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The court’s finding was supported by the testimony of Nadine Flores, the Las Vegas
permanency plan worker who was assigned to Mother’s case. Ms. Flores explained at the
termination hearing that, although the distance between Child’s placement and Mother’s
residence “wasn’t ideal,” the Department “went out of [its] way to ensure that [Mother]
would have the visits with [Child].” Ms. Flores explained that she, personally, or another
Department employee would transport Child twice a week to Santa Fe because Mother did
not have transportation and that other times, Mother would receive transportation to Las
Vegas to visit with Child there.
{35} Also, Ms. Martin testified that when she was the acting permanency worker on
Mother’s case, hour-and-a-half-long visits were scheduled twice each week and were held
either in Santa Fe or Las Vegas. Mother’s apartment at that time was less than one mile
from the Department’s Santa Fe office, so Mother was able to walk to the visits held there.
Child was transported by the Department or the Foster Parents for the Santa Fe visits. And,
if Mother needed transportation, the Department provided it; however, Mother’s mother also
provided transportation.
{36} Based on the testimony regarding visitation and transportation by both the Las Vegas
and Santa Fe permanency workers, we reject Mother’s argument that the lack of proximity
between her residence and Child’s placement created an insurmountable obstacle for Mother.
The foregoing testimony was sufficient to “instantly tilt[] the scales” in the court’s mind that
the results would have been the same regardless of Child’s placement in Las Vegas. Lance
K., 2009-NMCA-054, ¶ 16 (defining clear and convincing evidence). We will not reweigh
the evidence. See In re R.W., 108 N.M. at 335, 772 P.2d at 369. We affirm the court’s
findings relevant to this issue.
B. The Department Made Reasonable Efforts to Assess and Accommodate
Mother’s Cognitive and Emotional Limitations
{37} The district court found that:
[Ms.] Burns, M.A., of Integrative Therapies, provided individual therapy to
[Mother]. Ms. Burns used dialectical behavior therapy, the treatment of
choice for personality disorders. They worked on emotional literacy and
mindfulness training. . . . She was aware of [Mother’s] history of ADHD and
special education, and that her treatment approach would not have been
different if she had had access to a more thorough psychological evaluation.
The court’s finding was directly supported by Ms. Burns’ testimony, which included
statements to the same effect.
{38} Additionally, the court found that Mother “entered . . . Crossroads, a residential
treatment center . . . . [where she] completed the first phase of the program[, but] . . . was
discharged unsuccessfully . . . on June 8, 2009.” The record reflects that while Mother was
13
at Crossroads, she underwent a psychiatric evaluation and a psychosocial assessment. When
Mother was discharged from Crossroads, Ms. Flores contacted its staff to learn why. Ms.
Flores specifically raised the issue of whether Mother’s “mental disabilities” made it difficult
for Mother to complete the program. Crossroads staff reportedly told Ms. Flores the work
is modified to accommodate the disabilities of the residents and that Mother was capable of
doing the work, but she was lying and using her learning disabilities as an excuse to not
complete the program.
{39} Based on the foregoing evidence, the district court could conclude, by clear and
convincing evidence, that the Department had made reasonable efforts to accommodate
Mother’s cognitive and emotional limitations by providing referrals to services that were
tailored to her particular needs. That Mother did not fully participate in or cooperate with
the services does not render the Department’s efforts unreasonable. See State ex rel.
Children, Youth & Families Dep’t v. Patricia H., 2002-NMCA-061, ¶ 23, 132 N.M. 299, 47
P.3d 859 (explaining that “[w]hat constitutes reasonable efforts may vary with a number of
factors, such as the level of cooperation demonstrated by the parent”); see also In re
Termination of Parental Rights of Eventyr J., 120 N.M. 463, 471, 902 P.2d 1066, 1074 (Ct.
App. 1995) (stating that when the Department has made reasonable efforts, further efforts
are not required). Mother’s argument that the Department failed to accommodate her
limitations provides no basis for reversal.
II. Mother’s Due Process Contentions
{40} “Parental rights cannot be terminated without due process of law.” State ex rel.
Children, Youth & Families Dep’t v. Browind C., 2007-NMCA-023, ¶ 20, 141 N.M. 166,
152 P.3d 153. Mother argues that her right to procedural due process was denied by the
Department’s alleged failure to make reasonable efforts to assist her. Mother also argues
that she was deprived of procedural and substantive due process by the Department’s failure
to place Child with relatives. We review Mother’s due process claims de novo. State ex rel.
Children, Youth & Families Dep’t v. Lorena R., 1999-NMCA-035, ¶ 22, 126 N.M. 670, 974
P.2d 164.
{41} Mother contends that application of the due process balancing test described in
Mathews v. Eldridge, 424 U.S. 319, 335 (1976), supports a holding in her favor. See
Browind C., 2007-NMCA-023, ¶ 31 (applying the Mathews test in the context of a
termination of parental rights case). Mathews provides three factors to be employed in
resolving the issue whether constitutional due process dictates were sufficiently upheld. 424
U.S. at 334-35. The first factor requires identification of “the private interest that will be
affected by the official action[.]” Id. at 335. Next, we are to consider “the risk of an
erroneous deprivation of such interest through the procedures used, and the probable value,
if any, of additional or substitute procedural safeguards[.]” Id. Finally, we consider the
state’s interest, including, among other considerations, “the function involved[.]” Id.14
{42} We first examine Mother’s argument that she was denied due process by the
Department’s failure to make reasonable efforts to assist her. Mother correctly argues that
she has a fundamental right to parent Child. See State ex rel. Children, Youth & Families
Dep’t v. Amanda M., 2006-NMCA-133, ¶ 22, 140 N.M. 578, 144 P.3d 137 (noting that
parents have a fundamental right in the care, custody, and management of their children).
“The [Department] has an equally significant interest in protecting the welfare of children.”
State ex rel. Children, Youth & Families Dep’t v. Brandy S., 2007-NMCA-135, ¶ 23, 142
N.M. 705, 168 P.3d 1129 (alteration, internal quotation marks, and citation omitted).
Therefore, our decision rests upon our conclusion under the second Mathews factor. Brandy
S., 2007-NMCA-135, ¶ 23. In terms of the Department’s efforts to assist her to overcome
the causes and conditions that rendered her unable to parent Child, Mother does not make
any argument related to the second Mathews factor. And, as indicated in the previous
section, we agree with the district court’s determination that the Department’s efforts in this
regard were reasonable. The second Mathews factor therefore weighs in favor of affirming
the court’s judgment. Accordingly, we conclude that Mother was not deprived of due
process because the Department’s efforts were reasonable.
{43} We turn now to Mother’s argument that she was denied due process by the
Department’s failure to place Child with relatives. Mother contends that by failing to make
reasonable efforts to place Child with a relative, the Department interfered with her pursuit
of a familial relationship with Child. In Mother’s view, had Child been “placed with a
family member, he could have grown up with his brother, and Mother could have remained
connected to both of her sons[,]” and Child could have been “raised as a member of her
extended family.”
{44} As discussed later in this Opinion, we remand this case with instructions to the
Department to consider placing Child with Colin. Because Mother’s due process argument
as to the Department’s failure to abide by Section 32A-4-25.1 is grounded in the potential
relationship between herself and Child that would arise from his being placed with Colin,
any alleged deprivation of that potential should be remedied by the proceedings on remand.
Accordingly, we decline to address the merits of this aspect of Mother’s due process claim.
III. Colin Has Standing to Raise the Issue on Appeal Whether the Department’s
Failure Requires This Matter to be Returned to the Department to Engage in
Consideration of Colin
{45} Before we reach the merits of Colin’s argument, we address the Department’s
contention that he does not have standing on appeal1 to challenge the court’s orders. We
1
Although the Department’s argument regarding Colin’s lack of standing is
ambiguous in terms of whether its view is that Colin lacked standing to raise challenges in
the district court or whether he lacks standing to appeal, owing to its particular stipulation
to Colin’s standing in the district court, we interpret its argument to be that Colin lacks
15
apply de novo review to the legal question of whether a party has standing. Rio Grande
Kennel Club v. City of Albuquerque, 2008-NMCA-093, ¶ 7, 144 N.M. 636, 190 P.3d 1131.
We likewise apply de novo review to the interpretation of statutes and their application to
facts. Crutchfield v. N.M. Dep’t of Taxation & Revenue, 2005-NMCA-022, ¶ 16, 137 N.M.
26, 106 P.3d 1273.
{46} Colin relies, for standing, on his status as a party to the underlying action. He cites
NMSA 1978, Section 39-3-7 (1966), which provides that “any party aggrieved may appeal”
from “any final order after entry of judgment which affects substantial rights, in any special
statutory proceeding in the district court[.]” And he cites St. Sauver v. New Mexico
Peterbilt, Inc., 101 N.M. 84, 85-86, 678 P.2d 712, 713-14 (Ct. App. 1984), for the
proposition that “[t]o be aggrieved, a party must have a personal . . . interest . . . adversely
affected by the judgment.” Colin contends that he has standing to appeal as “a party
aggrieved by the departmental and judicial disregard of Section 32A-4-25.1(D) embodied
in the district court’s judgment.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.)
{47} Colin’s status as a party in this case arose from a stipulated order, filed in September
2010, granting him status as an intervenor. See Rule 1-024(B)(2) NMRA (governing
permissive intervention and stating in pertinent part that “anyone may be permitted to
intervene in an action . . . when an applicant’s claim or defense and the main action have a
question of law or fact in common”); see also § 32A-4-27(A)(4) (stating that “[a]t any stage
of an abuse or neglect proceeding, a person [who wishes to become the child’s permanent
guardian] may be permitted to intervene as a party”). In pertinent part, the order contained
the following stipulations by the Department, among other parties:
b. [Colin] is a person within the fifth degree of consanguinity . . .
with whom . . . [C]hild might arguably have resided if [Colin’s] existence and
interests had been ascertained during the course of the search requirements
of Sec[tion] 32A-4-25.1[;]
...
d. [Colin] wishe[d] to adopt . . . [C]hild . . . and reserve[d] his
interest in becoming . . . [C]hild’s permanent guardian;
...
f. [Colin] has standing pursuant to Rule 1-024 . . . [because his]
claim or defense and the main action . . . have a question of law or fact in
common[;]
g. [Colin] wishe[d] to pursue his rights under the above
described laws in [f]urtherance of preserving family connections[.]
standing to challenge the court’s orders on appeal.
16
Because the stipulation referred to Colin’s “rights” under the laws cited within the
stipulation, including Section 32A-4-25.1, the stipulation reflected an understanding and an
agreement among all parties that Colin had legal rights pursuant to that section, among other
laws. Cf. Snyders v. Hale, 89 N.M. 734, 736, 557 P.2d 583, 585 (Ct. App. 1976) (stating
with regard to stipulations that “[i]n all cases of doubt, that construction should be adopted
which is favorable to the party in whose favor [the stipulation] is made” (emphasis, internal
quotation marks, and citation omitted)).
{48} We conclude that Colin has standing to appeal. As reflected in the order granting
Colin status as an intervenor, the Department in effect stipulated that Colin had a sufficient
legal interest under Section 32A-4-25.1 to seek consideration as a viable placement for Child
so as to preserve family connections. The invasion of this stipulated, legally protected
interest constitutes an injury in fact supportive of his standing in this matter. See State ex
rel. Children, Youth & Families Dep’t v. John R., 2009-NMCA-025, ¶¶ 16-17, 145 N.M.
636, 203 P.3d 167 (stating that, in the standing context, the invasion of a legally protected
interest constitutes an injury in fact). At the least, given the stipulation, Colin was aggrieved
by the departmental disregard of Section 32A-4-25.1(D).
{49} Under the circumstances here, with its having stipulated to Colin’s intervention in
the district court, we reject consideration of the Department’s stated concern that “[i]f
[Section] 32A-4-25.1 confers rights on Colin . . . simply because he is the . . . cousin of a
child in the Department’s custody, the statute would confer the same rights on grandparents
and all ‘other relatives.’ ” We need “not determine abstract questions of law which do not
rest upon existing facts[.]” Henriquez v. Schall, 68 N.M. 86, 89, 358 P.2d 1001, 1003
(1961). Colin’s stipulated intervention in this case was predicated on his timely efforts to
identify and seek stipulation to his right to preserve his family connections and to assert and
protect his interest as a relative who should have been considered and may well have been
selected as an appropriate placement for Child. We leave for another day whether, in other
circumstances or showing of authority, a relative such as Colin may not have standing to
raise challenges, either in the district court or on appeal, pursuant to Section 32A-4-25.1(D).
IV. The Evidence Shows That the Department Did Not Comply With the Statute
{50} Section 32A-4-25.1(D) indicates that the Department has a duty to make reasonable
efforts to identify, locate, and conduct home studies on willing and appropriate relatives who
could potentially serve as placement for a child. What constitutes “reasonable efforts” varies
with the factors and circumstances of each case. Cf. State ex rel. Children, Youth & Families
Dep’t v. Hector C., 2008-NMCA-079, ¶ 24, 144 N.M. 222, 185 P.3d 1072 (discussing the
reasonable efforts standard in terms of the Department’s duty to assist parents in adjusting
the conditions that rendered them unable to care for the child). Although we do not endeavor
to define the parameters of the efforts that will, in future cases, be considered “reasonable”
under Section 32A-4-25.1(D), it is evident that in this case the Department’s efforts fell far
below any standard of reasonableness in regard to identifying relatives who may have served
as an appropriate placement for Child.
17
{51} The Department was aware of Colin as early as January 2010 when he attended a
meeting at the Department and expressed an interest in providing care for Child’s half
brother. Colin testified at the termination hearing that, starting around the beginning of
January, Colin began pursuing information about Child by contacting the Department,
through Ms. Martin, which he did numerous times, and although Ms. Martin reportedly told
Colin that she would “get back” to him, she failed to do so. By April 2010, Colin was a
Department-licensed foster parent and was the guardian of Child’s half brother. Thus, for
at least three months before Child’s permanency plan changed from reunification to adoption
(January to April 2010), the Department knew about Colin, knew that Colin was interested
in Child and, sometime in April 2010, knew that Colin had met Department standards for
becoming a foster parent. The Department’s failure to consider placing Child with Colin and
to alert the court at the second permanency review to Colin’s interest in Child, represents a
failure by the Department to comply with the statutory requirement of making reasonable
efforts to place Child with willing and appropriate relatives.
V. Notwithstanding the Failures of the Department, We Affirm the Second
Permanency Order, and We Affirm the Termination of Mother’s Parental
Rights
{52} We are mindful that the permanency hearing represents a critical stage in abuse and
neglect proceedings. Maria C., 2004-NMCA-083, ¶ 29. Permanency hearings determine
the direction of the proceedings and, once an adoption plan is ordered, “the course is set for
termination[.]” Id. ¶¶ 30, 32. In Colin’s view, the Department’s failure to locate and
identify relatives with whom to place Child requires restoration of the case to the point at
which the process failed, namely, the permanency stage.
{53} The permanency stage represented a significant point of the proceedings in terms of
Colin’s interest and Child’s interest because, had Colin been considered as a potential
placement, Child may well have been placed with him as the case progressed toward
termination of Mother’s parental rights. In theory, such placement would have afforded
Colin and Child an opportunity to form a bond and, theoretically, the placement would have
increased Colin’s chances of becoming Child’s adoptive parent. See NMSA 1978, § 32A-5-
36(F)(7) (2003) (providing that, in adoption proceedings, the court shall grant a decree of
adoption if it finds, among other factors, that the best interests of the adoptee are served by
the adoption). Furthermore, as Mother suggests, had Child been placed with Colin, he could
have grown up with his brother, and Mother could have remained connected to both of her
sons.
{54} As it was, however, Child remained with Foster Parents, and by the time of the
termination hearing, Child had been with Foster Parents for “twenty plus months[,]” he
appeared to “have developed a psychological parent-child relationship with [them,]” and he
had formed “a strong positive attachment” to them. Because the court also found that “when
possible, infants and toddlers should not be moved from a placement that can be permanent
and . . . which clearly benefit the child’s well-being” and that Foster Parents were willing
18
to adopt Child, the prospect of the court finding in future adoptive proceedings that Colin,
rather than Foster Parents, would be the best prospective adoptive parent appears unlikely.
{55} We agree with Colin that the Department failed to make reasonable efforts to locate
and identify relatives for placement. Nevertheless, because the court’s second permanency
order did nothing more than change the permanency plan from reunification to adoption, we
do not see that it is necessary to reverse or set aside the permanency order, as Colin suggests.
Rather, as discussed in the next section of this Opinion, the Department’s failure in regard
to Colin shall be remedied by the Department doing now what it failed to do at the
permanency stage.
{56} Moreover, the Department’s failure to consider Colin as a relative placement does
not provide a basis for overturning the termination of Mother’s parental rights. In its
decision to terminate Mother’s parental rights, the district court acknowledged the
Department’s failure to consider relative placement by stating that “[p]rior to the
[p]ermanency [h]earing in April 2010, the Department had not reviewed the case for
relatives or [otherwise] identified any[.]” Nevertheless, the district court concluded that
“[t]he failure of the Department to investigate and place . . . [C]hild in a relative placement
[was] not relevant on the issue of whether . . . [Mother’s] parental rights . . . should be
terminated.”
{57} As indicated in our earlier discussion, the termination of Mother’s parental rights was
supported by clear and convincing evidence. We are not persuaded that the facts that bore
upon the court’s decision to terminate Mother’s parental rights would have been any
different had Child been placed with Colin at the permanency stage. Neither Mother nor
Colin have presented any persuasive argument or authority to show that the Department’s
failures, at the permanency stage, to consider placement with Colin require reversal of the
order terminating Mother’s parental rights. We agree with the district court’s determination
that those failures were not relevant to the decision to terminate Mother’s parental rights.
Accordingly, we affirm the termination of Mother’s parental rights.
VI. The Circumstances Require This Matter to be Returned to the Department to
Engage in Consideration of Colin
{58} Although we reject Mother’s and Colin’s argument that the Department’s failure to
consider Colin requires reversal of the termination order, nevertheless, we do not believe that
the Department’s lack of regard for the law should go unremedied. As Colin argues, the
Department’s failure to identify relatives with whom to place Child was not only a violation
of Section 32A-4-25.1(D) and related regulations, but it was also an affront to the policy
behind their implementation; namely the promotion of family unity. Colin urges this Court
to consider “in more human terms” the implications of the Department’s failure to make
reasonable efforts to place Child with relatives.
19
{59} As Colin reasons, “[n]ot only the child, but the family as a unit, benefits when a child
is not lost to his or her kin as a result of parental abuse and neglect.” According to Colin,
owing to the Department’s lack of reasonable efforts to search for relatives, he was deprived
the opportunity to be considered as a potential placement for Child such that, had Child been
placed with him, Colin would have been placed in a more advantageous position for
adoption, and Child was deprived of the chance to be raised with his half-brother. Moreover,
as mentioned earlier, the Department’s failures may have interfered with Mother’s potential
to remain connected to both of her sons as part of her extended family. Such considerations
cannot and should not be minimized. As one commentator explained:
Aside from the parent-child relationship, the sibling relationship is the most
important relationship in a child’s development. The emotional bonds
between siblings are irreplaceable. If nurtured and maintained, these
relationships can provide emotional security, affect the intellectual, social,
emotional, and moral development of one another, and offer lifetime
companionship. . . . Siblings with a relationship have a better chance of
forming lasting friendships with each other and with outside peers. These are
just a few of the benefits commentators have ascribed to sibling relationships.
They make no mandate that one be alive prior to the other’s adoption– a
biological bond necessitates at least an attempt to cultivate a sibling
relationship even where none has existed before.
Christopher D. Vanderbeek, Oh, Brother! A California Appeals Court Reaffirms the Denial
of Necessary Access for Separated Children to Build and Maintain Sibling Relationships,
13 U.C. Davis J. Juv. L. & Pol’y 349, 378-79 (2009) (alteration, internal quotation marks,
and citation footnotes omitted). Thus, the Department’s failures had a range of
consequences that defy qualitative assessment and that demand remedial action.
{60} Colin should have had and should now have an opportunity to be considered as a
willing and appropriate relative to provide permanency for Child. Accordingly, we remand
for the Department to complete a home study on Colin and otherwise consider the viability
of placing Child with him. After the Department has met those obligations, the district court
shall hold a hearing to determine the best interests of Child. See § 32A-4-25.1(D) (requiring
the court to hold a “permanency review” if, when a child’s permanency plan is changed from
reunification, the Department has failed to make reasonable efforts to identify or locate
relatives or to conduct home studies on willing and appropriate relatives with whom to place
the child). The Department’s evaluation and the court hearing are to be expedited and
meaningful. If Child’s best interests would be served by being placed with Colin, the court
should, accordingly, oversee a transition plan. Cf. Lance K., 2009-NMCA-054, ¶¶ 2, 44
(ordering the court and the Department to oversee a transition plan to return a child to the
father after an erroneous termination of his parental rights).
{61} On a final note, we emphasize that Section 32A-4-25.1(D) imposes a duty upon the
district court to make a serious inquiry into whether the Department has complied with its
20
mandate to locate, identify, and consider relatives with whom to place children in its
custody. See Benjamin O., 2007-NMCA-070, ¶ 34 (recognizing that the preservation of
family unity is one of the legislative purposes of the Children’s Code). In future cases, such
inquiry will not be satisfied by a pro forma ratification of the Department’s assertions that
such efforts have been made. Nor will the court’s or the child’s guardian ad litem’s duty of
inquiry be satisfied by leaving the full burden of locating and identifying relatives to the
parents of children in departmental custody who may, for any number of reasons, be unable
or unwilling to provide information about relatives. Rather, in order to comply with the
relatives search requirement of Section 32A-4-25.1(D), the court must conclude that the
Department, through all of its available resources, has met its affirmative duty to “identify
and locate . . . [and] conduct home studies on any appropriate relative expressing an interest
in providing permanency for the child.” Section 32A-4-25.1(D).
CONCLUSION
{62} We affirm the termination of Mother’s parental rights. We remand to the district
court with instructions to the Department to complete a home study on Colin and to look into
whether he would serve as an appropriate placement for Child. Afterward, the district court
shall conduct a subsequent hearing on whether placement with Colin would be in Child’s
best interest. The proceedings should occur on an expedited basis.
{63} IT IS SO ORDERED.
____________________________________
JONATHAN B. SUTIN, Judge
WE CONCUR:
____________________________________
MICHAEL D. BUSTAMANTE, Judge
____________________________________
CYNTHIA A. FRY, Judge
Topic Index for State ex rel. CYFD v. Laura J., Nos. 31,324/31,374
APPEAL AND ERROR
Remand
Standard of Review
Standing to Appeal
Substantial or Sufficient Evidence
CHILDREN
Children’s Code
21
Termination of Parental Rights
CIVIL PROCEDURE
Intervention
CONSTITUTIONAL LAW
Due Process
EVIDENCE
Clear and Convincing Evidence
STATUTES
Interpretation
Legislative Intent
22