State v. Chavez

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1 IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF NEW MEXICO
2 STATE OF NEW MEXICO,
3 Plaintiff-Appellee,
4 v. No. 31,487
5 JOSEPH CHAVEZ,
6 Defendant-Appellant.
7 APPEAL FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF SOCORRO COUNTY
8 Matthew G. Reynolds, District Judge
9 Gary K. King, Attorney General
10 Santa Fe, NM
11 for Appellee
12 Jacqueline Cooper, Chief Public Defender
13 Kathleen T. Baldridge, Assistant Appellate Defender
14 Santa Fe, NM
15 for Appellant
16 MEMORANDUM OPINION
17 BUSTAMANTE, Judge.
1 Defendant appeals from his conviction for armed robbery and two counts of
2 resisting an officer. This Court issued a calendar notice addressing Defendant’s
3 challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence supporting his armed robbery charge and
4 Defendant’s claim of ineffective assistance of counsel based on the failure of trial
5 counsel to adequately cross-examine witnesses. This Court issued a calendar notice
6 proposing to affirm. Defendant has filed a memorandum in opposition, and motion
7 to amend the docketing statement. Having considered Defendant’s arguments, we
8 deny Defendant’s motion to amend his docketing statement and affirm.
9 Sufficiency of Evidence to Support Armed Robbery
10 Defendant maintains that there was insufficient evidence to support his
11 conviction for armed robbery. Defendant contends that the State had to prove, among
12 other elements, that Defendant “took and carried away money and merchandise from
13 Pump & Save or from the immediate control of [the clerk].” [MIO 6] Defendant
14 contends that, although he had cash on him, “there was no testimony that the cash
15 could be traced to the store nor was there testimony that any of the merchandise was
16 found on [him] or in the car.” [MIO 7] Defendant, however, cites no authority to
17 establish that such testimony was necessary. See In re Adoption of Doe, 100 N.M.
18 764, 765, 676 P.2d 1329, 1330 (1984) (providing that an appellate court will not
19 consider an issue if no authority is cited in support of the issue, as absent cited
2
1 authority to support an argument, we assume no such authority exists). Moreover, we
2 conclude that the jury could have reasonably inferred that Defendant was the person
3 that brandished the knife and took money and merchandise from the store, based on
4 the clerk’s testimony alone. See State v. Cunningham, 2000-NMSC-009, ¶ 26, 128
5 N.M. 711, 998 P.2d 176 (“In reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence, we must view
6 the evidence in the light most favorable to the guilty verdict, indulging all reasonable
7 inferences and resolving all conflicts in the evidence in favor of the verdict.”).
8 To the extent Defendant relies on the knife not being recovered to argue
9 insufficient evidence, we noted in our proposed disposition that “[c]ontrary evidence
10 supporting acquittal does not provide a basis for reversal because the jury is free to
11 reject Defendant’s version of the facts,” and this Court does not reweigh evidence on
12 appeal. [CN 3] Defendant has not provided this Court with any authority to support
13 his argument that failure to locate the knife warrants reversal. We therefore affirm on
14 this issue. See State v. Ibarra, 116 N.M. 486, 489, 864 P.2d 302, 305 (Ct. App. 1993)
15 (“A party opposing summary disposition is required to come forward and specifically
16 point out errors in fact and/or law.”).
17 Ineffective Assistance of Counsel
18 Defendant challenges his convictions arguing that his right to effective
19 assistance of counsel was violated. In his docketing statement, Defendant asserted
3
1 that his counsel was ineffective based on counsel’s failure to adequately cross-
2 examine the clerk. In this Court’s proposed disposition, we pointed out that trial
3 counsel’s failure to ask specific questions on cross-examination is a matter of trial
4 strategy and tactics, and this Court “will not second guess the trial strategy and tactics
5 of the defense counsel.” [CN 4] We therefore proposed to conclude that Defendant
6 had not demonstrated ineffective assistance of counsel.
7 In response, Defendant argues that there was no reasonable trial tactic that could
8 explain counsel’s performance, and that had trial counsel adequately performed his
9 job the evidence would have overwhelmingly supported acquittal. [MIO 10]
10 However, even if this Court were to agree that there was no reasonable trial tactic to
11 justify trial counsel’s failure to cross-examine the clerk, Defendant has not indicated
12 what the fruits of an effective cross-examination would have been. Defendant’s
13 assertion that there would be overwhelming evidence to support acquittal is
14 insufficient to satisfy his burden of showing prejudice. See Duncan v. Kerby, 115
15 N.M. 344, 348-49, 851 P.2d 466, 470-71 (1993) (providing that prejudice must be
16 shown before a defendant is entitled to relief based on ineffective assistance of
17 counsel); In re Ernesto M., Jr., 1996-NMCA-039, ¶ 10, 121 N.M. 562, 915 P.2d 31818 (“An assertion of prejudice is not a showing of prejudice.”). Moreover, what
19 testimony could have been elicited is not part of the record on appeal. Thus, to the
4
1 extent such evidence exists, this issue may be more appropriately raised through
2 habeas corpus proceedings. See State v. Roybal, 2002-NMSC-027, ¶ 19, 132 N.M.
3 657, 54 P.3d 61 (“If facts necessary to a full determination are not part of the record,
4 an ineffective assistance claim is more properly brought through a habeas corpus
5 petition....”).
6 To the extent Defendant argues other grounds for ineffective assistance of
7 counsel, we treat those arguments as part of Defendant’s motion to amend since they
8 are being raised for the first time in Defendant’s memorandum in opposition.
9 Motion to Amend Docketing Statement
10 Defendant has moved this Court to amend his docketing statement to add an
11 additional issue: Whether the district court’s failure to instruct on the lesser included
12 offense of robbery was fundamental error. To the extent Defendant argues new
13 grounds for claiming ineffective assistance of counsel, we treat these arguments as
14 part of Defendant’s motion to amend.
15 The essential requirements to show good cause for our allowance of an
16 amendment to an appellant’s docketing statement are: (1) that the motion be timely,
17 (2) that the new issue sought to be raised was either (a) properly preserved below or
18 (b) allowed to be raised for the first time on appeal, and (3) the issues raised are
19 viable. See State v. Moore, 109 N.M. 119, 129, 782 P.2d 91, 101 (Ct. App. 1989),
5
1 overruled on other grounds by State v. Salgado, 112 N.M. 537, 817 P.2d 730 (Ct.
2 App. 1991).
3 To the extent Defendant wishes to amend his docketing statement to challenge
4 the district court’s failure to instruct on the lesser included offense of robbery as
5 constituting fundamental error, we deny Defendant’s motion to amend because the
6 issue is not viable. Fundamental error only exists in “cases with defendants who are
7 indisputably innocent, and cases in which a mistake in the process makes a conviction
8 fundamentally unfair notwithstanding the apparent guilt of the accused.” State v.
9 Barber, 2004-NMSC-019, ¶ 17, 135 N.M. 621, 92 P.3d 633. In order to obtain an
10 instruction on a lesser included offense, ‘[t]here must be some view of the evidence
11 pursuant to which the lesser offense is the highest degree of crime committed, and that
12 view must be reasonable.’” State v. Brown, 1998-NMSC-037, ¶ 12, 126 N.M. 338,
13 969 P.2d 313 (quoting State v. Curley, 1997-NMCA-038, ¶ 5, 123 N.M. 295, 939 P.2d
14 1103). The failure to give such an instruction is reversible error. State v. Brown,
15 1996-NMSC-073, ¶ 34, 122 N.M. 724, 931 P.2d 69.
16 Here, Defendant contends the jury was presented with evidence that a knife was
17 used, but that the knife was never found. [MIO 14] Thus, Defendant argues that the
18 jury could have viewed the evidence in this case as establishing that Defendant’s
19 actions amounted to robbery but not armed robbery. [MIO 13] However, evidence
6
1 that the knife was not found is not evidence that a knife was not used in the
2 commission of the crime. In State v. Sweat, 84 N.M. 122, 500 P.2d 207 (Ct. App.
3 1972), the defendant cross-examined the victim regarding whether the victim had
4 actually observed the defendant with a gun. Under those circumstances, a panel of
5 this Court held that the testimony did not give rise “to any other conclusion than that
6 the defendant committed the robbery while armed. Defendant was not entitled to have
7 the jury instructed on the lesser offenses because there was no evidence to establish
8 them.” Id. at 123, 500 P.2d at 208. Similarly, we conclude that in the instant case, the
9 mere fact that the Defendant pointed out that the knife was never recovered is
10 insufficient to establish that there is evidence to support a theory that a knife was not
11 used in the commission of the robbery. We therefore conclude that, even had counsel
12 requested the lesser-included instruction, it would not have been reversible error for
13 the district court to have refused it. It therefore cannot constitute fundamental error.
14 See State v. Benally, 2001-NMSC-033, ¶ 12, 131 N.M. 258, 34 P.3d 1134 (“If the
15 error has been preserved we review the instructions for reversible error. If not, we
16 review for fundamental error.” (internal quotation marks and citations omitted)). We
17 therefore deny Defendant’s motion to amend the docketing statement to include this
18 issue.
7
1 To the extent Defendant wishes to raise additional claims of ineffective
2 assistance of counsel, we conclude that Defendant has failed to demonstrate a prima
3 facie case of ineffective assistance based on the record below. “When an ineffective
4 assistance claim is first raised on direct appeal, we evaluate the facts that are part of
5 the record. If facts necessary to a full determination are not part of the record, an
6 ineffective assistance claim is more properly brought through a habeas corpus petition,
7 although an appellate court may remand a case for an evidentiary hearing if the
8 defendant makes a prima facie case of ineffective assistance.” Roybal,
9 2002-NMSC-027, ¶ 19 (citing State v. Swavola, 114 N.M. 472, 475, 840 P.2d 1238,
10 1241 (Ct. App. 1992)). “To establish a prima facie case of ineffective assistance of
11 counsel, Defendant must show that (1) counsel’s performance was deficient in that it
12 ‘fell below an objective standard of reasonableness;’ and (2) that Defendant suffered
13 prejudice in that there is ‘a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s
14 unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different.’” State
15 v. Aker, 2005-NMCA-063, ¶ 34, 137 N.M. 561, 113 P.3d 384 (quoting Lytle v.
16 Jordan, 2001-NMSC-016, ¶¶ 26-27, 130 N.M. 198, 22 P.3d 666) (internal quotation
17 marks and citation omitted)).
18 Here, Defendant contends that his trial counsel was ineffective for failing to (1)
19 move for a change of venue, (2) move to suppress Defendant’s statement that he “did
8
1 it,” (3) subpoena witnesses present during the alleged robbery, and (4) request a
2 lesser-included instruction. [MIO 9-10] However, Defendant has not demonstrated
3 how counsel’s failure to do any of these things “fell below an objective standard of
4 reasonableness” or would have changed the result of the proceedings below. For
5 example, Defendant has not indicated on what basis suppression should have been
6 argued in order to demonstrate that a motion to suppress would have been successful.
7 Similarly, Defendant has not indicated what testimony the witnesses he claims counsel
8 was deficient in not subpoenaing would have provided or how that would have
9 impacted the jury’s decision to convict him. Finally, to the extent Defendant contends
10 that his counsel was ineffective based on his failure to request a lesser-included
11 instruction on robbery, as we discussed above, a lesser-included instruction on
12 robbery is not appropriate in this case. Thus, counsel was not deficient in failing to
13 request the instruction. Because we conclude that Defendant has not demonstrated
14 that his ineffective assistance claims are viable, we deny Defendant’s motion to amend
15 the docketing statement to include additional claims of ineffective assistance of
16 counsel.
17 For the reasons stated above and in this Court’s notice of proposed disposition,
18 we affirm.
19 IT IS SO ORDERED.
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1
2 MICHAEL D. BUSTAMANTE, Judge
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1 WE CONCUR:
2
3 JONATHAN B. SUTIN, Judge
4
5 RODERICK T. KENNEDY, Judge
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