Moffett v. . Elmendorf

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[EDITORS' NOTE: THIS PAGE CONTAINS HEADNOTES. HEADNOTES ARE NOT AN OFFICIAL PRODUCT OF THE COURT, THEREFORE THEY ARE NOT DISPLAYED.] The plaintiff, who is one of the devisees named in the sixth clause of the will, seeks to partition the lands devised thereby, except such parts thereof as were sold by the testator in his lifetime. Her right to partition is not disputed, and it is conceded that each of the six surviving devisees mentioned in said clause has title to an undivided eighth of the premises in question. The contest arises over the undivided two-eighths devised to Catherine and Cornelius R. Elwell, which are claimed by various parties upon the following grounds: Mrs. Kate Duryea, the widow, claims that the gifts to those decedents lapsed because they died before the testator, and that she takes the estate represented by such devisees as residuary legatee under the second clause of the will.

The defendants Pierrepont and Harmanus Duryea claim that, as brothers of the half-blood, they are the sole heirs at law of the testator, and that, the devises having lapsed, they take as residuary devisees under the tenth clause.

The defendants King also claim under the tenth clause, but upon the ground that, as cousins of the whole blood of the mother, they are the heirs at law as to seven-eighths of the estate covered by the devise alleged to have lapsed, because that proportion of the property in question came to the testator by devise, under the wills of maternal ancestors, and that Pierrepont and Harmanus Duryea are not of the blood of those ancestors.

The defendant John D. Elwell claims that the gift in the sixth clause was to the devisees therein named as a class, and that the survivors, of whom he is one, take the whole.

It will be convenient to first consider whether the shares in question passed to the devisees of the sixth clause, as a class, with the right of survivorship, or lapsing, fell into theresiduum and passed under one of the residuary clauses. The answer to this question depends on the intention of the testator, which is to be learned from reading the whole will, aided, if there is any ambiguity, by a reference to such extrinsic facts as were known to the testator when he executed it. The mode of the gift is to "my aunt," giving her full name, and to "my cousins," giving the full name of each, and adding "each to take an equal share therein."

Thus, we have a devise to eight persons, each designated by name, with nothing on the face of the will to indicate that they compose a class, or even that they are members of the same family, although it appears from evidence outside of the will that they constituted the Elwell family, consisting of a mother and her seven children. The words "aunt" and "cousins," as thus used, may properly be regarded as merely descriptive of the persons named for the purpose of identification, and not as indicating a class. There is no reference in any other portion of the will, either to the devisees of the sixth clause or to the estate devised therein. There is no double description, both by individual names and as a class, nor a gift to a body of persons, uncertain in number, collectively described. The devise was to eight person nominatim, in equal shares, with no words necessarily pointing to a class. There is nothing in the rest of the will that bears upon the intention of the testator as to the point under consideration, aside from the residuary clauses which prevent partial intestacy, except that it appears when he wished to give to a class, as he did in the second clause, or to provide against a lapse, as he did in the seventh clause, he made his meaning clear beyond a doubt by the use of express terms. The designation of the devisees by giving the full name of each constituted them personæ designatæ as those words are known in the law. There was no perfect devise except to the devisees by name. Omitting the names, the gift would fail for uncertainty, as the testator had more than one aunt and more than seven cousins. "In a gift to a class you look to the description and inquire what individuals answer to it, and those who do answer to it are the legatees described." (13 Am. Eng. Ency. of Law, 61.) While the mere fact that part of the persons composing a class are named is not controlling, when all are named, each by his or her name in full, and an equal share is given to each, the presumption is that they are to take in their individual and not in their collective capacity, although this may be rebutted by other parts of the will showing a different intention, which, as we have seen, does not appear in the will in question. (3 Jarman on Wills, 8; Woerner's Am. Law of Adm. § 434.) As was said by Judge COMSTOCK in Savage v.Burnham (17 N.Y. 561, 575): "When a will directs an aggregate fund to be divided amongst individuals by name, share and share alike, the rule seems to be well settled that the interests of those dying before the testator are deemed to have lapsed." The courts invariably attach great importance to the designation of the devisees severally by name, and to a provision that they shall share the gift in fixed and definite proportions. To quote Judge COMSTOCK again: "When an equality or inequality of shares is prescribed in express words, the language was always held to create" the relation of tenants in common. (Downing v.Marshall, 23 N.Y. 366, 373.) When it so happens that the devise is to a class, as such, without naming the individuals or providing that each shall take a definite share, as was the case in Magaw v. Field (48 N.Y. 668), where the gift was "to the children of Van Brund Magaw," it is held a gift to a class, and that only the survivors take. Necessarily, where the devisees are described as a class only, their names not being mentioned, and there is nothing to indicate a gift to individuals, the gift is to a class as such, and not to particular persons who may compose a class. If they did not take as a class, they could not take at all. In Hoppock v. Tucker (59 N.Y. 202) the devise was to three persons by name, and as "the children of my deceased daughter Ann Maria." The court, through Chief Judge CHURCH, said: "It must be conceded that the clause, as it is written, with its double description, free from the influence or control of other portions of the will, would, according to the adjudicated cases, be construed as a personal legacy to each child. (Ashling v. Knowles, 3 Drewry, 593; Viner v. Francis, 2 Cox Eq. 190; Denn v. Gaskin, Cowp. 657; Bain v. Lescher, 11 Sim. 397.) The law infers this intent from the specification of names, and regards the descriptive portion of the clause as intended for identification." The court concluded, however, wholly from other and quite significant language used in a different part of the will then under consideration that the devisees took as a class, the intention of the testator to that effect plainly appearing. In Matter of Wells (113 N.Y. 396) the devise was of "one-eighth part to each of five persons named and one-eighth part to the children of three other persons" * * * "``to have and to hold the same to them, their heirs and assigns forever.'" Four of the devisees having died before the testator, it was held that the devise to them lapsed. In Matter of Kimberly (150 N.Y. 90), where the gift was "unto my three sisters, Mary, Annie and Louisa," the court held that it was not to them as joint tenants, nor as a class, but as tenants in common, and, as one of the three died before the testator, that her devise lapsed, although the result was partial intestacy. The court based its conclusion upon the ground that the number of the donees was certain, and the share each was to receive was also certain and in no way dependent for its amount upon the number who might survive.

We find no precedent of this court authorizing the conclusion that the devisees of the sixth clause took as a class. We think that by naming the devisees and giving an equal share to each, without the use of any word applying strictly to a class, or anything requiring a class to satisfy the scheme of the will, the testator intended to make the beneficiaries of that clause tenants in common, and that they should take distributively and not collectively. The lapsed devises went into the residue, as the common-law rule to the contrary has been done away with by statute, and there is no longer any difference as to the operation of a residuary clause between lapsed devises and lapsed legacies. (Cruikshank v. Home for the Friendless, 113 N.Y. 337,353; 2 R.S. 57, § 5.)

The discussion is now narrowed to the residuary devisees, but it is not easy to determine under what residuary clause the lapsed devises passed. It is clear that the testator did not intend to die intestate as to any portion of his property, either real or personal, for there are three residuary clauses in his will. The first is unimportant, as it relates to personal property only, except as it shows unusual care to provide against every possible contingency that the uncertainty of life might bring and to protect his estate from partial intestacy, no matter what might happen. Having his wife first in mind, he gave all his personal estate to her, if she should survive him; but if he proved the survivor, or if they both died on the same day or by reason of the same casualty, he gave it to his next of kin.

The second and third residuary clauses, relating exclusively to real estate, appear in the second and tenth paragraphs of the will. By the former, which may be termed the special residuary clause, he continued to favor his wife, for he gave her all his real estate, not otherwise given, unless he should leave descendants, and in that event he gave all to her and to them. He did not, however, by this clause, which disposed of more property than any other paragraph in his will, provide against contingencies involving partial intestacy with the same care that he showed in disposing of his personal property, for he failed to direct where the residuum of his real estate should go in case he survived his wife and died without descendants. There was another contingency left unprovided for, and that was the possibility that his wife might not accept the provisions of his will in lieu of dower, as he had previously required. As his property consisted mainly of real estate, this was of much importance and was not likely to be overlooked in a will drawn with the care and foresight of the one under consideration. By the tenth clause, however, which is a general residuary clause relating to real property, he provided against both of these contingencies and thereby shut out the last possibility of partial intestacy. He evidently regarded it as a safety clause and adopted it to provide against remote contingencies. That he did not expect any residuum for this paragraph to act upon, is indicated by his expression, "if any there prove to be," referring to real estate. The gift "to those who may be my heirs at law at the time of my decease," indicates that he thought he was dealing with possibilities rather than probabilities, and thus supports the theory of a safety clause. Apparently he did not expect that anything would pass by the tenth clause, but inserted it from abundant caution in order to provide for an improbable contingency. The codicil throws little light on the question before us. Although it was executed after the death of at least one of his devisees, and it revoked the contingent devise of a large amount of real estate in the eight clause, still he did not direct to whom the gifts thus affected should go, except as he had already directed in the residuary clauses of his will. The fact that he made no further disposition of the subject-matter, simply shows that he was satisfied with the way it would go under the general provisions of his will. As the codicil gave to strangers about one-fourth of the personal property bequeathed by the will to his wife, it is reasonable to believe that he intended to make it up to her by allowing her to take the addition to the real estate not specifically disposed of Provisions for the benefit of a wife should be construed liberally in her favor. It is clear that he did not intend by the tenth clause to revoke the prior devise to his wife, as that would be hostile to his general purpose, and would render the provisions for her of less value than her rights under the statute. (Stimson v. Vroman, 99 N.Y. 74, 80;Thurber v. Chambers, 66 N.Y. 42, 48.) This could be done "only by express words or by clear and undoubted implication." (Freeman v. Coit, 96 N.Y. 63, 68; Roseboom v. Roseboom,81 N.Y. 356; Bristow v. Masefield, 52 L.J.R., Ch. Div. 27.) If the lapsed devises had been expressly revoked, it would hardly be contended that they fell into the tenth clause. Why should it be so held under the facts as they exist, since the dominant purpose of the testator was to take care of his wife? His first thought was of her and his intention to take from her and give to remote relatives, whom he could not mention by name, should plainly appear, or the theory rejected as untenable. It is not enough to simply raise doubts by considering detached parts of the will by themselves, provided the general purpose of the instrument, as a whole, points in the opposite direction. Special reliance is made by those appellants whose claims are now under consideration, upon the gift by the second clause of all his real estate, "except the portions thereof hereinafter otherwise given or disposed of * * * in like manner to my said wife." It is insisted that he thus imported into the second clause and applied to the real estate the contingencies applied in the first clause to personal property. It is improbable, however, that in a will so carefully drawn, such a loose and ambiguous method would have been adopted simply to avoid repeating a few words, and manifestly the gift in the second clause was not made "in like manner" to that in the first, for the conditions and terms of the gift are utterly different, even if the imported words are inserted. The devise "in like manner" refers to the gift to the wife and may have been used in the sense of "also," to indicate a gift to her in addition to that made by the preceding clause; or, it may have been used to refer to the basis of the gift, in that it was to be accepted in lieu of dower, the same as the bequest of the personal property. So the gift of all but certain excepted portions "otherwise given or disposed of" may refer to gifts effectually made, as distinguished from those which might lapse. By general rule, the will speaks from the death of the testator, and as to the second and tenth clauses, this is necessarily the result, at least in part, independent of the rule, for until that time it could not be known whether he would leave any children or not, or who would be his "heirs at law." Speaking as of that date, lapsed legacies would be ignored the same as if they had not been made. Moreover, a gift of "all other land," or of "all land not hereinbefore devised," is regarded as a devise of the residue, and not as indicating an intention "to exclude lapsed specific gifts." (Cogswell v. Armstrong, 2 K. J. 227; Green v. Dunn, 20 Beav. 6; Culsha v. Cheese, 7 Hare, 236; Carter v. Haswell, 26 L.J. Ch. 576; Burton v.Newbery, L.R. [1 Ch. Div.] 241; Roberts v. Cooke, 16 Vesey, 451.) While the arguments of the learned counsel for the appellants founded on the tenth clause and parts of the second, have caused us to hesitate before pronouncing judgment, we think that the general purpose of the will as indicated by the analysis already made should control. The second and tenth clauses are not necessarily inconsistent, for if the former is construed as a special residuary clause, to be operative unless the widow should die first, or should refuse to accept the provisions of the will in lieu of dower, and the latter as a general residuary clause, to be operative in case either of said contingencies should happen, there is no inconsistency, and every part of the will speaks and is given its apparent function. This impresses us as more reasonable and probable, in view of all the facts, than to suppose that the testator was trying to provide for lapsed legacies which would render the said clauses inconsistent. Seeking to gather the intention of the testator from the entire will, as republished in the codicil, and carefully studying his main design, based on the natural import of the words used by him, we think that the nearest approach to his actual purpose that can be made is to adjudge that he intended his "beloved wife Kate Duryea" should be his sole residuary devisee, unless he should survive her, or she should insist upon her statutory rights.

The judgment should, therefore, be affirmed, with costs.

All concur.

Judgment affirmed.