Tilden v. . Green

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[EDITORS' NOTE: THIS PAGE CONTAINS HEADNOTES. HEADNOTES ARE NOT AN OFFICIAL PRODUCT OF THE COURT, THEREFORE THEY ARE NOT DISPLAYED.] Samuel J. Tilden died in August, 1886, leaving a last will and testament dated in April, 1884. He left surviving him as his only next of kin and heirs at law one sister, two nephews, one of whom is the plaintiff in this action, and four nieces.

The defendants Bigelow, Green and Smith, were by the will appointed the executors thereof, and trustees of the trusts therein created, and the will having been duly admitted to probate in October, 1886, they immediately qualified and entered upon the discharge of their duties as such.

This action was brought to obtain a construction of the will. By the complaint the thirty-third, thirty-fourth, and thirty-fifth articles were assailed as being invalid, but upon the trial no question was raised as to the two first named and no determination in respect thereto was made.

The Supreme Court held that the effect of the thirty-fifth and thirty-ninth articles of the will was to create one general trust for charitable purposes, embracing the entire residuary estate and vested in the trustees a discretion with respect to the disposition of such estate by them. That the testator did not intend to, and did not confer upon any person or persons, any enforceable right to any portion of said residuary estate and did not designate any beneficiary who was or would be entitled to demand the execution of the trust in his or its behalf and declared the provision of the will relating to the disposal of the residuary estate for such reasons illegal and void.

It is essential to a proper understanding of the will to read the two articles above named together and they are here quoted, the last being placed first.

"Thirty-ninth. I hereby devise and bequeath to my said executors and trustees and to their successors in the trust hereby created and to the survivors or survivor of them, all the rest, residue and remainder of all the property, real and personal, of whatever name or nature, and wheresoever situated of which I may be seized or possessed, or to which I may be entitled at the time of my decease, which may remain after instituting the several trusts for the benefit of specific persons; and after making provision for the specific bequests and objects as herein directed, to have and to hold the same unto my said executors and trustees, and to their successors in the trust hereby created, and the survivors or survivor of them in trust, to possess, hold, manage and take care of the same during a period not exceeding two lives in being; that is to say, the lives of my niece, Ruby S. Tilden, and my grandneice Susie Whittlesey, and until the decease of the survivor of the said two persons, and after deducting all necessary and proper expenses, to apply the same and the proceeds thereof to the objects and purposes mentioned in this my will."

"Thirty-fifth. I request my said executors and trustees to obtain, as speedily as possible, from the legislature an act of incorporation of an institution to be known as the ``Tilden Trust' with capacity to establish and maintain a free library and reading-room in the city of New York, and to promote such scientific and educational objects as my said executors and trustees may more particularly designate. Such corporation shall have not less than five trustees, with power to fill vacancies in their number; and in case said institution shall be incorporated in a form and manner satisfactory to my said executors and trustees during the life-time of the survivor of the two lives in being upon which the trust of my general estate herein created is limited, to wit.: the lives of Ruby S. Tilden and Susie Whittlesey, I hereby authorize my said executors and trustees to organize the said corporation, designate the first trustees thereof, and to convey or apply to the use of the same the rest, residue and remainder of all my real and personal estate not specifically disposed of by this instrument, or so much thereof as they may deem expedient, but subject nevertheless, to the special trusts herein directed to be constituted for particular persons, and to the obligations to make and keep good the said special trusts, provided that the said corporation shall be authorized by law to assume the obligations. But in case such institution shall not be so incorporated during the life-time of the survivor of the said Ruby S. Tilden and Susie Whittlesey, or if for any cause or reason my said executors and trustees shall deem it inexpedient to convey the said rest, residue and remainder, or any part thereof, or to apply the same or any part thereof to said institution, I authorize my said executors and trustees to apply the rest, residue and remainder of my property, real and personal, after making good the said special trusts herein directed to be constituted or such portion thereof as they may not deem it expedient to apply to its use, to such charitable, educational and scientific purposes as in the judgment of my said executors and trustees will render the said rest, residue and remainder of my property most widely and substantially beneficial to the interests of mankind."

On March 26, 1887, subsequent to the commencement of this action, the legislature passed an act incorporating the "Tilden Trust" and authorizing it to establish and maintain a free library and reading-room in the city of New York. The institution was organized, and the executors and trustees made to it a conveyance of the residuary estate and the conveyance was formally accepted by the trustees thereof.

The law is settled in this state that a certain designated beneficiary is essential to the creation of a valid trust.

The remark of Judge WRIGHT in Levy v. Levy (33 N.Y. 107), that "if there is a single postulate of the common law established by an unbroken line of decisions it is that a trust without a certain beneficiary who can claim its enforcement is void" has been repeated and reiterated by recent decisions of this court (Prichard v. Thompson, 95 N.Y. 76; Holland v.Alcock, 108 id. 312; Read v. Williams, 125 id. 560), and the objection is not obviated by the existence of a power in the trustees to select a beneficiary unless the class of persons in whose favor the power may be exercised has been designated by the testator with such certainty that the court can ascertain who were the objects of the power.

The equitable rule that prevailed in the English Court of Chancery known as the cy pres doctrine and which was applied to uphold gifts for charitable purposes when no beneficiary was named has no place in the jurisprudence of this state. (Holmes v. Mead, 52 N.Y. 336; Holland v. Alcock, supra.)

If the Tilden Trust is but one of the beneficiaries which the trustees may select as an object of the testator's bounty, then it is clear and conceded by the appellants that the power conferred by the will upon the executors is void for indefiniteness and uncertainty in objects and purposes. The range of selection is unlimited. It is not confined to charitable institutions of this state or of the United States but embraces the whole world. Nothing could be more indefinite or uncertain, and broader and more unlimited power could not be conferred than to apply the estate to "such charitable, educational and scientific purposes as in the judgment of my executors will render said residue of my property most widely and substantially beneficial to mankind."

"A charitable use where neither law or public policy forbids may be applied to almost anything that tends to promote the well doing and well being of social man." (Perry on Trusts, § 637.)

Unless, therefore, within the rules which control courts in the construction of wills we can separate the provision in reference to the Tilden Trust from the general direction as to the disposition of the testator's residuary estate, contained in the last clause of the thirty-fifth article, and find therein that a preferential right to some or all of such estate is given to that institution when incorporated, and one which the court at the suit of said institution could enforce within the two lives which limit the trust, we must, within the principle of the cases cited, declare such provisions of the will invalid and affirm the judgment of the Supreme Court. The appellants claim that the power conferred upon the executors to endow the Tilden Trust may be upheld independent of the invalidity of the power given to apply the estate to such charities as would most widely benefit mankind.

The proposition is that by the thirty-fifth article the testator made two distinct alternative provisions for the disposition of his residuary estate. One primary for the incorporation and endowment of the Tilden Trust, the other ulterior and to be effectual only in case the executors deemed it inexpedient to apply the residue to that corporation, and it is claimed that this provision of the will constitutes a trust to be executed for the benefit of the Tilden Trust or confers upon the trustees a power in trust or that it constitutes a gift in the nature of an executory devise.

The latter proposition rests upon the assumption that there is by the will a primary gift complete and perfect in itself to the Tilden Trust that vests the title in that corporation immediately upon its creation.

That a valid devise or bequest may be limited to a corporation to be created after the death of the testator, provided it is called into being within the time allowed for the vesting of future estates, is not denied. (Perry on Trusts, 372, § 736.)

That question was decided in Inglis v. Trustees of theSailors' Snug Harbour (3 Peters, 99), and in Burrill v.Boardman (43 N.Y. 254).

In those cases the gift was treated as in the nature of an executory devise dependent upon the incorporation of the institution contemplated by the will and which would vest upon the occurrence of that event.

But in view of the language of the will before us that proposition cannot be maintained here.

By an executory devise a freehold was limited to commence in the future and needed no particular estate to support it. It arose upon the happening of a specified event and the fee descended to the heir at law until the contingency happened. By our Revised Statutes executory devises are abolished and expectant estates are substituted in their place, and such estates when the contingency happens upon which they are limited vest by force of the instrument creating them and this right in the expectant cannot be defeated by any person. But the testator here intended not to create such an estate. The Tilden Trust takes nothing by virtue of the will. The residuary estate is vested in the trustees or intended to be and it is solely by their action that it is to become vested in the Tilden Trust.

It is only in case that the executors deem it expedient so to do that they are to convey the whole or any part of the residue to the Tilden Trust. Whether that corporation should take anything rested wholly in the discretion of the executors, as the expediency or inexpediency of an act is always a matter of pure discretion. (2 Perry on Trusts, §§ 506, 507.)

Every expression used in the will indicates the bestowal of complete discretionary power to convey or not to convey, and the creation and bestowal of such a power in the executors is wholly opposed to and fatal to the existence of an executory devise.

In this respect the case differs from those cited.

In Inglis v. The Sailors' Snug Harbour, there was no trust created, no discretion vested in the executor, no conveyance to be made after the testator's death. His intention to give his property to a corporation to be created to carry out his charitable purpose was clear. Such was the fact also in Burrill v. Boardman.

By the will in that case the property was given directly to the corporation which the testator contemplated should be created after his death. No trust was created and no discretion was bestowed upon the executors to determine whether the corporation should or should not have it.

Once created, the property by force of the will vested in the corporation. The only similarity between that case and this is that the trustees there, as here, were directed to apply to the legislature for an act of incorporation. In case the legislature refused to grant a liberal charter then the trustees were directed to pay over the estate to the government of the United States.

But no discretion was given to the executors to determine upon any event whether or not the corporation once created should take the property.

"Nothing" said Chief Justice CHURCH "can be more certain than that the testator designed that the title to the funds or property in the possession of the trustees or elsewhere which was included in the residuary clause should vest in the corporation immediately upon its creation."

"An application was to be made to the legislature, after the testator's death, for a charter. If obtained the bequest would take effect; if not it would go the ulterior donee. If the corporation applied for and granted should not be liberal and in accordance with the provisions of the will, the ulterior donee or next of kin could challenge its right to take the bequest. It would then become a judicial question." So clearly no question in that case was left to the judgment of the trustees. They were not to determine even whether the charter was a liberal one. That was a question for the court that would have been decided in any contest over the property between the corporation and the next of kin or ulterior donee. A discretionary power in executors or trustees was not, therefore, an element in the Burrill case. Not so here. Here we have the unlimited authority delegated to the executors to withhold the entire property from the corporation if they choose so to do. There the corporation once created was vested immediately by force of the will with the title to the property. Here, although the corporation may be created in a form and manner satisfactory to the trustees, it takes nothing unless the executors, considering every cause and reason, deem it expedient to convey to it some or all of the residuary estate.

In the Burrill case the testator made a direct gift to a designated beneficiary, the Roosevelt hospital. In this case Mr. Tilden gave nothing to the Tilden Trust, but simply authorized his executors to endow it if, in their judgment and discretion, they should deem it expedient. Moreover after creating numerous special trusts and setting apart portions of his real estate for such several special trust funds, the testator, by the thirty-ninth article of the will, gives the whole of the residuary estate to his executors in trust for the purposes mentioned in the thirty-fifth article, bestowing upon them so far as language could do so, the title to all the property to be held and possessed during the lives of his niece Ruby S. Tilden and his grandniece Susie Whittlesey, and which he denominated the "General Trust" of his estate. He clearly intended by this provision to create an active trust in his whole residuary estate and to give to his executors a discretionary power to give such part of it as they deemed expedient to the Tilden Trust, or to withhold all from it. Having intended to convey so far as he was able to do the title to his whole estate to trustees, nothing was left that could be the subject of a gift to the Tilden Trust.

We come, therefore, to the consideration of the question whether the thirty-fifth article can be upheld as constituting a separate trust or power in trust for the benefit of the Tilden Trust.

The affirmative of this question can be maintained only by considering the direction to convey to the Tilden Trust as a power separate by itself and distinct and independent from the power to convey to such charitable purposes as in the judgment of the trustees would be most widely and substantially beneficial to mankind.

The latter provision is eliminated from the will altogether by the appellants, and then the instrument is construed as if the eliminated provision had never existed.

The appellants invoke the aid of the principle that where several trusts are created by a will which are independent of each other, and each complete in itself, some of which are lawful and others unlawful, and which may be separated from each other, the illegal trusts may be cut off and the legal ones permitted to stand.

This rule is of frequent application in the construction of wills, but it can be applied only in aid and assistance of the manifest intent of the testator, and never where it would lead to a result contrary to the purpose of the will or work injustice among the beneficiaries, or defeat the testator's scheme for the disposal of his property.

The rule as applied in all reported cases recognizes this limitation, that when some of the trusts in a will are legal and some illegal, if they are so connected together as to constitute an entire scheme, so that the presumed wishes of the testator would be defeated if one portion was retained and other portions rejected, or if manifest injustice would result from such construction to the beneficiaries, or some of them, then all the trusts must be construed together and all must be held illegal and must fall. (Manice v. Manice, 43 N.Y. 303; Van Schuyver v. Mulford, 59 id. 426; Knox v. Jones, 47 id. 389;Benedict v. Webb, 98 id. 460; Kennedy v. Hoy, 105 id. 135.)

The cases cited fairly illustrate the practical application of this rule by the courts.

In Knox v. Jones the testator created one trust to receive and pay over the income of his estate to his brother for his life and then to his sisters, with cross-limitations over as between them, remainder to the children of his sister Georgiana, and in default of children to Columbia college. This court held the whole trust invalid and refused to sustain the provision in behalf of the testator's brother on the ground that there was but a single trust which provided for all the beneficiaries, and that they were all embraced in a common purpose. That the several provisions of a single trust could not be severed, and those that violated the statute against perpetuities dropped and the others sustained. In Van Schuyver v. Mulford a gift to the testator's wife of the rents and income and profits of the estate during life was upheld and declared to be valid, although the devise over might be void on the ground that the gift to the wife was separate and distinct from the other provision of the will and had no effect beyond her life or upon the ultimate disposition of the estate.

In Benedict v. Webb, the testator created separate trusts in two-thirds of his estate for the benefit of his four children. Three of the trusts were held to be valid and one invalid on the ground that the trust term transgressed the statute. But the court refused to sustain the valid trusts on the ground that to do so would defeat the intention of the testator in the disposition of his property and work injustice among the beneficiaries by permitting three of the children to take under their respective trusts and also as heirs at law in the one-fourth as to which the trust was declared invalid.

The result of these and all other cases is that in applying the rule invoked by the appellants, which permits unlawful trusts to be eliminated from the will, and those that are lawful to be enforced, we must not violate the intention of the testator, or destroy the scheme that he has created for the disposition of his property.

We may enforce and effectuate his will and give full effect to his intent, provided it does not violate any cardinal rule of law, but we cannot make a new will or build up a scheme for the purpose of carrying out what might be thought was or would be in accordance with his wishes.

At the threshold of every suit for the construction of a will lies the rule that the court must give such construction to its provisions as will effectuate the general intent of the testator as expressed in the whole instrument. It may transpose words and phrases and read its provisions in an order different from that in which they appear in the instrument, insert or leave out provisions if necessary, but only in aid of the testator's intent and purpose. Never to devise a new scheme or to make a new will.

The fact that the executors of the will applied to the legislature and procured the incorporation of the Tilden Trust in a form and manner satisfactory to themselves, and have deemed it expedient to convey to it the whole residuary estate and have executed a conveyance thereof, is not a matter for consideration in this connection. This point was considered in Holland v.Alcock and in Read v. Williams (supra), and it was held that the validity of the power depended upon its nature and not on its execution. In the latter case, the testator bequeathed the residue of his estate "to such charitable institutions and in such proportion as my executors by and with the advice of my friend Rev. John Hall, D.D., shall choose and designate." And prior to the commencement of the action, the executors, with the advice of Dr. Hall, made a written choice and designation of certain incorporated institutions existing under the laws of this state, among whom they directed the residuary estate to be divided. The fact of selection was not deemed material and the will was declared invalid.

The rights of heirs and next of kin exist under the Statutes of Descent and Distribution, and vest immediately upon the death of the testator.

If the trust or power attempted to be created by the will, or the disposition therein made is valid, their rights are subject to it, but if invalid, they immediately become entitled to the property. Hence the existence of a valid trust is essential to one claiming as trustee to withhold the property from the heir or next of kin. What a trustee or donee of a power may do becomes, therefore, immaterial. What he does must be done under a valid power, or the act is unlawful. If the power exercised is unauthorized, the act is of no force or validity. In such case there is no trust or power. There is nothing but an unauthorized act ineffectual for any purpose.

It is not deemed material to the decision of the question now under consideration whether the provisions of the will relating to the residuary estate are regarded as constituting a trust or a power in trust, except so far as that fact may be indicative of the testator's intention.

If there was a trust, then the executors took title to the residuary estate, but if there is created a valid power in trust, it will be executed with substantially the same effect as if the will created a trust estate. But section 58 of the Statute of Uses and Trusts, which declares that when an express trust is created for any purpose not enumerated in the foregoing sections, no estate shall vest in the trustees, but the trust, if directing the performance of an act which may be lawfully performed under a power, should be valid as a power in trust, is not, of course, susceptible of the construction that a trust invalid because in conflict with some cardinal rule of law could be upheld as a power.

Every trust necessarily includes a power. There is always something to be done to the trust property and the trustee is empowered to do it, and if the trust is invalid because the power to dispose of the property is not one that the law recognizes, it cannot be upheld as a power in trust. The rules applicable to the execution of trusts in this respect are equally applicable to the execution of powers, and as it is of no particular importance in this case in whom the title to the residuary estate is vested, it is not material to the decision whether the provisions of the will are examined as a trust or as a power in trust. The purpose of the trust is lawful, and personal property which constitutes the greater part of the testator's estate was a proper subject of the trust that the testator intended, and if it is invalid, it is because the power conferred on the trustees for the disposal of the estate is so uncertain and indefinite that its execution cannot be controlled or enforced by the courts.

In Prichard v. Thompson, the legal title to the fund was vested in the executors in trust. In Read v. Williams, the executors were given a power in trust. But the court said there was in that respect no legal distinction, and the power in the latter, as the trust in the former case, was declared invalid.

But the nature of the estate which the testator intended to convey to his trustees and the nature of the power intended to be delegated to them is of importance in ascertaining his intent and determining what was the scheme that he had for the disposal of his property. By our Revised Statutes (vol. 1, p. 733), powers, as they existed by the common law, were abolished, and thereafter their creation, construction and execution were to be governed by statute. They are classified as general and special, beneficial and in trust. A beneficial power is one that has for its object the grantee of the power, and is executed solely for his benefit. (§ 79.) Trust powers, on the other hand, have for their object persons other than the grantee, and are executed solely for the benefit of such other persons. (§§ 94, 95.) Trust powers are imperative, and their performance may be compelled in equity, unless their execution or non-execution is made expressly to depend on the will of the grantee. (§ 96.) And a trust power does not cease to be imperative where the grantee of the power has the right of selection among a class of objects. (§ 97.) And sections one hundred and one hundred and one make provision for the execution by a court of equity of trust powers where the trustee dies, or where the testator has created a valid power, but has omitted to designate a person to execute it. A trust power, to be valid, therefore, must designate some person, or class of persons, other than the grantee of the power, as its objects, and it must be exercised for the sole benefit of such designated beneficiary, and its execution may be compelled in equity. A non-enforceable trust power is an impossibility under our law, unless, by the instrument creating it, it is expressly made to depend for its execution on the will of the grantee.

In every case where the trust is valid as a power, the lands to which the trust relates remain in or descend to the persons otherwise entitled, subject to the execution of the trust as a power. (1 R.S. 729, § 59.)

Before applying these rules to the case before us, our duty is to ascertain the testator's intent from an inspection of the will, and for this purpose we must read the whole instrument, including the provisions admitted to be void. Those provisions, though ineffectual to dispose of the property, cannot be obliterated when examining it for the purpose of ascertaining the testator's intention. (Van Kleeck v. Dutch Church, 20 Wend. 457; Kiah v. Grenier, 56 N.Y. 220.)

The prominent fact in the testator's will is that he intended to give his property to charity. He intended that none of his heirs or next of kin should take any of it, except such as he gave to them through the several special trusts that he created for their benefit. He emphasized this purpose in the last article of his will by providing that any of them who should institute or share in any proceeding to oppose the probate of the will, or to impeach, impair, or to set aside or invalidate any of its provisions, should be excluded from any participation in the estate, and the portion to which he or she might otherwise be entitled to under its provisions should be devoted to such charitable purposes as his executors should designate. To the accomplishment of this purpose, he intended to create a trust, and doubtless believed that he created a valid one. He created numerous trusts for the benefit of his relatives and for the creation of other libraries and reading-rooms. These he denominated "Special Trusts." In the thirty-ninth article he devised and bequeathed to his executors and "to their successors in the trust hereby created, and to the survivor and survivors of them," all the rest and residue of his property, "to have and to hold the same unto my said executors and trustees and to their successors in the trust hereby created * * * to possess, hold and manage the same" during the lives of his neice, Ruby S. Tilden, and his grand-niece, Susie Whittlesey, and "to apply the same and the proceeds thereof to the objects and purposes mentioned in this my will." He gave to his executors the power to collect the income of the whole estate, that which was set apart in the special trusts and that constituting the trust of the residuary estate. The trust of the residuary estate he denominated the "General Trust," and in the twenty-sixth article he gives direction as to the disposition of the surplus income "during the continuance of the trust of my general estate."

It is clear, therefore, that the testator intended to create a trust of his residuary estate, and in plain, unequivocal language he indicated his purpose to be that the trustees should be vested with the title to the property until they should divest themselves of it in carrying out the purposes mentioned in the will, and which are to be found in the thirty-fifth article. Turning to this article, the important feature is that the power there given to the trustees, and the only power that could absolutely effectuate the testator's intent to devote his property to charity, was an imperative one.

There is no discretion to be exercised upon the question whether the property shall go to charitable purposes. There is no act involving that disposition of the property the execution of which is made to depend on the will of the trustees.

Discretion there is as to the objects of the charity, but none as to the general disposition of the estate. If the Tilden Trust is incorporated in a form and manner satisfactory to the trustees they are authorized to convey to that institution the whole residue or so much thereof as they shall deem expedient, and if for any cause or reason they deem it inexpedient to endow that institution with the whole or any part of the residue, then to apply the same or such part as they do not apply to the use of the Tilden Trust to such charitable purposes as they shall deem most widely beneficial to mankind.

The object and purpose in this scheme of the testator is, therefore, a devotion of his estate to charity.

But it is said that the Tilden Trust represents an intention different from and alternative to the gift to the charitable, educational and scientific purposes mentioned in the last clause of the article. That the authority to endow it that is vested in the trustees is a primary power and the power to devote the estate to the other undefined purposes is ulterior.

That while the latter is imperative in its character, the former is discretionary wholly, and depends for its execution upon the will of the trustees, and that each power stands alone separate and distinct from the other, and the power to endow the Tilden Trust is likened to a power of appointment.

Powers of appointment are so common in testamentary dispositions of property that no citation of authority is necessary to show their validity.

Their execution may depend solely upon the will of the donee of the power, and they are recognized as valid by the ninety-sixth section of the statute already quoted. "I give to A. such portion of my residuary estate as B. shall, within the life-time of the survivor of C. and D., designate and appoint," which is the case suggested on the brief, is undoubtedly a good testamentary bequest, and is a good illustration of a naked power of appointment, the execution of which depends on the will of B., and is not enforceable at the suit of A.

In such a case the title to the property descends to the heirs or next of kin, or passes under the will to the ulterior donee, subject to the execution of the power.

But there is no similarity between the suggested bequest and the will before us. Follow that bequest by a gift over to charitable uses, or let it stand alone in the will, and you have in one case alternative gifts and in the other alternative purposes.

There is a preference expressed or implied by the testator as to the purpose to which his estate shall go and the objects that shall be benefited.

In the one case the choice lies between the individual legatee and the heirs, in the other between the legatee and a disposition to charity.

But in the will before us there is no alternative purpose. There is a single scheme, a gift to charitable uses, and the suggestion of the Tilden Trust indicates no intent in the testator's mind contrary to the intention to devote the estate to charity, and in this respect the will before us is distinguished from the case suggested by the learned counsel for the appellants of a power to convey the estate to a designated individual at a stated age, and in the event of the donee of the power deeming it inexpedient so to do, then a gift over to undefined charitable uses.

There the primary purpose of the testator is a gift to the designated legatee and not to charity. And the intent to give the estate to charitable uses is secondary and limited upon the determination of the trustee not to make the primary gift. Such a will plainly indicates alternative purposes and contains alternative powers. The two gifts are in no respect connected, and if the gift over is void, the first may stand and, if executed, represents the will of the testator.

But in the thirty-fifth article of the will under consideration there is no antithesis so far as the purpose to which the property is to be devoted is concerned. It expresses a single intent only, viz.: To devote the estate to charitable uses, and while, of course, in such a scheme the testator might prefer and designate one corporation over another as the object of his bounty, I shall attempt to show that in this case he has not done that and has not conferred any preferential right to the estate or any part of it upon the Tilden Trust.

What is the Tilden Trust and how does it stand in the testator's scheme?

It may fairly be assumed that the testator, having determined to devote his estate to charity, understood that his object could be accomplished only through the instrumentality of a corporate body.

He requested his trustees to cause the Tilden Trust to be incorporated. It was to have the power to establish and maintain a free library and reading-room in the city of New York, and "to promote such scientific and educational objects" as the executors and trustees should designate. The latter power is precisely what the trustees are authorized to do by the so-called ulterior provision, viz., to apply the estate to such "educational and scientific purposes" as they should judge would be most beneficial to mankind.

Here, therefore, we have an authority to do the same thing in each provision of the will, and as the latter could only be worked out through the medium of a corporation, the so-called two powers are the same. So as to the free library and reading-room. That is plainly within the scientific and educational purposes of the second provision of the will, and could be maintained only through a corporate body. The suggested capacities of the Tilden Trust are, therefore, precisely the same as the so-called ulterior purposes, and each are expressive of the testator's scheme so far as he had formulated it in his own mind. The Tilden Trust, therefore, plainly does not represent any alternative or primary purpose in the disposition of the estate, but is simply the suggested instrument to execute the testator's scheme for the disposition of the property. Now, what did the testator intend the trustees should consider when they came to the determination of the expediency or inexpediency of endowing that institution. The argument is that they could not consider the ulterior purposes at all until they had disposed of the question whether it was expedient to convey to the Tilden Trust all or a part of the residuary estate.

But that is saying that they should determine that question without reference to the substance of the gift and the object and purposes which the testator had in view. For, as I have already shown, the capacities and powers of the Tilden Trust, in other words, its purposes and objects, or rather the purposes and objects which the testator intended to effectuate through its instrumentality, are precisely the same as the so-called ulterior purposes, and as the latter must be carried out through the instrumentality of a corporation, the only distinction between the two is in the name of the corporation that is to administer the fund. The question of expediency, therefore, resolves itself into a question whether the trustees should select the Tilden Trust, or some other corporation, through which to carry out the purposes of the will. Now, how could the trustees, charged with the imperative duty of devoting the estate to charitable and educational purposes, consider the question whether they should endow the Tilden Trust without taking a complete view of the whole field of charity.

They were bound to do so if they fairly attempted to carry out the testator's plan.

Take the question of the free library and reading-room. There is no duty or obligation imposed upon them in that respect. They are not bound to create or endow one. They are free to select any other educational object. So with locality. Can it be seriously claimed that there is any duty resting on them to establish a library in the city of New York? Is not the capital of the state or of the United States open to their choice of location, if they think a library located there would be more widely beneficial to mankind? Clearly, it appears to me that it was within the scope of the discretion committed to the trustees to determine whether a free library or reading-room should be established at all, and whether that or any other charitable or educational institution that they might select should be located in the city of New York, and that their determination of such question would be among the causes or reasons which might lead them to decide that it was inexpedient to endow the Tilden Trust, and that the testator intended that when the trustees should consider the Tilden Trust, they should consider their power with reference to the disposal of the estate, and the fact that if they did not endow that institution, they could still execute his wishes by applying it to such charitable, educational and scientific purposes as they should select.

In other words, that if they did not give it to the institution that he suggested and which would bear his name, they could give it to others and still execute his will and carry out his general purpose for the disposal of his estate, and this power meant comparison of all charitable and educational objects, and selection from among them.

In substance he said to his executors: I have determined to devote my estate to charitable, educational and scientific purposes; I have formed no detailed plan how that purpose can be executed, but under the law of New York it must be done through and by means of a corporation. I request you to cause to be incorporated an institution to be called the Tilden Trust with capacity to maintain a free library and reading-room in the city of New York, and such other educational and scientific objects as you shall designate, and if you deem it expedient, that is, if you think it advisable and the fit and proper thing to do, convey to that institution all or such part of my residuary estate as you choose, and if you do not think that course advisable then apply it to such charitable, educational and scientific purposes as in your judgment will most substantially benefit mankind. Thus was left to the trustees the power to dispose of the estate within the limits defined and to select the objects that should be benefited, and it is impossible to read the thirty-fifth article and find therein any preference in the way of a separate gift or power to the Tilden Trust or to separate that institution from the testator's plan to devote his estate to charity. The trustees are free to select the Tilden Trust and cause it to be incorporated or to choose any existing corporation as the instrument to carry out the testator's scheme. Again, no event is named upon the happening of which any estate is limited to the Tilden Trust. The only condition suggested is the determination by the trustees of the question whether they deem it expedient to endow that institution. But if the views already expressed are correct, if the Tilden Trust is but one of many instruments through which the testator's charitable purposes may be executed or is but a suggested beneficiary under the power, then the determination of the question of expediency involves the doing of the very thing which the law condemns, viz., a selection from an undefined and unlimited class of objects, and the power would be void.

It thus becomes apparent how important is the so-called ulterior provision in the plan which the testator had for the disposal of his estate, and effect cannot be given to that plan if that provision is stricken from the will, as it expressly defines the scope of the discretion committed to the trustees.

Strike out that provision and instead of a discretion in the trustees limited to the selection of the objects that should be benefited by the will their power would be confined to the endowment of the Tilden Trust, and if they choose not to act or failed to act the estate would go to the heirs at law. Indeed the legal effect of the will would be in that case to vest the title to the estate in the heirs subject to the execution of the power to endow the Tilden Trust.

But if the provision of the will makes one thing particularly clear it is that the testator intended his estate to be devoted to charitable purposes and should in no event go to his heirs, and he did not intend that his trustees should have the power to choose between his heirs and the Tilden Trust.

We cannot, therefore, obliterate the so-called ulterior provision and give effect to the scheme of the will.

The discretion plainly conferred on the trustees in the delegation of the power to determine the expediency or inexpediency of endowing the Tilden Trust would be thereby destroyed, and the trustees would be compelled to convey the estate to that institution, or by permitting the heirs to retain it, thwart the expressed wish of the testator.

Again, the appellants argue that the power to endow the Tilden Trust is one depending for its execution on the will of the trustees and is not imperative, and hence not subject to the test whether it can be enforced in a court of equity. This argument is, perhaps, fairly answered when the conclusion is reached that the ulterior purpose cannot be stricken from the will and that the thirty-fifth article represents but one scheme and one purpose for the disposal of the estate.

But it will be apparent in the view here taken that the testator did not intend that any power conferred upon his trustees should depend for its execution upon their will. Of course, in every power where the trustees have the right to select any and exclude others, there is necessarily involved discretion, and the final choice does in one sense rest upon the will of the trustee, but not as that term is used in the statute. The power conferred is the authority to convey the estate. That is imperative. The discretion committed to the trustee was to select the particular object. The choice depends on the trustees' will, but the act of choosing is imperative, else the power could not be executed. It is the result alone, therefore, that depends on the will of the trustees and not the performance of the act of selection. A power is defined to be "an authority to do some act * * * which the one granting or reserving such power might himself lawfully perform." (1 R.S. 732, § 74.) Section 58 provides that if the unauthorized trust there mentioned directs the "performance of any act" which may be lawfully performed under a power, that it shall be valid as a power in trust.

Now the acts authorized by the testator were those of selection and conveyance. The result of selection depended on the will of the trustees, whether they should choose one corporation or another, but the performance of the act of selection was just as obligatory as the duty to convey. The testator intended both should be performed, and the trustees could no more refuse or neglect one than the other. It follows from the views here expressed that the authority to endow the Tilden Trust, if that should be deemed expedient by the trustees, was not a separate power, distinct from the purpose to devote the estate to charitable uses, but was incidental to the testator's scheme and involved therein.

While we may admit that the testator expressed a preference for a corporation that should bear his name, he conferred no right upon that institution. The purpose to which the estate should be applied he determined and designated, but the persons who should be benefited by the will and the particular institution that should administer the fund was left to the selection of the trustees. The expression of a preference conferred no right so long as the final choice was left to the trustees.

It was simply a suggestion which they might or might not adopt and imposed no duty upon them, and in no way limited or fettered their action. (Lawrence v. Cooke, 104 N.Y. 632; 2 Pomroy's Eq. J. 1016, note.)

We are of the opinion, therefore, that the thirty-fifth article of the will does not confer separate powers upon the trustees and that the so-called ulterior provision cannot be eliminated from the will without destroying the scheme that the testator designed for the disposal of his estate. That the whole article represents one entire and inseparable charitable scheme, and cannot be subdivided, and the power conferred on the trustees is one of selection.

This power was under the statute special and in trust. Under the sections heretofore quoted such a power is imperative and imposes a duty on the grantee, the performance of which may be compelled in equity for the benefit of the parties interested, unless its execution or non-execution is made expressly to depend on the will of the grantee, and it does not cease to be imperative where the grantee has the right to select any and exclude others of the persons designated as the objects of the power.

The power conferred by the will not being made to depend for its execution on the will of the trustees was, therefore, imperative, but it is not valid unless it can be enforced by the courts at the suit of some beneficiary.

As the selection of the objects of the trust was delegated absolutely to the trustees, there is no person or corporation who could demand any part of the estate or maintain an action to compel the trustees to execute the power in their favor. This is the fatal defect in the will. The will of the trustees is made controlling, and not the will of the testator.

As was said by the learned presiding justice of the General Term, "the radical vice of the entire provision seems to have arisen from the testator's unwillingness to confer any enforceable rights upon any qualified person or body."

Under the statute of powers there may be a power of selection and exclusion with regard to designated objects, and the duty there imposed is made imperative and enforceable by the court.

But the statute presupposes that a power of selection must be so defined in respect to the objects that there are persons who can come into court and say that they are embraced within the class and demand the enforcement of the power. (Read v.Williams, supra, p. 569.)

The views which Judge VAN BRUNT expressed in that case on that point at General Term received direct approval in this court. He said: "It is conceded that the power contained in the clause in question comes under the head of a special power in trust as defined in the Revised Statutes, but it is said such a power is to be distinguished from a trust;" that the words "in trust" are used for purposes of classification only. We think, however, that to render a power in trust valid the same certainty as to beneficiary must exist as in the case of a trust. (27 N Y State Rep. 507.)

These views find full confirmation in the provision of the statute to the effect that if the trustee dies leaving the power unexecuted a court of equity will decree its execution for the benefit equally of all persons designated, and if the testator fails to designate the person by whom the power is to be executed, its execution devolves upon the court (§§ 100, 101), thus providing a scheme which prevents the failure of a testator's purpose when its subject is certain and its objects designated.

But in this case execution of the power could not be decreed by the court in either of the cases specified in the statute.

By an enforceable trust is meant one in which some person or class of persons have a right to all or a part of a designated fund, and can demand its conveyance to them, and in case such demand is refused may sue the trustee in a court of equity and compel compliance with the demand.

In this case the testator devolved upon his executors the duty of selecting the beneficiary and there is no person who has the right to enforce that duty or demand any part of the estate in case the executors refuse or neglect to act.

The power attempted to be vested in the trustees cannot be controlled or enforced, and whether the provisions of the will relating to the residuary estate be regarded as creating a trust or power in trust, they are in either case void.

The judgment should be affirmed.