Wicks v. Bowman

Daly, Chief Justice.

The plaintiff agreed to sell and convey, and the defendant-to purchase a lot of land, “with all buildings and improvements thereon,” for $8,000. ' The contract was made on the 18th of May, 1872, and $500 of the purchase money was paid when it was signed. By its terms, the defendant was to assume an existing mortgage upon the premises to the amount of $4,000, to give a mortgage for $1,000, and the residue of the purchase money, $2,500, was to be paid in cash upon the delivery of the deed, on the 18th of June following. There was a frame dwelling-house upon the lot, of the value of $7,000, which was the chief value of the premises, and the plaintiff had a policy of insurance upon the house for $4,000. On the 29th of May, 1872, twenty days before the deed was to be delivered, the dwelling-house, which constituted seven-eighths of the value of the whole property, was destroyed by fire. On the 18th of June following the plaintiff tendered a deed, and demanded payment of the $2,500, and the assumption and execution by the defendant of the mortgages referred to, which the defendant refused to do, unless the plaintiff would rebuild the house. The plaintiff then brought this action to recover damages for the nonperformance of the contract. Judge Robinson held, upon the trial, that as the defendant "was not in possession under the contract, nor entitled by its terms to go into the possession, at the time when the dwelling-house was burned, the loss arising from its destruction did not fall upon him, but upon the vendor, who until the 18th of June, the day fixed for the delivery of the deed and the payment of the residue of the purchase money, was entitled to the possession, and the beneficial enjoyment. That the vendee was not bound to accept the lot with; out the dwelling-house, which constituted seven-eighths of the value of the premises he had contracted to buy. That the plaintiff did not and could not tender a conveyance of what he had contracted to sell, the “ lot with the buildings thereon.” That there was therefore no tender of performance on his part of the contract, which was esséntial to a breach, and that consequently he had no cause of action.

It is insisted, upon this appeal, that the defendant, as vendee, !s to be regarded in equity as the owner from the time of the making of the contract, and that therefore the loss arising from any diminution in the value of the premises, by accident or otherwise, must fall upon him, and not upon the vendor, who simply holds the property thereafter as security for the purchase money.

It is undoubtedly well settled by the English cases, that in contracts for the sale of lands, the vendee, from the time that his right to a conveyance is complete, is considered as the owner of the premises (Sugden on Vendors, by Hammond, vol. 1, c. iv, p. 201; 2 Crabb’s Law of Real Property, §§ 1760, 1761, 1797). In the language of Lord Eldon, in Paine v. Miller (6 Ves. 252), the premises are his to all intents and purposes. They are vendible as his, chargeable as his, capable of being encumbered as his, may be devised as his, may be assets, and would descend to his heir. This was said in a case where -the purchaser had expressed himself satisfied with the title, but .before the conveyance was prepared the houses were destroyed by fire; but Lord Eldon was of opinion that the vendor’s right to a specific performance was not affected by the accident. He illustrated the rule by saying that if, after the buildings were burned down, the land should become more valuable, in consequence of the selection of the locality for some public improvement, it would be no answer to the vendee to say that he should not have it, because it had thereby increased in value. It was said in McLaren v. Hartford Fire Ins. Co. (5 N. Y. 151), upon the authority of Ex parte Manning (2 P. Wms. 410), and Ex parte Minor (11 Ves. 559), that after the confirmation of the master’s report for a sale of real estate in chancery, and before a conveyance is excuted, the vendee, as equitable owner, is entitled to all the advantages arising from the increased value of the property, and must sustain the loss of its depreciation, and that the general principle established by these adj indications is applicable to sales of land with us.

The vendee under a contract for the sale of real property is, for many purposes, to be regarded and treated as the owner from the time that his right to a conveyance is complete, especially where nothing remains but to pay the purchase money, take the conveyance and enter upon the possession. This was the case in Paine v. Miller (supra), before Lord Eldon, where the vendee’s solicitor, after a long investigation by him, and after certain trustees had agreed to unite in a conveyance to release certain incumbrances, declared himself to be satisfied with the title. A draft of a conveyance was sent to him, the draft was returned, the deeds were engrossed, and an answer received that the deeds would be ready in two or three days, and on the day after the solicitor declared that he was satisfied, and accepted the title; but before the deeds were executed the buildings upon the land were destroyed by fire.. Under such a state of facts, the vendee was treated in equity as the owner, his right and title to the property then'being complete. He had the right, before the buildings were destroyed, to a specific performance, and was consequently not excused by the occurrence of the accident from performing himself; and so where a master’s report for a sale of real estate in chancery is confirmed, the same result follows, for there is nothing then but to pay the purchase money and take the deed. Questions may arise in equity, in the adjustment of interests growing out of rights to real property, as to who is entitled to benefits or who is to sustain losses pending the negotiations, or intermediate the contract of sale and the time of performance, in which the benefits may be adjudged to or the losses imposed upon either the vendor or the vendee, the vendee being, under certain circumstances, regarded as the owner, and, under other circumstances, as not (see Spurrier v. Hancock, 4 Ves. 667; Hartford v. Purrier, 1 Madd. 287; Ex parte Minor, 11 Ves. 559, and many other cases).

As the contract contemplates the subsequent conveyance of the property to the vendee, it is right that the equitable interest he acquires by it in the land should, for certain purposes, possess the characteristics of real estate: that it should descend to heirs, instead of passing as personal property to his executors (Champion v. Brown, 6 Johns. Ch. 398); that it should be sold by the order of the surrogate as if it were land (3 Rev. Stat. 5th ed. 199, § 78); and that the widow should be entitled to dower in the surplus arising from such a sale (Id. §§ 84, 85).

But although the vendee will be regarded, for many purposes, as the owner, he is not so for all purposes. The legal title is in the vendor ( Wood v. N. W. Ins. Co. 46 N. Y. 425), and there are many rights of an owner which a vendee under a contract of sale cannot exercise. He cannot, unless he has the possession, or is by the terms of the contract entitled to the immediate possession, maintain ejectment; or bring trespass for an unlawful entry upomjhe land; or trover for converting and carrying away the fixtures (Tabor v. Robinson, 36 Barb. 486). It is doubtful, moreover, where he has not the actual, or is not entitled to the immediate possession, if he has an insurable interest, for in all the eases that I have been able to find in which it has been held that he had such an interest, he had either the actual, or was entitled to the immediate possession (McGivney v. The Phoenix F. Ins. Co. 1 Wend. 85 ; The Ætna F. Ins. Co. v. Tyler, 16 Id. 385, 396 ; Shotwell v. The Jefferson Ins. Co. 5 Bosw. 257; McKechnie v. Sterling, 48 Barb. 330 ; Columbian Ins. Co. v. Lawrence, 1 Pet. U. S. 25 ; Hough v. The City Fire Ins. Co. 29 Conn. 10 ; 1 Phillips on Ins. § 181). Under a con-| tract for the sale of land, by the terms of which the payment of* the purchase money and the delivery of the deed are to be concurrent acts at a future day, the vendee’s right to a conveyance (applying Lord Eldon’s rule) is not complete until that day, and i he cannot before that day be regarded as the owner. His position, intermediate the contract and the time of performance, is I thus defined by a very able judge (Judge Brown) in Tabor v. Robinson (36 Barb. 486): “ He has an equitable interest in the land and a right to a specific performance of the contract by the execution and delivery of the deed at the time appointed; but there must also be performance and payment on his part at the same time. He is not the owner of the property purchased until the happening of these events. The contract may or may not be performed; but until it is performed on his part he is not vested with the right of property, and could not assert the legal rights or claim the legal remedies which belong to those who own the title. He is entitled to the usual remedies of those who have equitable interests to prevent waste, injury and alienation to othei’s, until the time appointed to execute the 'contract-, and that is all.” This was approved in Smith v. McClusky (45 Barb. 612), which was a case substantially like the one now before us. It was a contract for the purchase of land, payable by installments, but in which there was no stipulation giving the vendees the right to occupy. The installments for three years had been paid, and the vendees were in occupation. They were notified to quit by the vendor, and did so, and after-wards, before the remaining installments were paid, and before possession could be claimed, the building, which constituted the principal value of the premises, was destroyed by fire. This, it was held, operated to discharge the vendees from all liability for the installments thereafter to become due. The circumstance that the vendees were not in possession, and had no right to occupy until the final installment of the purchase money was paid, was relied upon by a very able court for the conclusion that the vendor had not parted with the title nor the possession when the disaster occurred, and as the disaster rendered it impossible for him to deliver the substance of what was agreed to be transferred, there was a failure of consideration as to the chief matter of the contract, and that that was a good ground why the contract should not be enforced.

The vice-chancellor, Sir Thomas Plutner, said, in Hartford v. Purrier (1 Madd. 287), that if a contract for the purchase of land is to be completed at a given period, and the title is finally fi"\md to be good, the estate is considered as belonging to the purchaser from the date of the contract, and the money from that time as belonging to the vendor. That if the estate in the interval is improved, or if its value is lessened from any cause, there being no fault on either side, the vendee has the benefit, or sustains the loss. That if there is a loss by fire, after the contract but before its completion, neither party being in fault, the loss falls upon the vendee. This is in conflict with the cases above referred to, and if it had been said by Sir Thomas Plumer’s eminent predecessor Sir William Grant, or by Lord Eldon, I should have hesitated before calling in question its correctness. But Sir Thomas Plumer was not, in the opinion of his cotemporaries, one of those judges whose mere statement of the law carries with it the weight and authority that is accorded to judges of great eminence. Sir Samuel Romilly, one of the ablest equity barristers of his time, says, in his diary: “ A worse appointment than that of Plumer to be lor could hardly have been made. He knows nothing of the law of real property, and nothing of the doctrines peculiar to courts of equity ” (Life of Romilly, vol. 1, pp. 310,481,3d Lond. ed.) It was, moreover, not material to the decision of the case before him, which was that the vendee, under a decree for a specific performance, was not entitled to an abatement from the purchase money for the loss of a tenant, who left in consequence of the vendee’s own unnecessary act. It was merely dicta, and coming from a judge who, after this decision, when he was made master of the rolls, was generally regarded by the profession as not capable of discharging the duties of the office (Id. 481), it does notcall for serious consideration. '

The doctrine that the vendee is to be treated, in certain cases, as the owner, is founded in the application of the equitable maxim, that what ought to be done is considered in equity as done (2 Crabb’s Law of Real Property, §§ 1759,1760, 1761; 2 Story’s Equity Juris. §1212), a maxim that does not apply where the cotemporaneous acts—the payment of the purchase money, and the delivery of the deed—were to take place upon a day subsequent to the time when the building was destroyed by fire. “The common doctrine of courts of equity,” says Story, “ is, that where things are agreed to be done, they are to be treated, for many purposes, as if they were actually done.” Thus, if the payment of the purchase money and the delivery of the deed did not take place on the 18th of June, 1872, the time fixed by the contract, but took place afterwards, they would, by the application of this doctrine, be deemed in equity to have occurred on that day; and the vendee would on that day, and thenceforth, be regarded as the owner. But they cannot be deemed to have actually occurred before, for that the parties did not intend; and there is no warrant, therefore, in this maxim, for holding that the vendee did or could, before that day, become the owner.

Where the vendee is let into the actual possession, or has by /the contract the immediate right to it, there is a reason for his bearing the loss, if the building is subsequently destroyed by fire, as he has entered upon the beneficial enjoyment of the property (Ætna F. Ins. Co. v. Tyler, 16 Wend. 396). It may then be likened to the case of a tenant who, after entry, must pay the rent which he has covenanted to pay in the lease, though the building should afterwards burn down ; but who is discharged from the payment of it if the building should be destroyed between the time of the signing of the lease and the commencement of the term, because, before entry, he has no estate, and the landlord, by reason of the destruction of the building, cannot deliver possession of the premises in the same condition substantially as they were in when the lease was made (Wood v. Hubbell, 5 Barb. 601; Cleves v. Willoughby, 7 Hill, 83; 4 Kent’s Com. 96). While, therefore, it may be equitable and just that the vendee should bear the loss where the building is burned down after he enters upon the possession, it is not just nor equitable to impose it upon him whilst the vendor is in possession of the premises.

As it is, moreover, doubtful whether the vendee has any insurable interest without the possession, or the immediate right to it, and there is no doubt that the vendor has (Wood v. The Northwestern Ins. Co. 46 N. Y. 421), the loss should fall upon him, as he can protect himself fully by insurance.

For these reasons, I am of the opinion that the judgment should be affirmed.

Larremore and J. F. Daly, JJ., concurred.

Judgment affirmed.