STROUGO EX REL. BRAZILIAN EQUITY FUND v. Bassini

258 F.Supp.2d 254 (2003)

Robert STROUGO, on behalf of THE BRAZILIAN EQUITY FUND, INC., Plaintiff,
v.
Emilio BASSINI, Richard Watt, Daniel Sigg, Dr. Enrique R. Arzac, James J. Cattano, Peter A. Gordon, George W. Landau, Martin M. Torino and BEA Associates, Defendants, and
The Brazilian Equity Fund, Inc., Nominal Defendant.
Robert Strougo, Plaintiff,
v.
BEA Associates, Defendant, and
The Brazilian Equity Fund, Inc., Nominal Defendant.

Nos. 97 Civ. 3579(RWS), 98 Civ. 3725(RWS).

United States District Court, S.D. New York.

April 7, 2003.

Wechsler Harwood Halebian & Feffer, New York, NY (Joel C. Feffer, Daniella Quitt, Rubin & Rubin, Chartered, Rockville, MD, Ronald B. Rubin, of counsel), for Plaintiff.

Willkie Farr & Gallagher, New York, NY (Lawrence O. Kamin, of counsel), for Defendant BEA Associates.

Morrison & Foerster, New York, NY (Jack C. Auspitz, of counsel), for Nominal Defendant.

OPINION

SWEET, District Judge.

The plaintiff Robert Strougo ("Strougo") has moved for approval of the settlement reached with nominal defendant The Brazilian Equity Fund, Inc. (the "Fund"), and defendants BEA Associates (now known as Credit Suisse Asset Management, LLC ("CSAM")), Emilio Bassini, Richard Watt, Daniel Sigg, Dr. Enrique R. Arzac, James J. Cattano, Peter A. Gordon, George M. Landau, and Martin M. Torino (collectively "The Defendants") in these actions. For the reasons set forth below, the motion is granted and settlement is approved, as well as the application for an award of attorneys' fees and compensation to Strougo.

Prior Proceedings

In May 1997, Strougo commenced the first captioned action asserting six causes of action under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended (the "ICA"), and common law, including both direct and derivative claims arising from the Rights Offering (the "Bassini Action"). The procedural history and factual background of the Bassini Action are detailed in the Court's opinions reported at 1 F.Supp.2d 268 (S.D.N.Y.1998); No. 97 Civ. 3579(RWS), 1999 WL 249719 (S.D.N.Y. Apr. 28, 199); and 112 F.Supp.2d 355 (S.D.N.Y.2000), and the Court of Appeals' opinion reported at 282 F.3d 162 (2d Cir. 2002).

Strougo asserted both class and derivative claims against CSAM and certain of the Fund's directors and alleged that in approving the Rights Offering, the director defendants breached their fiduciary duties of loyalty and due care to the Fund's shareholders. The Bassini Action asserts derivative claims under ICA Section 36(b) against CSAM, ICA Section 36(a) claims against all defendants except the Fund, and class claims under ICA Section 48 against all defendants except the Fund, for breach of fiduciary duty.

On September 15, 1997, defendants moved to dismiss the Bassini Action. The Court granted the motion to dismiss with respect to all the class action claims and the Section 36(b) claim but denied the motion with respect to the remaining derivative claims. Following the Court's decision, the Fund appointed a special litigation committee (the "SLC") to determine whether the remaining claims should be pursued. On December 30, 1998, the SLC recommended that the litigation be discontinued and filed its own motion to dismiss. On September 15, 2002, the Court granted summary judgment and dismissed the remaining claims. By opinion dated February 28, 2002, the Court of Appeals vacated the earlier dismissal of Strougo's direct claims and remanded the Bassini Action to this Court for further proceedings. Strougo did not appeal from this Court's dismissal of his derivative claims.

In May 1998, Strougo commenced an action under the ICA against CSAM alleging, inter alia, that the advisory agreement between CSAM and the Fund was not negotiated at arms'-length (the "CSAM Action"). Strougo alleges that CSAM received improper fees because in negotiating the investment advisory with non-independent directors, CSAM violated its fiduciary duty pursuant to ICA Section 36(b) of the 1940 Act. The procedural history and factual background of the CSAM Action are detailed in the Court's opinions reported at Strougo v. BEA Assocs., No. 98 Civ. 3725(RWS), 1999 WL 147737 (S.D.N.Y. Mar.18, 1999); No. 98 Civ. 3725(RWS), 2000 WL 45714 (S.D.N.Y. Jan. 19, 2000); 199 F.R.D. 515 (S.D.N.Y.2001); and 188 F.Supp.2d 373 (S.D.N.Y.2002).

The original complaint in the CSAM Action was dismissed by the Court with leave to replead. Thereafter, CSAM moved to dismiss the amended complaint. The Court denied the motion subject to Strougo adding the Fund as a nominal defendant. After completion of discovery, defendants moved for summary judgment against the Second Amended Complaint. On March 1, 2002, this Court entered judgment granting defendants' motion for summary judgment, and Strougo filed a notice of appeal of such decision. The parties stipulated to withdraw Strougo's appeal in the CSAM Action in order to return jurisdiction over the CSAM Action to this Court.

Following the Court of Appeals' decision, the parties engaged in settlement discussions. On September 12, 2002, the parties entered into the settlement stipulation. The settlement stipulation provides for two types of relief. First, it provides that the Fund is to be liquidated not later than 30 days after the effective date of the proposed settlement. Second, upon submission of the requisite proof of claim, all class members who did not exercise their rights and sold their shares prior to the close of business on February 15, 2002, are entitled to receive $1.00 per share. Those class members who exercised their rights and sold such shares prior to the close of business on February 15, 2002, are entitled to receive $0.25 per share. In addition, and following negotiations commenced after completion of negotiations for relief for the Fund shareholders and the class, CSAM agreed to pay Strougo attorneys' fees in the amount of $735,000 and expenses of up to $75,000, subject to Court approval. CSAM also agreed to pay Strougo a compensatory award of $15,000.

On September 17, 2002, the Court ordered that a hearing be held on January 22, 2003 (the "Hearing") to determine the fairness, reasonableness, and adequacy of the proposed settlement (the "Scheduling Order"). Pursuant to the Scheduling Order, a printed Notice of Pendency of Class and Derivative Actions, Settlement, and Hearing Thereon (the "Settlement Notice"), the form of which was approved by the Court, was mailed to all persons and entities who own shares of the Fund or who owned shares of the Fund during the period June 7, 1996 through July 17, 1996. A summary notice (the "Summary Notice"), also in a form approved by the Court, was published in the National Edition of The Wall Street Journal on October 23, 2002. No shareholder has elected to exclude themselves from the class.

The instant motion was heard on January 22, 2003. No objections to the form of the settlement were filed. One objector sought a reduction of counsel fees.

The Settlement Is Fair, Reasonable, And Adequate

The determination of the fairness of a proposed settlement is left to the sound discretion of the trial court. In re Ivan F. Boesky Sees. Litig., 948 F.2d 1358, 1368 (2d Cir.1991); Newman v. Stein; 464 F.2d 689, 692 (2d Cir.1972); In re Michael Milken & Assocs. Sees. Litig., 150 F.R.D. 46, 53 (S.D.N.Y.1993). When exercising its discretion, the Court will review the proposed settlement in light of the strong judicial and public policies that favor settlements. Id.; In re Sumitomo Copper Litig., 189 F.R.D. 274, 280 (S.D.N.Y.1999).

There is a strong initial presumption that a proposed settlement negotiated during the course of litigation is "fair and reasonable." In re Michael Milken & Assocs., 150 F.R.D. at 54. See also Chatelain v. Prudential-Bache Sees., Inc., 805 F.Supp. 209, 212 (S.D.N.Y.1992) ("A strong initial presumption of fairness attaches to the proposed settlement when it is shown to be the result of this type of a negotiating process and when the number of objectors is small"). Indeed, "absent evidence of fraud or overreaching, [courts] consistently have refused to act as Monday morning quarterbacks in evaluating the judgment of counsel." Trief v. Dun & Bradstreet Corp., 840 F.Supp. 277, 281 (S.D.N.Y.1993) (citation omitted). See also In re Warner Communications Sec. Litig., 798 F.2d 35, 37 (2d Cir.1986) ("[I]t is not a district judge's job to dictate the terms of a class settlement.").

In determining whether a proposed settlement, taken as a whole, is fair, reasonable, and adequate, the Second Circuit has articulated the factors to consider, namely:

(1) the complexity, expense and likely duration of the litigation; (2) the reaction of the class to the settlement; (3) the stage of the proceedings and the amount of discovery completed; (4) the risks of establishing liability; (5) the risks of establishing damages; (6) the risks of maintaining the class action through the trial; (7) the ability of the defendants to withstand a greater judgment; (8) the range of reasonableness of the settlement fund in light of the best possible recovery; [and] (9) the range of reasonableness of the settlement fund to a possible recovery in light of all the attendant risks of litigation.

Detroit v. Grinnell, 495 F.2d 448, 463 (2d Cir.1974) (citations omitted); In re Blech Sees. Litig., No. 94 Civ. 7696(RWS), 2002 WL 31720381, at *1 (S.D.N.Y. Dec.4, 2002); In re Michael Milken & Assocs., 150 F.R.D. at 52; Chatelain, 805 F.Supp. at 213. The Grinnell factors support final approval of the proposed settlement here.

The Complexity, Expense, and Duration of Further Litigation

As described above, these actions involve complex issues regarding the responsibilities of directors in mutual funds. Here, although Strougo was successful in reversing dismissal of the direct claims against the defendants, there is certainly no assurance that he would be successful in appealing the dismissal of the CSAM Action.

These factors weigh in favor of the proposed settlement. As the district court concluded in Slomovics v. All for a Dollar, Inc., 906 F.Supp. 146, 149 (E.D.N.Y.1995):

The potential for this litigation to result in great expense and to continue for a long time suggest that settlement is in the best interests of the Class.

As this Court noted in Trief, "[i]t is beyond cavil that continued litigation in this multi-district securities class action would be complex, lengthy, and expensive, with no guarantee of recovery by the class members." 840 F.Supp. at 282.

In the circumstances here it is proper "to take the bird in the hand instead of the prospective flock in the bush." Oppenlander v. Standard Oil Co., 64 F.R.D. 597, 624 (D.Colo.1974) (quoting West Virginia v. Chas. Pfizer & Co., 314 F.Supp. 710, 743 (S.D.N.Y.1970), affd 440 F.2d 1079 (2d Cir.1971)); see also Stieberger v. Sullivan, 792 F.Supp. 1376, 1377 (S.D.N.Y), modified, 801 F.Supp. 1079 (S.D.N.Y.1992) (noting in approving settlement, that the "compromises represented therein constitute a reasonable balance, especially bearing in mind the length of time that would elapse, absent a settlement, before any concrete benefits could be delivered to any class member.").

The Reaction to the Proposed Settlement

An important factor to be considered in determining the fairness of the proposed settlement is the reaction by the Fund's shareholders and the members of the class. Shlensky v. Dorsey, 574 F.2d 131, 148 (3d Cir.1978). It has repeatedly been held that "one indication of the fairness of a settlement is the lack of or small number of objections." Hammon v. Barry, 752 F.Supp. 1087,1093 (D.D.C.1990) (quoting 2 H. Newberg, Newberg on Class Actions § 11.47, at 463 (2d ed.1985)). See also In re SmithKline Beckman Corp. Sees. Litig., 751 F.Supp. 525, 530 (E.D.Pa.1990) ("[T]he utter absence of objections and the nominal number of shareholders who have exercised their right to opt out ... militate strongly in favor of approval of the settlement").

No objection to the proposed settlement has been received. Therefore, those affected by the proposed settlement have overwhelmingly endorsed it as "fair and reasonable." Berman v. Entertainment Mktg., Inc., 901 F.Supp. 113, 117 (E.D.N.Y.1995). See also Burger v. CPC Int'l, Inc., 76 F.R.D. 183, 186 (S.D.N.Y. 1977). No one has elected to exclude themselves from the proposed settlement.

The only objector, Phillip Goldstein ("Goldstein"), has objected not to the settlement but its valuation and the attorneys' fees in relation to his estimate of the value of the settlement. There are a number of ways to value the liquidation proposed by the settlement. One method is to take the Fund's current aggregate net asset value of $20,424,400 ($3.66 per share at December 31, 2002, times the 5,580,441 shares outstanding) by the current discount at which The Brazil Fund, Inc. is trading (15.8% at December 31, 2002), noting that the Fund's shares historically have traded at a discount higher than 15.8%, and higher than the discount at which shares of The Brazil Fund, Inc. trade. (By December 31, 2002, the Fund's share's discount had dropped to 8.0%, largely in anticipation of the Fund's liquidation). The result is $3,227,055.

The objector assumes that only 1,085,902 Fund shares were issued upon exercise of the right, but the SLC's Report stated that "[approximately 1.9 million shares were issued." Accordingly, the holders of 1,357,763 Fund shares did not exercise (there were 4,634,005 Fund shares outstanding immediately prior to the Rights Offering). The maximum class damages are $1,357,763 (the 1,357,763 shares not exercising rights times $1.00 per share—Settlement Stipulation ¶ 6(a)), plus $475,000 (the approximately 1,900,000 shares issued in the Rights Offering times $.25 per share—Settlement Stipulation, ¶ 6(b)), or an aggregate of $1,832,763. Some potential class members will not have sold prior to "the close of business on February 15, 2002," as required for inclusion in the class, and some will not file claim forms. A valuation for the settlement of over $1.5 million is appropriate.

The Stage of the Proceedings and the Amount of Discovery Completed

Given the extensive history of this litigation, Strougo was in a good position to make informed judgments as to the merits of the proposed settlement and had a "clear view of the strengths and weaknesses of their cases." In re Warner Communications Sees. Litig., 618 F.Supp. 735, 745 (S.D.N.Y.1985), affd, 798 F.2d 35 (2d Cir. 1986). An analysis of this Grinnell factor militates in favor of approval of the proposed settlement.

The Risk of Establishing Liability, Damages, and Maintaining the Class through Trial

In addition to his risks in proving liability against defendants, Strougo also faced practical considerations in light of the Fund's performance and the economic concerns from continued investment in Brazil. In addition, even if it is assumed, arguendo, that Strougo successfully established liability, there are significant uncertainties as to both the fact and the quantum of damages. The issue of damages would have been hotly disputed, and would have been the subject of further "dispute between [the] experts [retained by the parties], a dispute whose outcome is impossible for [the Court] to predict." In re RJR Nabisco, Inc. Sees. Litig., MDL No. 818, No. 88 Civ. 7905(MBM), 1992 WL 210138, at *5 (S.D.N.Y. Aug. 24, 1992). As the Honorable John F. Keenan has observed:

Undoubtedly, expert testimony would be needed to fix not only the amount, but the existence, of actual damages. In this "battle of experts," it is virtually impossible to predict with any certainty which testimony would be credited, and ultimately, which damages would be found to have been caused by actionable, rather than the myriad nonactionable factors such as general market conditions.

In re Warner, 618 F.Supp. at 744-45 (citations omitted).

A recoupment of at least a material portion of the class's damages fits well within the range of reasonableness.

The Ability of Defendants to Withstand a Greater Judgment and the Reasonableness of the Proposed Settlement in Light of the Risks of Litigation

In evaluating the proposed settlement, the Court is not required to engage in a trial on the merits to determine the prospects of success. In re Michael Milken & Assocs., 150 F.R.D. at 54. The determination of a "reasonable" settlement is not susceptible to a mathematical equation yielding a particularized sum. Rather, as Judge Friendly has explained, "in any case there is a range of reasonableness with respect to a settlement ..." Newman v. Stein, 464 F.2d at 693. See also In re Rite Aid Corp. Sees. Litig., 146 F.Supp.2d 706, 715 (E.D.Pa.2001) (noting that since 1995, class action settlements have typically recovered "between 5.5% and 6.2% of the class members' estimated losses") (citation omitted). In fact, a settlement can be approved even when it amounts to only a small percentage of the recovery sought. In re Michael Milken & Assocs., 150 F.R.D. at 64-65; In re Gulf Oil Cities Serv. Tender Offer Litig., 142 F.R.D. at 590-91 (S.D.N.Y.1992).^[1] In In re Terra-Drill Partnerships Sees. Litig., 733 F.Supp. 1127, 1129 (S.D.Tex.1990), the court approved a settlement for $13.5 million, after a jury verdict had resulted in a judgment for more than $72 million for the class.

While issues of damages as well as liability might have resulted in less or no recovery after trial, even the possibility that the class "might have received more if the case had been fully litigated is no reason not to approve the settlement." Granada Invs., Inc. v. DWG Corp., 962 F.2d 1203, 1206 (6th Cir.1992) (citation omitted). See also Republic Nat'l Life Ins. Co. v. Beasley, 73 F.R.D. 658, 668 (S.D.N.Y.1977) ("In evaluating the proposed settlement, the Court is not to compare its terms with a hypothetical or speculative measure of a recovery that might be achieved by prosecution of the litigation to a successful conclusion."). As the Honorable Charles L. Brieant aptly recognized,

[t]he dollar amount of the settlement by itself is not decisive in the fairness determination.... Dollar amounts are judged not in comparison with the possible recovery in the best of all possible worlds, but rather in light of the strengths and weaknesses of plaintiffs' case.

In re Union Carbide Corp. Consumer Prods. Bus. Sees. Litig., 718 F.Supp. 1099, 1103 (S.D.N.Y.1989) (citation omitted).

The proposed settlement provides for relief now, not some wholly speculative payment of a hypothetically larger amount years down the road. "[M]uch of the value of a settlement lies in the ability to make funds available promptly." In re Agent Orange Prod. Liab. Litig., 611 F.Supp. 1396, 1405 (E.D.N.Y.1985), affd in part, rev'd in part on other grounds, 818 F.2d 179 (2d Cir.1987). The proposed settlement is a reasonable result in both absolute terms and when balanced against the various risks facing plaintiffs case. See In re Michael Milken & Assocs., 150 F.R.D. at 65. Moreover, even if a shareholder or class member was willing to assume all the risks of pursuing the actions through further litigation and trial, the passage of time would introduce yet more risks in terms of appeals and possible changes in the law and would, in light of the time value of money, make future recoveries less valuable than this current recovery. In re Crazy Eddie Sees. Litig., 824 F.Supp. 320, 324 (E.D.N.Y.1993). As the court recognized in In re Michael Milken & Assocs., "victory—even at the trial stage—is not a guarantee of ultimate success." 150 F.R.D. at 53.

An Award of Attorneys' Fees, Disbursements and Compensation is Appropriate

The Supreme Court has held that, in the case of a common fund, the fee award should be determined on a percentage-of-recovery basis. The Supreme Court stated, "[U]nder the `common fund doctrine,'... a reasonable fee is based on a percentage of the fund bestowed on the class." Blum v. Stenson, 465 U.S. 886, 900 n. 16,104 S.Ct. 1541, 79 L.Ed.2d 891 (1984) ("Blum"); see also Savoie v. Merchants Bank, 166 F.3d 456, 460 (2d Cir.1999) ("[T]he Supreme Court has implied that the percentage-of-the-fund method is a viable alternative [to the lodestar approach])..."

Recent decisions in this district have articulated the reasons for utilizing the percentage approach in complex litigation. As the court in In re Sumitomo Copper Litig., 74 F.Supp.2d 393, 397 (S.D.N.Y. 1999) observed, "[c]ourts increasingly have come to recognize the shortcomings of the lodestar/multiplier method as a universal rule for compensation," and "[s]upport for the lodestar/multiplier approach in common fund cases has eroded."

In awarding fees based on a percentage approach in In re Union Carbide Corp. Consumer Prods. Bus. Sees. Litig., 724 F.Supp. 160 (S.D.N.Y.1989), Judge Brieant eschewed the needless complications and dubious merits of the lodestar approach:

Experience ... has finally taught us that convoluted judicial efforts to evaluate the lodestar, and see to it that the lodestar hours were reasonable and necessary, and that the case was not overmanned or the time overbooked, are extremely difficult to say the least, and unrewarding. Such efforts produce much judicial papershuffling, in many cases with no real assurance that an accurate or fair result has been achieved.

* * * * * *

[A percentage fee] award is consistent with the new learning (old wine in a new bottle) announced by the Ninth Circuit in Paul, Johnson, supra, which new learning we believe will proceed from West to East and take us back to straight contingent fee awards bereft of largely judgmental and time-wasting computations of lodestars and multipliers. These latter computations, no mater how conscientious, often seem to take on the character of so much Mumbo Jumbo. They do not guarantee a more fair result or a more expeditious disposition of litigation.

Id. at 165, 170 (emphasis added, citation omitted).^[2]

These decisions are in accord with the trend in favor of the percentage-of-recovery approach approved by other district courts within this district. E.g., In re American Bank Note Holographies, Inc., 127 F.Supp.2d 418, 431 (S.D.N.Y.2001) ("Although the law in this Circuit has not been uniform, the trend of the district courts in this Circuit is to use the percentage of the fund approach to calculate attorneys' fees."); In re NASDAQ Market-Makers Antitrust Litig., 187 F.R.D. 465, 484 (S.D.N.Y.1998) ("[T]here is strong support for the percentage approach from district courts in this Circuit."); In re Presidential Life Sec, 857 F.Supp. 331, 334 (S.D.N.Y.1994) ("Problems encountered in evaluation of fees utilizing the lodestar approach have led to rejection of that method in common fund cases and express approval of the percentage method as an acceptable alternative."); Chatelain, 805 F.Supp. at 215 ("This Court declines to apply the lodestar method, and instead favors the use of the straight percentage of recovery method.").

In addition, the percentage method is consistent with and, indeed, is intended to mirror, practice in the private marketplace where contingent fee attorneys typically negotiate percentage fee arrangements with their clients. See In re Continental Ill. Sees. Litig., 962 F.2d 566, 568 (7th Cir.1992) (explaining that the goal of the fee setting process "is to determine what the lawyer would receive if he were selling his services in the market rather than being paid by court order"); In re RJR Nabisco, 1992 WL 210138, at *7 ("What should govern such awards is not the essentially whimsical view of a judge, or even a panel of judges, as to how much is enough in a particular case, but what the market pays in similar cases.").

Assuming a valuation for the settlement of over $1.5 million as set forth above, a fee of 33 1/3% of the settlement fund is reasonable. See, e.g., In re Blech Sec. Litig., 2002 WL 31720381, at *1 (33 1/3% of the settlement fund); American Bank Note Holographies, 127 F.Supp.2d at 422 (25% of $14.85 million benefit); Adair, 1999 WL 1037878, at *3 (attorneys' fees of 33% of the settlement fund plus expenses); Klein v. PDG Remediation, Inc., No. 95 Civ. 4954(DAB), 1999 WL 38179, at *3-*4 (S.D.N.Y. Jan.28, 1999) (stating that "33% of the settlement fund" "is within the range of reasonable attorney fees awarded in the Second Circuit."); In re Columbia Sec. Litig., 89 Civ. 6821(LBS), slip op. (S.D.N.Y. Feb. 15, 1995) (33.3% of settlement fund); Cohen v. Apache Corp., 89 Civ. 0076(PNL), 1993 WL 126560, at *1 (S.D.N.Y. Apr. 21, 1993) (33.3% of settlement fund); In re JWP Inc. Sec. Litig., 92 Civ. 5815(WCC), final judgment and order (S.D.N.Y. Jan. 24, 1997) (33.3% of settlement fund); In re Avon Prods. Inc., Sec. Litig., No. 89 Civ. 6216(MEL), 1992 WL 349768, at *3 (S.D.N.Y. Nov.6, 1992) ("The request for 30% is in line with numerous awards in this Court and elsewhere in recent litigation."); In re Crazy Eddie, 824 F.Supp. at 326 (33.8% of the settlement fund); Greene v. Emersons Ltd., No. 76 Civ. 2178(CSH), 1987 WL 11558, at *1-*2 (S.D.N.Y. May 20, 1987) (fees and expenses of 46.2% of the settlement fund). Based on a settlement valuation of over $1.5 million as set forth above, attorneys' fees of $500,000 are appropriate.

The Reasonableness of the Fee Requested is Confirmed by the Lodestar/Multiplier Approach

The "lodestar" method was described by the Second Circuit in Savoie as follows:

The lodestar method is to "multiply[ ] the number of hours expended by each attorney involved in each type of work on the case by the hourly rate normally charged for similar work by attorneys of like skill in the area" and "[o]nce this base or `lodestar' rate [is] established," to determine the final fee by then deciding whether to take into account "other less objective factors, such as `risk of litigation,' the complexity of the issues, and the skill of attorneys."

Savoie, 166 F.3d at 460 (quoting Grinnell, 560 F.2d at 1098).

The lodestar is calculated by multiplying the number of hours expended on the entire litigation by a particular attorney by his or her current^[3] hourly rate. The hourly rate to be applied is the hourly rate that is normally charged in the community where counsel practices, i.e., the "market rate." Blum, 465 U.S. at 895, 104 S.Ct. 1541; Hensley v. Eckerhart, 461 U.S. 424, 447, 103 S.Ct. 1933, 76 L.Ed.2d 40 (1983) (Brennan, J., concurring in part, dissenting in part) ("market standards should prevail"); Luciano v. Olsten Corp., 109 F.3d 111, 115-16 (2d Cir.1997) ("The `lodestar' figure should be `in line with those [rates] prevailing in the community for similar services by lawyers of reasonably comparable skill, experience, and reputation'") (quoting Blum, 465 U.S. at 896 n. 11, 104 S.Ct. 1541).

Courts on occasion use a lodestar computation as a cross-check on the percentage method, and the Second Circuit "encourage[s] the practice of requiring documentation of hours as a `cross check' on the reasonableness of the requested percentage." Goldberger v. Integrated Res., Inc., 209 F.3d 43, 50 (2d Cir.2000).

The Second Circuit has set forth the criteria for a lodestar cross-check against percentage:

(1) the time and labor expended by counsel; (2) the magnitude and complexities of the litigation; (3) the risk of the litigation ...; (4) the quality of representation; (5) the requested fee in relation to the settlement; and (6) public policy considerations.

Goldberger, 209 F.3d at 50 (quoting Union Carbide, 724 F.Supp. at 163).

The Time and Labor Expended by Counsel

Here, counsel has expended approximately 9,838.78 hours on this litigation, constituting a lodestar of approximately $1,797,509.25, in which litigation has been prolonged, extensive, and complex, over seven years. In short, the magnitude and complexity of this litigation readily warrants a fee of $500,000.

The Fund's shareholders and the class were represented by counsel who are well versed in complex securities litigation and have achieved an excellent result. Moreover, defendants were represented by counsel well known for its expertise and tenacity. In short, Strougo achieved a significant result against substantial odds.

Strougo also requests an incentive award of $15,000. Courts have approved similar incentive awards to compensate named plaintiffs for services provided during the litigation. See, e.g., In re Domestic Air Transp. Antitrust Litig., 148 F.R.D. 297, 357-58 (N.D.Ga.1993) (awarding 42 named plaintiff class members in airline antitrust action a combined total of $142,500); Golden v. Shulman, No. C85-3624, 1988 WL 144718, at *8 (E.D.N.Y. Sept.30, 1988) ($5,000 awarded to named plaintiff). See also In re GNC Shareholder Litig., 668 F.Supp. 450, 451 (W.D.Pa. 1987) ($3,000 incentive award); Troncelliti v. Minolta Corp., 666 F.Supp. 750, 752 (D.Md.1987) ($2,000 special award); Bogosian v. Gulf Oil Corp., 621 F.Supp. 27, 32 (E.D.Pa.1985) (citing AAMCO Automatic Transmissions, Inc. v. Tayloe, 82 F.R.D. 405 (E.D.Pa.1979)) (court awarded $20,000 to each of two named representatives for their consultative assistance to plaintiffs' counsel).

In awarding compensatory awards, courts have reasoned that named plaintiffs take on a variety of risks and tasks when they commence representative actions, such as complying with discovery requests and often must appear as witnesses in the action.^[4]See e.g., Domestic Air, 148 F.R.D. at 357-58 (awarding $2,500 to each class representative who produced documents and 45,000 to each who was also deposed); Selzer v. Board of Educ., No. 82 Civ. 7783(MEL), 1993 WL 42787, at *4 (S.D.N.Y. Feb.16, 1993) (approving award of $47,000 award to 2 class representatives); White v. NFL, 822 F.Supp. 1389, 1406-07 (D.Minn.1983), motion granted in part, denied in part on other grounds, 836 F.Supp. 1458 (D.Minn.1993) (approving incentive awards for named plaintiff football players who faced risk of retaliation from defendant league, testified and were deposed, and were involved in the class action for several years); Golden, 1998 WL 144718, at *8 ($5,000 special award for named plaintiff, who "[i]n addition to [being appointed] representative of the class... obligated himself to be personally liable for the costs of the litigation in the event the class did not prevail," and who was required to respond personally to defendants' discovery requests).

Pursuant to the settlement stipulation, any award granted by the Court will be payable by CSAM and will not reduce the benefit to the shareholders or class.

Conclusion

The motion for approval of the settlement is granted. An order and judgment will be filed concurrently with this opinion.

It is so ordered.

NOTES

[1] Grinnetl, 495 F.2d at 455 n. 2 ("[T]here is no reason, at least in theory, why a satisfactory settlement could not amount to a hundredth or even a thousandth part of a single percent of the potential recovery."). Indeed, settlements providing no monetary damages have been approved. E.g., Sunrise Toyota, Ltd. v. Toyota Motor Co., Ltd., No. 71 Civ. 1335(LFM), 1973 WL 778, at *4-*5 (S.D.N.Y. Feb.20, 1973); Kusner v. First Pa. Corp., 74 F.R.D. 606 (E.D.Pa.1977), affd, 577 F.2d 726 (3d Cir. 1978).

[2] Likewise, in In re Gulf Oil/Cities Serv., Judge Mukasey awarded attorneys' fees of $10.2 million, out of a $34 million settlement, explaining that:

[I]n cases such as this, where counsel have helped create a fund to be shared by numerous plaintiffs, courts have tended increasingly to award fees based on a percentage of the fund rather than on the lodestar calculation of time multiplied by an hourly rate.... Because of the gap between what it seems to promise and what it delivers, the lodestar formula is undesirable if an alternative is available.

142 F.R.D. at 596-97 (emphasis added). See also Adair v. Bristol Tech. Sys., Inc., No. 97 Civ. 5874(RWS), 1999 WL 1037878, at *3 (S.D.N.Y. Nov. 16, 1999) ("Just over a year ago, this court approved a percentage of the fund method for calculation of attorney's fees.")

[3] The Supreme Court and other courts have held that the use of current rates is proper since such rates more adequately compensate for inflation and loss of use of funds. Missouri v. Jenkins, 491 U.S. 274, 283, 109 S.Ct. 2463, 105 L.Ed.2d 229 (1989); Savoie, 166 F.3d at 463.

[4] Another court that approved a large incentive award justified it in part by noting that it would encourage more class actions. In re Revco Sees. Litig., No. 851, 89 Civ. 593, 1992 WL 118800, at *7 (N.D.Ohio May 6, 1992) ("[A]n award of an incentive will encourage investors with significant claims to commence actions on behalf of similarly situated investors...").