DocketNumber: 14-cv-8549 (PKC)
Citation Numbers: 218 F. Supp. 3d 238
Judges: Castel
Filed Date: 11/2/2016
Status: Precedential
Modified Date: 7/25/2022
MEMORANDUM AND ORDER
Plaintiff Douglas Higginbotham, who stands 5'9" and was carrying a thirty-pound camera, climbed atop an open air-phone booth that,. itself, was seven feet high. Tightly crowded around the phone booth were people who came to Zuccotti Park in Manhattan to participate in or observe an Occupy Wall Street protest on November 15, 2011. Higginbotham’s intent was to photograph the scene, including the interaction of the police with those present. This action arises out of the arrest of Higginbotham in connection with the foregoing conduct.
The defendants Officer Curtis Sylvester, Sergeant Christopher Tomlinson, and Captain Thomas Taffee, who are members of the New York Police Department (“NYPD”), now move for summary judgment on Higginbotham’s false arrest and First Amendment retaliation claims. (Dkt. No. 56.) For the following reasons, defendants’ motion is GRANTED.
Procedural History
Higginbotham brought various claims pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983 and New York state law. (Dkt. No. 1.) On May 12, 2015, this Court dismissed his claims for malicious prosecution, excessive force, assault, and municipal liability, but denied dismissal as to his false arrest and First
FACTS
The facts are largely undisputed. Higginbotham, a self-employed cameraman at the time, arrived at Zuccotti Park on November 15, 2011 at approximately 10:00 a.m. to cover the Occupy Wall Street protest. (Pl.’s Rule 56.1 Counterstatement ¶¶ 2-3; Defs.’ Rule 56.1 Counterstatement ¶40.)
To gain a better vantage point for purposes of filming the protesting crowd, Higginbotham twice climbed atop a phone booth at the edge of Zuccotti Park. (PL’s Rule 56.1 Counterstatement ¶ 14; Defs.’ Rule 56.1 Counterstatement ¶ 41.) The phone booth in question was a structure approximately 7'4" tall. (PL’s Rule 56.1 Counterstatement ¶ 9.) It had a curved roof that measured 6'8" in length, 3'4" in width, and between 33/8" and 53/8" in thickness. (PL’s Rule 56.1 Counterstatement ¶ 10; Defs.’ Rule 56.1 Counterstatement ¶ 44.) Standing at 5'9" and weighing approximately 140 pounds, Higginbotham was only able to get on top of the phone booth with his camera by first climbing on top of police barricades. (PL’s Rule 56.1 Counter-statement ¶¶ 1, 11.) The first time that Higginbotham climbed to the top of the phone booth in question, he did so without police interference. (Id. ¶¶ 14, 16.) There was already a crowd of people, “tightly packed,” surrounding the phone booth. (Id. ¶¶ 12-13.) He remained atop the phone booth for approximately five minutes, at which point he climbed down with the help of Tim Wilson, the reporter with whom he was working. (Id. ¶ 15.)
Shortly thereafter, Higginbotham climbed to the top of the phone booth again. The “crowd was still densely packed around the phone booth.” (Id. ¶ 20.) It was at that point that Higginbotham was first ordered to get down by both Officer Sylvester and an unidentified Community Affairs officer. (PL’s Rule 56.1 Counterstatement ¶ 21; Defs.’ Rule 56.1 Counterstatement ¶48.) However, Higginbotham did not respond and instead, “turned his camera back towards the crowd.” (PL’s Rule 56.1 Coun-terstatement ¶ 25; Defs.’ Rule 56.1 Counterstatement ¶ 51.) Approximately 30 seconds later, Captain Taffe ordered Higginbotham to get down from the phone booth “at least five times.” (PL’s Rule 56.1 Counterstatement ¶ 27.) Higginbotham began to descend from the phone booth approximately five seconds after being ordered to do so by Captain (Defs.’ Rule 56.1 Counterstatement ¶ 54.) While defendants contend that officers helped Higginbotham down from the phone booth, Higginbotham argues that he was forcibly removed. (Defs.’ Rule
Once at ground level, Captain Taffe instructed Officer Sylvester to arrest Higginbotham. (Defs.’ Rule 56.1 Counter-statement ¶ 57.) Neither Captain Taffe nor Sergeant Tomlinson, both “superior officers,” “recall instructing [Officer] Sylvester on how to charge [Higginbotham].” (Id. ¶ 58.) Higginbotham was then transported to a police precinct for processing, where he was issued a criminal summons for disorderly conduct and released from custody. (Id. ¶¶ 59, 61-62.)
LEGAL STANDARD
On a motion for summary judgment, the Court views all evidence of record in the light most favorable to Higginbotham as the non-moving party, and draws all reasonable inferences in his favor. See generally Costello v. City of Burlington, 632 F.3d 41, 45 (2d Cir. 2011).
Summary judgment “shall” be granted “if the movant shows that there is ho genuine dispute’as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Rule 56(a), Fed. R. Civ. P. A fact is material if it “might affect the outcome of the suit under the governing law,” meaning that “the evidence is such that a reasonable jury could return a verdict for the nonmoving party.” Anderson v. Liberty Lobby. Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248, 106 S.Ct. 2505, 91 L.Ed.2d 202 (1986). It is the initial burden of a movant on a summary judgment motion to come forward with evidence on each material element of his claim or defense, demonstrating that he is entitled to relief as a matter of law. Vt. Teddy Bear Co. v. 1-800 Beargram Co., 373 F.3d 241, 244 (2d Cir. 2004). In raising a triable issue of fact, the non-movant carries only “a limited burden of production,” but nevertheless “must ‘demonstrate more than some metaphysical doubt as to the material facts,’ and come forward with ‘specific facts showing that there is a genuine issue for trial’ ” Powell v. Nat’l Bd. of Med. Exam’rs, 364 F.3d 79, 84 (2d Cir. 2004) (quoting Aslanidis v. U.S. Lines, Inc., 7 F.3d 1067, 1072 (2d Cir. 1993)). In reviewing a motion for summary judgment, the court may scrutinize the record, and grant or deny summary judgment as the record warrants. Rule 56(c)(3),' Fed. R. Civ. P. In the absence of any disputed material fact, summary judgment is appropriate. Rule 56(a), Fed. R. Civ. P.
DISCUSSION
I. False Arrest Claim
A claim for false arrest under section 1983 “is substantially the same as a claim for false arrest under New York law.” Jenkins v. City of New York, 478 F.3d 76, 84 (2d Cir. 2007). An officer can avoid liability by demonstrating “that either (1) he had probable cause for the arrest, or (2) he is protected from liability because he has qualified immunity.” Simpson v. City of New York, 793 F.3d 259, 265 (2d Cir. 2015) (citing Weyant v. Okst, 101 F.3d 845, 852 (2d Cir. 1996)). “A finding of probable cause is a complete defense to false arrest claims.” Id. (citing Jenkins, 478 F.3d at 84). Probable cause exists when the arresting officer has “knowledge or reasonably trustworthy information of facts and circumstances that are sufficient to warrant a person of reasonable caution in the belief that the person to be arrested has committed or is committing a crime.” Weyant, 101 F.3d at 852. “When determining whether probable cause existed to support an arrest, we ‘consider those facts available to the officer at the time of arrest and immediately before it,’ and we must render our decision based on the ‘totality of the circumstances.’ ” Simpson, 793 F.3d at 265 (quoting Panetta v. Crowley, 460 F.3d 388, 395 (2d Cir. 2006)).
Defendants renew their arguments made at the motion to dismiss stage, contending that probable cause existed to ar
The complaint says nothing about Higginbotham’s size, about the size and weight of his camera and whether it was secured to his person, about the height of the phone booth and its suitability as a platform for a male adult, or about how tightly packed the crowd around the phone booth was at the time Higginbotham climbed onto it. Because, at the pleading stage, Higginbotham is entitled to all reasonable inferences from the facts alleged in the complaint, the Court must assume that those variables were such that Higginbotham was not creating a hazardous condition.
Id. All fact discovery has been completed and the determination of whether probable cause existed is ripe for determination. Weyant, 101 F.3d at 852. The summary judgment record includes the size of Higginbotham and his camera, the dimensions of the phone booth, and a visual depiction of the crowd surrounding the phone booth. The Court concludes that probable cause existed to arrest Higginbotham pursuant to New York Penal Law §§ 120.20.
A person is guilty of reckless endangerment in the second degree pursuant to New York Penal Law § 120.20 “when he recklessly engages in conduct which creates a substantial risk of serious physical injury to another person.” A person acts recklessly with respect to a result “when he is aware of and consciously disregards a substantial and unjustifiable risk that such result will occur ....” N.Y. Penal Law § 15.05(3). The risk must “constitute[ ] a gross deviation from the standard of conduct that a reasonable person would observe in the situation.” Id.
The undisputed facts support the conclusion that a person of reasonable caution would believe that Higginbotham acted recklessly in creating a substantial risk of serious physical injury to another person. For probable cause to exist to arrest pursuant to New York Penal Law § 120.20, there need not be proof of actual serious physical injury to another person, only the substantial risk of such injury, recklessly created. Green v. City of Yonkers, No. 10 cv 3653 (JFK), 2012 WL 554453, at *4 (S.D.N.Y. Feb. 21, 2012) (“Under New York law, the crime[] of reckless endangerment ... do[es] not contemplate ... injury as a condition precedent.”); People v. Davis, 72 N.Y.2d 32, 36, 530 N.Y.S.2d 529, 526 N.E.2d 20 (1988) (“[Rjeckless endangerment is not an intent crime. Instead, determining whether the crime was committed entails an objective assessment of the degree of risk presented by defendant’s reckless conduct.”) (internal quotations omitted); cf. People v. Todaro, 26 N.Y.2d 325, 328, 310 N.Y.S.2d 303, 258 N.E.2d 711 (1970) (holding that New York Penal Law § 240.20 “does not require proof of the accomplished fact of public inconvenience, annoyance or alarm; but proof only from which the risk of it, recklessly created, might be inferred.”) (emphasis in original). “Moreover, because ‘the practical restraints on police in the field are greater with respect to ascertaining intent ..., the latitude accorded to officers considering the probable cause issue in the context of mens rea crimes must be correspondingly great.’” Zalaski v. City of Hartford, 723 F.3d 382, 393 (2d Cir. 2013) (quoting Cox v. Hainey, 391 F.3d 25, 34 (1st Cir. 2004)).
The undisputed facts surrounding Higginbotham’s ascent of the phone booth
Higginbotham contends that there was no probable cause arrest him, because “if the roof were both sturdy enough and large enough for [Higginbotham] to stand safely and video the scene below, there could be no ‘substantial risk’ of falling off the platform.” (PL’s Opp’n 5.) Higginbotham contends that that phone booth’s roof was the size of “a standard six foot office desk,” was sturdily constructed, and was rated to hold 500 pounds. (PL’s Opp’n 5-7.) But Higginbotham’s argument misconstrues the probable cause inquiry. Whether probable cause existed depends on “those facts available to the officer at the time of arrest and immediately before it.” Simpson, 793 F.3d at 265 (internal quotations omitted). Neither party contends that the defendants knew how the roof was constructed or whether it was rated to hold 500 pounds. Accepting Higginbotham’s facts as true—that the roof was 33/8" to 53/8" thick and could withstand 500 pounds (Defs.’ Rule 56.1 Coun-terstatement ¶¶ 44-45)—summary judgment would still be appropriate.
Reviewing the video and photographs submitted on this motion, it is incontrovertible that an officer observing the scene would have seen that Higginbotham towered more than seven feet above protestors and other camerapersons while balancing a large camera on his shoulder. (Lucas Decl. Ex. J-K.) Higginbotham’s recklessness can be inferred from the fact that he himself knew that he was high above the densely-packed crowd, standing on a curved platform, a fact that was also visible to the officers at the scene. Therefore, even if the phone booth’s roof was the size of a standard office desk, the curvature of the platform, its sheer height, and a common sense understanding of how the law of gravity would apply to Higginbotham and his television equipment is sufficient for a person of reasonable caution to believe that Higginbotham acted recklessly in creating a substantial risk of serious physical injury to another person.
Higginbotham’s remaining arguments are also unpersuasive. Higginbotham contends that he “was accustomed to filming from heights and would not have climbed onto the booth if it presented a danger to himself or his $45,000 of equipment.” (PL’s Opp’n 7.) Higginbotham’s own perception
Finally, Higginbotham contends that even if probable cause existed to conclude that he was reckless, there is a genuine issue of material fact as to whether probable cause existed to conclude that his recklessness created a substantial risk of serious physical injury to another person. (PL’s Opp’n 7-8.) The Court disagrees. “Serious physical injury” is defined to mean “physical injury which creates a substantial risk of death, or which causes death or serious and protracted disfigurement, protracted impairment of health or protracted loss or impairment of the function of any bodily organ.” N.Y. Penal Law § 10.00(10). Courts have found that a bite wound to the hand requiring emergency medical treatment, a facial laceration requiring 30 stiches that leaves a permanent scar, and facial burn marks caused by hot oil that leaves a permanent scar, among other things, could constitute serious physical injuries. See Wallace v. City of Albany, 283 A.D.2d 872, 873, 725 N.Y.S.2d 728 (3d Dep’t 2001); McCall v. Rivera, 965 F.Supp.2d 311, 333 (S.D.N.Y. 2013); Vasquez v. Granham, No. 07 cv 7575 (DLC), 2008 WL 4500702, at *4 (S.D.N.Y. Oct. 7, 2008). And as noted above, probable cause does not require actual injury, but only a substantial risk of such injury. As described above, Higginbotham stood above a tightly-packed crowd, 7'4" high in the air. His camera, on his shoulder, was more than thirteen feet in the air. Based on these facts, a person of reasonable caution would conclude that had either Higginbotham or his camera fell from that height, there was a substantial risk of protracted disfigurement, protracted impairment of health, or pi-otracted loss or impairment of the function of a bodily organ.
Here, the evidence is sufficient to support a finding of arguable probable cause to arrest Higginbotham pursuant to New York Penal Law § 120.20. That is to say, it was objectively reasonable for the arresting officers to,believe that probable cause existed, or at the very least, for officers of reasonable competence to disagree on whether probable cause existed. As noted above, Higginbotham climbed more than seven feet above the ground atop a phone booth with a curved roof, while balancing a large camera on his shoulder. (Pl.’s Rule 56.1 Counterstatement ¶¶7-9, 20.) Regardless of Higginbotham’s own perceptions of the risk or the structural makeup of the phone booth’s roof, the facts known to the arresting officer at the time are sufficient to establish that it was objectively reasonable to conclude that probable cause existed to arrest the plaintiff for reckless endangerment in the second degree. Garcia, 779 F.3d at 92 (“ ‘In deciding whether an officer’s conduct was objectively reasonable ..., we look to the information possessed by the officer at the time of the arrest, but we do not consider the subjective intent, motives, or beliefs of the officer.’ ”) (quoting Amore v. Novarro, 624 F.3d 522, 536 (2d Cir. 2010)).
Accordingly, defendants are entitled to summary judgment on the false arrest claim.
II. First Amendment Retaliation Claim
“To plead a First Amendment retaliation claim a plaintiff must show: (1) he has a right protected by the First Amendment; (2) the defendant’s actions were motivated or substantially caused by his exercise of that right; and (3) the defendant’s actions caused him some injury.” Dorsett v. Cty. of Nassau, 732 F.3d 157, 160 (2d Cir. 2013). The existence of probable cause, however, will defeat a First Amendment claim “premised on the allegation that defendants prosecuted a plaintiff out of a retaliatory motive .... ” Fabrikant v. French, 691 F.3d 193, 215 (2d Cir. 2012). Here, defendants are entitled to summary judgment as to the First Amendment retaliation claim based on the Court’s conclusion that probable cause existed to arrest Higginbotham.
Higginbotham argues that his First Amendment retaliation claim could survive despite a finding of probable cause, because “the arrest was premised solely on the fact that the police wanted to prevent his taping of the escalating nature of the police interaction with the protestors.” (PL’s Opp’n 12.) Put another way, Higginbotham suggests that in the face of a probable cause finding, liability for a First Amendment retaliation claim can still arise where an arrest is solely premised on the exercise of the plaintiffs First Amendment right. Higginbotham’s argument appears to be directly contradicted by Second Circuit precedent, which states that “[a]n individual does not have a right under the First Amendment to be free from
Accordingly, defendants’ motion for summary judgment on the basis of their affirmative defense is granted and Higginbotham’s First Amendment retaliation claim is dismissed.
CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, defendants’ motion for summai-y judgment (Dkt. No. 56) is GRANTED. The Clerk is directed to terminate the motion and close the case.
SO ORDERED.
. Unless otherwise noted, citations to (PL’s Rule 56.1 Counterstatement ¶_) refer to undisputed facts submitted by plaintiff in response to Defendant’s Local Rule 56.1 Statement, and citations to (Defs.’ Rule 56.1 Coun-terstatement ¶_) refer to undisputed facts submitted by defendants in response to Plaintiff’s Local Rule 56.1 Statement.
. The Court need not determine whether probable cause existed to arrest Higginbotham pursuant to New York Penal Law §§ 145.25, 240.20(7). Marcavage v. City of New York, 689 F.3d 98, 109-10 (2d Cir. 2012) (“Defendants prevail if there was probable cause to arrest Plaintiffs for any single offense.”).