DocketNumber: No. 61 Ad. 456
Citation Numbers: 309 F. Supp. 839
Judges: Cannella
Filed Date: 4/17/1969
Status: Precedential
Modified Date: 11/26/2022
Action by the plaintiff for money damages for injuries allegedly caused by the unseaworthiness of the vessel, S.S. Beatrice, owned and operated by the defendant.
The Court finds that it has jurisdiction over this action by virtue of the provisions of the general maritime law. 28 U.S.C. § 1333(1).
The parties have stipulated, and the Court finds, that on March 3, 1961, the defendant was the owner of the S.S. Beatrice which at that time was docked at Pier A in Brooklyn, New York in the process of being loaded. The defendant employed the officers and crew of the vessel, some of whom were aboard. Cargo was being loaded into hatch #1 of the S.S. Beatrice by the third-party defendant, International Terminal Operating Co. (I.T.O.), pursuant to an agreement made with the defendant. The defendant further stipulated that if the plaintiff was on board as an employee of I.T.O., he was lawfully aboard the vessel since his employer was engaged in cargo operations contracted for by the defendant.
The Court finds that the evidence establishes that the cargo was being delivered on board the vessel in question and loaded into the #1 hatch by means of pallets. On March 3, 1961, the plaintiff, a hold man, commenced work at approximately 8 A.M. and was injured between 3 and 3:30 P.M. when a metal drum con taining foodstuffs struck his left foot. The drum was on a pallet which was constructed of wood and was about four feet in width by five and one-half feet in length. Such a pallet was designed to hold six of these metal drums at a time. When the pallet with the six drums landed in the hold, the plaintiff sought to tilt the drum in order to move it cf. the pallet to put it in its place in storage. The Court finds that the method used by the plaintiff on March 3, 1961 was the usual and customary way of removing such a drum cf. a pallet for storage. As the plaintiff tilted the drum, he could not hold it in place and although he attempted to control it, it took a wild turn. He was unable to hold it and it bounced cf. .the pallet and struck his left foot.
After the incident, the plaintiff looked at the pallet and discovered that in the place where the drum had been on the pallet, a piece was missing. This area was about two to two and one-half feet long by two to four inches wide. Prior to the accident, while he was doing his work in the usual and customary manner, the plaintiff could not have observed that the piece of wood was missing from the pallet. The pallet was dirty, an indication that it had been used many times. The drums in question were about two feet in diameter, three feet high and weighed between 600 and 700 pounds. The removal of one of these drums did not require much of an effort for a longshoreman. He merely had to tip the drum and ordinarily did not require or have any help in doing so. At the time of the accident, the plaintiff was 5'4" tall and weighed approximately 140 to 150 pounds.
After the drum had dropped onto his left foot, the plaintiff sat down, took cf. his shoe and discovered his sock full of blood. Plaintiff removed his sock and blood gushed from his big toe. He was helped cf. the ship to the timekeeper’s office and then taken to Dr. Tagliagambe’s office by car. X-rays were taken there and established that plaintiff
The Court finds that the missing strip in the pallet was the proximate cause of the wild spin of the metal drum and its subsequent fall onto the plaintiff’s foot causing the injuries enumerated above. The Court further finds that the pallet was supplied by I.T.O. There was evidence presented that at one time the defendant possessed its own pallets for cargo loading, but when I.T.O. came to the terminal, the defendant sent the pallets down to Puerto Rico where they do their own stevedoring work. The Court has examined the agreement between the defendant and third-party defendant, dated September 28, 1959, and finds that it provides for I.T.O. to supply cargo handling equipment such as this pallet.
The shipowner owes an absolute and non-delegable duty to seamen and longshoremen properly aboard its vessel
The question of the claim-over by the defendant against the third-party defendant is based upon the warranty of workmanlike service owed by I. T.O. to the shipowner. This duty of indemnification is based upon a contractual relationship, express
The primary source of the shipowner’s right to indemnity, as a practical matter, is his nondelegable duty to provide a seaworthy ship, by virtue of which he may be held vicariously liable for injuries caused by hazards which the longshoremen either created or had the opportunity to eliminate or avoid. The function of the doctrine of unseaworthiness and the corollary doctrine of indemnification is allocation of the losses caused by the shipboard injuries to the enterprise, to the institution or institutions most able to minimize the particular risk involved. (Citations omitted). 304 F.2d at 425-426.
The Court has already noted its finding that the pallet furnished on the day of plaintiff’s accident was patently defective and that the pallet was supplied by the third-party defendant I.T.O. Thus the stevedore created the very hazard which was the proximate cause of plaintiff’s injuries and it was the party best able to minimize or totally eliminate this risk. Apart from questions of the duty of care owed to the plaintiff, I.T.O., as supplier of this pallet not reasonably fit for its intended purpose, breached its warranty of workmanlike service and is liable in indemnity to the defendant.
The inspection required to find the defect in .this pallet was not such a minute one that the imposition of this standard places an undue burden on the stevedore. The evidence makes it clear that a reasonable inspection would have
The only remaining issue before the Court is the demand for costs, disbursements and attorney’s fees against the stevedore as part of the defendant’s recovery on the claim-over. Where a plaintiff longshoreman recovers a judgment against the shipowner and the shipowner is entitled to recovery over against the stevedore, as is the case here, costs, disbursements and attorney’s fees are properly recoverable by the shipowner.
All motions on which the Court reserved decision at the time of trial are denied. The above shall constitute the Court’s findings of fact and conclusions of law pursuant to Rule 52(a) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure.
It is adjudged that the vessel S.S. Beatrice was unseaworthy and therefore the plaintiff shall have judgment against the vessel’s owner, A. H. Bull Steamship Co., in the amount of $12,500.00. Further, it is adjudged that the third-party defendant, International Terminal Operating Co., Inc., breached its warranty of workmanlike service and therefore that the defendant shall have judgment in indemnity on its third-party complaint along with the assessment of costs, disbursements and reasonable attorney’s fees.
So ordered.
. At the close of the plaintiff’s direct case, he withdrew the alleged negligence of the defendant as a basis for recovery. The trial then proceeded on the claim of unseaworthiness alone.
. No attempt will be made to detail all medical evidence presented. Plaintiff suffered the injuries stated above, has endured pain and suffering and will have some discomfort in the future.
. His overtime wages were time and a half with a standard hourly wage rate of $3.-08.
. The agreement was introduced into evidence as third-party defendant’s Exhibit A and the relevant part referring to cargo handling equipment is Section #6.
. Gutierrez v. Waterman S.S. Corp., 373 U.S. 206, 83 S.Ct. 1185, 10 L.Ed.2d 297 (1963).
. Mitchell v. Trawler Racer, Inc., 362 U.S. 539, 550, 80 S.Ct. 926, 933, 4 U.Ed.2d 941 (1960).
. Muzzo v. Rederi, A/S Wallenco, Stockholm, Sweden, 304 F.2d 506, 510 (2d Cir. 1962).
. Poignant v. United States, 225 F.2d 595 (2d Cir. 1955).
. Crumady v. The Joachim Hendrik Fisser, 358 U.S. 423, 79 S.Ct. 445, 3 U.Ed.2d 413 (1959); Poignant v. United States, supra.
. Masouilli v. United States, 387 U.S. 237, 87 S.Ct. 1705, 18 L.Ed.2d 743 (1967) ; Candiano v. Moore-McCormack Lines, Inc., 382 F.2d 961 (2d Cir. 1967) cert. denied 390 U.S. 1027, 88 S.Ct. 1416, 20 L.Ed.2d 284 (1968) ; Alexander v. Bethlehem Steel Corp., 382 F.2d 963 (2d Cir. 1967).
. The contract between the parties is silent as to the matter of indemnity for tort claims.
. Weyerhaeuser Steamship Co. v. Nacirema Operating Co., 355 U.S. 563, 78 S.Ct. 43S, 2 L.Ed.2d 491 (1958); Ryan Stevedoring Co., Inc., v. Pan-Atlantic Steamship Corp., 350 U.S. 124, 76 S.Ct. 232, 100 L.Ed. 133 (1956).
. Italia Societa, etc. v. Oregon Stevedoring Company, 376 U.S. 315, 84 S.Ct. 748, 11 L.Ed .2d 732 (1964); Bootli Steamship Company v. Meier & Oelhaf Co., 262 F.2d 310 (2d Cir. 1958). See Crumady v. The Joachim Hendrik Fisser, supra.
. 29 C.F.R. § 1504.61 which provides: ‘All gear and equipment provided by the employer shall be inspected by the employer or his authorized representative before each use and, when necessary, at intervals during its use, to ensure that it is safe.”
. It is not necessary to decide if a violation of the regulation constitutes negligence per se. See Provenza v. American Export Lines, Inc., 324 F.2d 660 (4th Cir. 1963).
. The record does not show conduct on the defendant’s part sufficient to preclude its indemnity. See Weyerhaeuser Steamship Co. v. Nacirema Operating Co., supra 355 U.S. at 567, 78 S.Ct. 438. The holding of indemnity is not based upon principles of active-passive or primary-secondary negligence. See Weyerhaeuser Steamship Co. v. Nacirema Operating Co., supra at 569, 78 S.Ct. 438.
. Massa v. C.A. Venezuelan Navigacion, 332 F.2d 779 (2d Cir.) cert. denied 379 U.S. 914, 85 S.Ct. 262, 13 L.Ed.2d 186 (1964).