Citation Numbers: 26 N.Y.S. 494, 81 N.Y. Sup. Ct. 462, 56 N.Y. St. Rep. 698
Judges: Brien
Filed Date: 12/15/1893
Status: Precedential
Modified Date: 1/13/2023
Upon the question of testamentary capacity the law is well settled, and in the leading case of Delafield v. Parish, 25 N. Y. 9, is stated as follows:
“It is essential that the testator has sufficient capacity to comprehend perfectly the condition of his property, his relation to the persons who were or should or might have been the objects of his bounty, and the scope and bearing of the .provisions of his will. He must, in the language of the cases, have*496 sufficient active memory to collect in his mind, without prompting, the particulars or elements of the business to be transacted, and to hold them in his mind a sufficient length of time to perceive at least their obvious relations to each other, and be able to form some rational judgment in relation to them. A testator who has sufficient mental power to do these things is, within the meaning and intent of the statute of wills, a person of sound mind and memory, and is competent to dispose of his estate by will.”
Weeks, running into months, were consumed in eliciting facts bearing upon the questions of the testamentary capacity of Schuyler Skaats, deceased. It would exceed the bounds of any option to collate from the three large volumes of testimony all the details of the life of the deceased, partly brought out on behalf of the contestants, which it is claimed tend to establish mental weakness, and partly on behalf of the proponents to refute such theory. We must therefore content ourselves with grouping together the most salient features of the case, and thence deduce our conclusions.
It appears that the testator had been a man of regular habits, and was a painstaking and marvelously accurate bookkeeper, and kept by his own hands, by a system of double entry, one of the most perfect sets of books that the experts had ever seen, which balanced year by year down to a penny, he having made the last balance January 1, 1883; that during 1883 he made the entries in the different books correctly, and continued to correctly enter his items down to April 30, 1884; and that in the fall of that year the accounts were kept in a more irregular manner, which irregularity gradually increased until his death. They also attach great weight to the diaries kept by the testator, commencing with January, 1884. and running to within two days of his death, which contain minute entries of his daily life; contestants especially relying upon numerous entries of calls of nature, and of his having taken doses of tonics, liver invigorators, and purgative medicines, and of his symptoms in consequence, and other, trivial incidents. Again, reference is made to photographs of the deceased, introduced in evidence, taken at different periods of his life, one in 1878, one in 1886, and one in 1890. which certainly show that as years went by he changed in appearance and became older looking, but which are of no assistance to us in determining whether or not in 1884 the testator was of weak mind. It is further contended that weakness of mind is shown from the fact that in his latter years, beginning in 1883, the testator had occasional spells of unconsciousness, called by bis wife “indigestible turns;” that he would sometimes scream or shout apparently without cause; that he had many odd manners and habits, such as making puns, reciting poetry in a showy manner, pasting pictures in books, shaking hands with hotel waiters, smoking in bed, wearing cap and gloves while eating, etc. As against all this it is shown that he impressed people outside his family as being somewhat eccentric, to be sure, but neat in appearance, pleasant and cheerful, a good joker, well read, intelligent, a good judge of pictures, very shrewd in matters of business, and hard at a bargain; that many of his peculiarities were the habits of long years,—such, for instance, as his punning propensities, and conversing with waiters and shaking them by the hand; arid that his diaries for the
This brings us to a consideration of the second ground urged, which it is insisted by the appellant was entirely overlooked by the learned surrogate. It is claimed here, as it is suggested it was claimed below, that although reliance was placed upon the fact that the want of testamentary capacity had been established, and that, even though this were not supported, a case was presented
“The finding that the testator had capacity to make a will is not inconsistent with the finding that the same was made under restraint or undue influence. Undue influence must be an influence exercised by coercion, imposition, or fraud, and not such as arises from gratitude, affection, or esteem, and its exertion upon the very act must be proved. It will not be inferred from opportunity and interest. But the exercise of undue influence need not be shown by direct proof; it may be inferred from circumstances, though the circumstances must be such as to lead justly to the inference that undue influence was employed, and that the will did not express the real wishes of the testator.”
As to the character of the evidence necessary to establish such a charge, and upon whom the burden is placed, the rule is thus given in Marx v. McGlynn, 88 N. Y. 370:
“It is not sufficient, however, for the purpose of establishing undue influence, to show that the will is a result of affection or gratitude, or the persuasion which a friend or relative may legitimately use; but the influence must be such as to overpower and subject the will of the testator, thus producing a disposition of property which the testator would not have made if left freely to act his own pleasure; and this kind of influence will not generally be presumed, but must be proved like any other fact by him who alleges it. But there are certain cases in which the law indulges in the presumption that undue influence has been used, and those cases are where a patient makes a will in favor of his physician, a client in favor of his lawyer, a ward in favor of his guardian, or any person in favor of his priest or religious adviser, or where other close confidential relationships exist. Such wills, when made to the exclusion of the natural objects of the testator’s bounty, are viewed with great suspicion by the law, and some proof should be required beside the factum of the will before the will can be sustained.”
Under well-settled principles of law, therefore, whether undue influence has or has not been exerted in a given case is a question of fact, and it becomes necessary here, as in every other instance where the claim is made, to weigh the testimony, and determine therefrom the fact of the existence or nonexistence of undue influence acting upon the testator. Here the charge is made that the testator was controlled in the disposition of his property by his brother Bartholomew, and the evidence sustaining such charge is mainly derived from Bartholomew’s testimony. He tells the story of the making of the will and codicil, from which it appears that the testator first spoke to him about making the will on May 7, 1884, at the Buckingham Hotel, where he had called, at the request of Mrs. Skaats, upon another matter, in which he was acting as counsel. The testator furnished him with memoranda of the different bequests he proposed to make, from which, the next day, Bartholomew prepared a draft will. On the 9th the testator called and took away the draft, and on the 12th or 13th he called again, and had a. further consultation about the will, asking certain questions as to what would happen in the event of certain contingencies with reference to the specific legacies. The final changes were made in the will, after which it was engrossed, and then carefully read over by the testator, and his name signed at the end of every page; and on the 22d of May, in company with his brother, the testa
“I cannot find any evidence which, according to the well-settled rules of law, would authorize me to reject these papers upon the ground that they were obtained by an improper and undue influence exercised by anybody over the decedent. The evidence convinces me that both the will and codicil were prepared by him without any improper interference.”
Upon the question of unreasonableness the claim of the contestants is that, as the will divided the greater portion of the estate among the testator’s own brothers and sisters, and out' of so large an estate made so small a provision for the widow, when, according to the testimony of the sisters of the widow, he had led them to believe her interest under the will would be much larger, such an unreasonable disposition of his property, regardless of the claims of his wife, and contrary to his expressed intentions, could only have been the result of ulterior and sinister influences exerted upon the testator’s weak mind. On the contrary, we have reached the conclusion from our examination of the case that the testator was mentally competent to make a will, and that the will and codicil were his free acts. This being shown, the fact that the provisions of the will were inequitable and unjust would furnish no ground for disturbing it. But it is evident that from the testator’s point of view no injustice or unfairness was intended. He had no children. His wife was a rich woman in her own right, with an income which he might have thought to be in excess of her real wants, while his own family were comparatively poor; and he was no doubt convinced that if he should leave them out of his own will their fortunes would be nothing improved by any legacies from Mrs. Skaats, who had relatives of her own to provide for. It will thus be seen that any presumption that might arise from the fact that Bartholomew Skaats drew the will in which he was named as a beneficiary is met by the other facts appearing,—that, in addition to being the attorney, he stood in the relation of a brother to the
“In the discussion of this question it is necessary that the court should consider the circumstances surrounding the testator at and about the time of the execution of the will and subsequent thereto. It is urged that the testator was weak, and easily influenced by those who surrounded him, which fact is a circumstance undoubtedly to be taken into consideration with the other evidence; but the mere fact that he was weak and easily influenced does not in itself raise the presumption that such influence was exercised ■simply because a will such as was satisfactory to the appellants had not been made by the testator. * <= * And while it is undoubtedly true that it is always difficult to produce testimony showing undue influence over a testator, yet the mere fact that the opportunity of exercising undue influence has been afforded, and that benefits have resulted to those who had the opportunity of exercising such influence, by no means raises a presumption that such influence was exercised.”
In this case, with the opportunity afforded, had he wished to exert an undue influence, as it was not exercised for his own particular advantage, we think the inference can be justly drawn either that he did not attempt it. or that the testator was not amenable to such influence.
In disposing of the argument based upon the unreasonableness of the will, but few words will suffice. As to the failure to provide for the three nieces who contest, the explanation is furnished by the testimony showing that the testator had little personal relations with them during his life, and never regarded them as objects of his bounty; and, were it not for the failure to recognize the claim of the wife to a larger share in his estate, there would be no basis upon which to urge that the will was unreasonable, because it was in all respects just such a will as it was most natural for the testator to make. With respect to the wife, considering the part that she played in bringing a fortune to her husband, in the amassing of his own wealth, and the care and solicitude which she exhibited,—which latter was so assiduous as to be at times the subject of complaint even on the part of the testator himself,—there would appear to be just cause for dissatisfaction upon her part in not receiving more of her husband’s estate; yet, on the other hand, the testator no doubt thought that the $140,000 which she owned in her own right, to which was added about $45,000 from his estate, was, considering her needs and childless condition, sufficient for her wants. As already said, however, unreasonableness in the disposition of a testator’s property is not a ground for disturbing it, but only a circumstance which may be considered with other circumstances appearing as bearing upon either the question of testamentary capacity or undue influence. We do not understand that it is here urged upon the question of testamentary capacity, -but is insisted that because the testator had stated at different
“A change of testamentary intention, as bearing upon the allegation of undue influence in preparing a will, is sometimes an important circumstance,, but its force depends mainly upon its connection with associated facts. * * * A testator has a right to dispose of his estate in any way he may deem best. He is not required to make an equitable will, and he may, if' he choose, exclude his children, or divide his estate among them unequally. The question in all such cases is, was the will a free act of a competent testator? The reasons for the change of intention in this case do not very satisfactorily appear.”
So in the case at bar we may say that if the testator had any such intention the reason for the change in his views does not satisfactorily appear, but, giving such weight as that circumstance is entitled to, in connection with the other facts here appearing, we think that the learned surrogate was right in his conclusion that “at the time Mr. Skaats executed these two papers he was capable in law-of making a will, * * * and that both the will and codicil were prepared by him, thought but by him, and executed by him without any improper interference.” The decree should be affirmed, with costs against the appellants. All concur.