Embassy Healthcare v. Bell (Slip Opinion)

[Until this opinion appears in the Ohio Official Reports advance sheets, it may be cited as
Embassy Healthcare v. Bell, Slip Opinion No. 2018-Ohio-4912.]
NOTICE
This slip opinion is subject to formal revision before it is published in an
advance sheet of the Ohio Official Reports. Readers are requested to
promptly notify the Reporter of Decisions, Supreme Court of Ohio, 65
South Front Street, Columbus, Ohio 43215, of any typographical or other
formal errors in the opinion, in order that corrections may be made before
the opinion is published.
SLIP OPINION NO. 2018-OHIO-4912EMBASSY HEALTHCARE, D.B.A. CARLISLE MANOR HEALTHCARE, APPELLEE, v.
BELL, APPELLANT.
[Until this opinion appears in the Ohio Official Reports advance sheets, it
may be cited as Embassy Healthcare v. Bell, Slip Opinion No.
2018-Ohio-4912.]
Creditor must present claim for unpaid necessaries to decedent’s estate under R.C.
2117.06 before it can pursue claim individually against surviving spouse
under R.C. 3103.03.
(No. 2017-1031—Submitted July 18, 2018—Decided December 12, 2018.)
APPEAL from the Court of Appeals for Warren County, No. CA2016-08-072,
2017-Ohio-1499.
_____________________
FRENCH, J.
{¶ 1} In this appeal, we consider whether a creditor’s failure to present its
claim for unpaid expenses to a decedent’s estate within the six-month statute of
limitations in R.C. 2117.06 bars a later action against the decedent’s surviving
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spouse under R.C. 3103.03, Ohio’s necessaries statute. A divided panel of the
Twelfth District Court of Appeals reversed the trial court’s grant of summary
judgment in favor of defendant-appellant, Cora Sue Bell, and concluded that
plaintiff-appellee, Embassy Healthcare, d.b.a Carlisle Manor Healthcare, could
pursue its claim against Cora individually under R.C. 3103.03 and was not required
to present its claim to the estate of her deceased husband, Robert Bell.
{¶ 2} We conclude that a creditor must present its claim for unpaid
necessaries to the decedent’s estate under R.C. 2117.06 before it can pursue a claim
individually against the surviving spouse under R.C. 3103.03. We therefore reverse
the Twelfth District’s judgment.
The Necessaries Doctrine
and the Relevant Statutes
{¶ 3} This appeal requires us to examine the interplay between R.C.
3103.03, Ohio’s necessaries statute, and R.C. 2117.06, the statute that governs the
presentation of creditors’ claims against a decedent’s estate.
{¶ 4} We begin with R.C. 3103.03, which codifies the common-law
necessaries doctrine. That doctrine held that a husband was liable to third parties
for necessaries—i.e., food, shelter, clothing, and medical services—that those third
parties provided to his wife. Howard v. Whetstone Twp. Trustees, 10 Ohio 365,
368 (1841); Wolf v. Friedman, 20 Ohio St.2d 49, 53, 253 N.E.2d 761 (1969). The
doctrine emerged as a response to the legal disabilities placed on married women
under coverture, by which a married woman’s legal identity merged with her
husband’s. Phillips v. Graves, 20 Ohio St. 371, 380 (1870). A married woman
could not own property, enter into contracts, or receive credit as an individual. Id.By holding a husband liable to those who provided necessaries to his wife, the
necessaries doctrine encouraged third parties to provide essential items and services
to neglected wives. In re Rauscher, 40 Ohio App.3d 106, 531 N.E.2d 745 (8th
Dist.1987).
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{¶ 5} Ohio has abolished coverture. See Damm v. Elyria Lodge No. 465,
Benevolent Protective Order of Elks, 158 Ohio St. 107, 107 N.E.2d 337 (1952),
paragraph one of the syllabus (enumerating statutes that have abolished the
common-law doctrine of merging a married woman’s legal identity into her
husband’s). But it has kept the doctrine of necessaries, as codified in R.C. 3103.03.
{¶ 6} Early versions of R.C. 3103.03 imposed on the husband the duty to
support “himself, his wife, and his minor children out of his property or by his
labor.” See, e.g., former R.C. 3103.03(A), Am.Sub.S.B. No. 1, 135 Ohio Laws,
Part I, 7, 19. The General Assembly subsequently amended the statute by removing
all references to “husband” and “wife” and using the gender-neutral phrase
“married person,” so that the duty of support now extends to both spouses.
{¶ 7} R.C. 3103.03 states:
(A) Each married person must support the person’s self and
spouse out of the person’s property or by the person’s labor. If a
married person is unable to do so, the spouse of the married person
must assist in the support so far as the spouse is able. * * *
***
(C) If a married person neglects to support the person’s
spouse in accordance with this section, any other person, in good
faith, may supply the spouse with necessaries for the support of the
spouse and recover the reasonable value of the necessaries supplied
from the married person who neglected to support the spouse unless
the spouse abandons that person without cause.
{¶ 8} Also at issue here is R.C. 2117.06(A), which states that “[a]ll creditors
having claims against an estate, including claims arising out of contract, out of tort,
on cognovit notes, or on judgments, whether due or not due, secured or unsecured,
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liquidated or unliquidated, shall present their claims” in accordance with the
requirements in R.C. 2117.06. “[A]ll claims shall be presented within six months
after the death of the decedent, whether or not the estate is released from
administration or an executor or administrator is appointed during that six-month
period.” R.C. 2117.06(B). “[A] claim that is not presented within six months after
the death of the decedent shall be forever barred as to all parties, including, but not
limited to, devisees, legatees, and distributees.” R.C. 2117.06(C).
Facts And Procedural History
{¶ 9} Embassy operates the nursing facility in which Robert stayed at some
point in 2014 before his death. On January 9, 2014, Robert entered into an
admission agreement with Embassy under which the facility agreed to provide him
with certain goods and services. The agreement states that Robert, as the resident,
“is responsible for payment in full of all amounts due and owing to the Facility.”
Cora signed the agreement as the “Responsible Party,” which according to the
agreement means that she “is liable for services rendered to the Resident by the
Facility to the extent of the Resident’s income, assets or resources to which the
Responsible Party has legal access.” The agreement further states, “Nothing in this
agreement shall be construed to require that a Responsible Party is in any way
personally liable for payment for services rendered by the Facility to the Resident.”
{¶ 10} On November 25, 2014—six months and three days after Robert’s
death—Embassy sent a notice to Cora that it was seeking payment from Robert’s
estate for an outstanding balance of $1,678. Embassy mailed the notice to “The
Estate of: Robert Bell, c/o Cora Bell, Fiduciary,” and directed the correspondence
to the “Personal Representative of the Estate.” The body of the letter stated:
You are not personally liable for the account. We are
seeking payment from the assets of the decedent’s estate. You are
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not required to use your own assets or assets you owned jointly with
the decedent to pay this debt.
{¶ 11} As of November 22, 2014, or six months after Robert’s death, no
estate had been opened for Robert, and Embassy did not seek to have an estate
administrator appointed for the purpose of presenting a claim for unpaid services
to Robert’s estate.
{¶ 12} On June 29, 2015, Embassy filed a complaint in Franklin Municipal
Court in Warren County, Ohio, naming Cora as the defendant and seeking payment
from Cora for Robert’s unpaid expenses under R.C. 3103.03(C).
{¶ 13} Cora moved for summary judgment, arguing that Embassy could not
prove one of the elements of its claim under R.C. 3103.03 and that the six-month
statute of limitations in R.C. 2117.06 for presenting claims to a decedent’s estate
barred Embassy’s claim. The magistrate’s decision granted summary judgment in
favor of Cora based on the first argument: that Embassy had failed to offer any
evidence that Robert or any estate left by Robert could not pay for Embassy’s
services, a prerequisite for a R.C. 3103.03 claim.
{¶ 14} The trial court overruled Embassy’s objections to the magistrate’s
decision and granted summary judgment in favor of Cora, but for a different reason.
The court concluded that Robert’s debt to Embassy became a debt of his estate by
operation of law and that Cora was not jointly and severally liable for her husband’s
obligation. Embassy was therefore required to seek payment from the estate under
R.C. 2117.06 before pursuing its claim against Cora under R.C. 3103.03. And
because Embassy failed to present its claim to the estate within the six-month
limitations period in R.C. 2117.06, Embassy’s claim was time-barred.
{¶ 15} A divided panel of the Twelfth District reversed, holding that R.C.
3103.03 creates a claim against a debtor’s spouse that can be pursued independently
from a claim against the estate under R.C. 2117.06. The court then noted that Cora,
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as the party moving for summary judgment, did not affirmatively establish that
Robert had had adequate Medicare insurance coverage to pay for Embassy’s
services. The court concluded that a genuine issue of material fact remained as to
whether Robert had been able to support himself, an element of Embassy’s claim
under R.C. 3103.03.
{¶ 16} We accepted Cora’s discretionary appeal, 151 Ohio St.3d 1502,
2018-Ohio-365, 90 N.E.3d 945, which presents two propositions of law:
(1) The plain language of R.C. 2117.06(C) mandates a claim
under R.C. 3103.03 for necessaries supplied to a decedent must be
presented to the estate and failure to do so bars the claim against
both the estate and the spouse.
(2) By definition, a creditor who fails to timely present its
claim to the decedent’s estate cannot prove, as a matter of law, the
decedent is unable to pay the claim such that a claim cannot be
brought against the spouse.
Analysis
{¶ 17} The Twelfth District concluded that Embassy could pursue its claim
for Robert’s unpaid nursing-facility expenses against Cora individually under R.C.
3103.03 and was not required to present its claim first to Robert’s estate under R.C.
2117.06. We conclude that the Twelfth District’s holding contradicts the plain
statutory language.
R.C. 3103.03 imposes primary liability on each married person
for his or her own debts
{¶ 18} We begin with the plain language of R.C. 3103.03. Under that
statute, Robert, as the debtor spouse, retains primary liability for his unpaid debt to
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Embassy. Embassy must therefore first seek satisfaction of its claim from Robert’s
income and assets.
{¶ 19} The first sentence of R.C. 3103.03(A) expressly provides that
“[e]ach married person must support the person’s self and spouse out of the
person’s property or by the person’s labor.” The next sentence provides that “[i]f a
married person is unable to” support himself or herself, “the spouse of the married
person must assist in the support so far as the spouse is able.” (Emphasis added.)
In other words, each married person retains primary responsibility for supporting
himself or herself from his or her own income or property. The nondebtor spouse
becomes liable only if the debtor spouse does not have the assets to pay for his or
her necessaries. A creditor must therefore first seek satisfaction of its claim from
the assets of the spouse who incurred the debt. R.C. 3103.03 does not impose joint
liability on a married person for the debts of his or her spouse.
{¶ 20} Our conclusion is consistent with previous decisions in which we
construed a former version of R.C. 3103.03 as imposing liability on the nondebtor
spouse only if the debtor spouse cannot support himself or herself. For example,
in Ohio State Univ. Hosp. v. Kinkaid, 48 Ohio St.3d 78, 549 N.E.2d 517 (1990), we
stated: “Where a husband is unable to provide for his own support, pursuant to R.C.
3103.03 a wife must aid in the support of her husband to the extent that she is able.”
(Emphasis added.) Id. at 80.
{¶ 21} We then concluded that the decedent’s wife was liable under R.C.
3103.03 for the medical expenses that her husband incurred before his death. Id.
But unlike this case, there was a judicial finding in Kincaid that the decedent left
no assets subject to probate, since all of the decedent’s assets were held jointly with
his wife with right of survivorship. Id. at 78; 10th Dist. Franklin No. 88AP-261,
1988 WL 81819, *3 (Aug. 2, 1988). Because the decedent’s own assets were
insufficient to pay his medical expenses at the time of his death, we concluded that
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his wife was liable under R.C. 3103.03, subject to the trial court’s determination of
her ability to pay. Id. at 80.
{¶ 22} Prior to Kincaid, we concluded that G.C. Section 7997, the
predecessor to R.C. 3103.03, imposed primary liability on the debtor spouse, while
a nondebtor spouse’s obligation is “in the nature of a secondary or suretyship
liability.” Hausser v. Ebinger, 161 Ohio St. 192, 195, 118 N.E.2d 522 (1954).
{¶ 23} Courts in other jurisdictions have reached similar conclusions
regarding the doctrine of necessaries. See Hickory Creek at Connersville v. Estate
of Combs, 992 N.E.2d 209, 210, 212 (Ind.Ct.App.2013) (the doctrine of necessaries
holds “each spouse * * * primarily liable for his or her independent debts”). A
creditor must first seek satisfaction from the income and property of the debtor
spouse, “[a]nd only if those resources are insufficient may a creditor seek
satisfaction from the non-contracting spouse.” Id. at 213, citing Bartrom v.
Adjustment Bur., Inc., 618 N.E.2d 1, 8 (Ind.1993). See also Jersey Shore Med.
Ctr.—Fitkin Hosp. v. Baum’s Estate, 84 N.J. 137, 141, 417 A.2d 1003 (1980) (“a
judgment creditor must first seek satisfaction from the income and other property
of the spouse who incurred the debt”); Cheshire Med. Ctr. v. Holbrook, 140 N.H.
187, 190, 663 A.2d 1344 (1995) (provider of necessaries must first seek payment
from the spouse who received goods or services before pursuing collection from
the other spouse).
{¶ 24} As alleged in Embassy’s complaint, its claim for payment arises
from its admission agreement with Robert. And that agreement bound Robert as
the payor: “Resident is responsible for payment in full of all amounts due and owing
to the Facility.” Although Cora signed the agreement as “Responsible Party,” the
agreement expressly states that the responsible party is not “in any way personally
liable for payment for services rendered by the Facility to the Resident.”
{¶ 25} R.C. 3103.03(A) and the admission agreement leave no question that
Robert was the debtor and that his estate remains primarily responsible for his
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liabilities. Embassy was therefore required to seek recourse first against Robert’s
estate before seeking payment from Cora.
The presentment requirements in R.C. 2117.06
apply to Embassy’s claim
{¶ 26} Having concluded that Robert retained primary liability for his
unpaid debt with Embassy, we now consider the statutory mechanism that Embassy
must use to collect on that debt. In order to prevail on a necessaries claim, Embassy
concedes, it must show that Robert, as the debtor spouse, was unable to pay for the
necessaries that Embassy provided to him. Embassy argues, however, that it can
make that showing in an action under R.C. 3103.03 without first presenting a claim
against the decedent’s estate. It need not present its claim against Robert’s estate
under R.C. 2117.06, Embassy contends, because R.C. 3103.03 provides a separate
and independent cause of action against a debtor’s spouse.
{¶ 27} Embassy’s argument, however, contradicts the plain language of
R.C. 2117.06. Embassy’s demand for payment falls squarely within the type of
claims that must be presented to a decedent’s estate under R.C. 2117.06.
{¶ 28} R.C. 2117.06(A) states that “[a]ll creditors having claims against an
estate, including claims arising out of contract, * * * shall present their claims” in
accordance with R.C. 2117.06. (Emphasis added.) The statute does not define the
terms “creditor” and “claims.” But we have held that the word “creditor” in R.C.
2117.06 means “all persons having rights in action against the decedent.” Pierce
v. Johnson, 136 Ohio St. 95, 99-100, 23 N.E.2d 993 (1939) (construing predecessor
statute to R.C. 2117.06). See also Raber v. Seiberling, 9th Dist. Wayne No. 1710,
1981 WL 4027, at * 1 (June 17, 1981) (citing Pierce and concluding that plaintiff
seeking specific performance on a land-sale contract was a “creditor” who must
present his claim within the statutory deadline in R.C. 2117.06). We have also held
that the presentment requirements in R.C. 2117.06 apply to “claims which may be
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allowed as debts payable out of the assets of an estate.” Lewis v. Steinreich, 73
Ohio St.3d 299, 302, 652 N.E.2d 981 (1995).
{¶ 29} As we stated earlier, Embassy’s claim arose from its contract with
Robert. Upon his death, Robert’s contractual obligations became the obligations
of his estate. See Osborne v. Osborne, 114 Ohio App.3d 412, 414, 683 N.E.2d 365(2d Dist.1996) (“Obligations incurred by a deceased during his or her lifetime
become debts of his or her estate after death by operation of law”). Accord
D’Amore v. Mathews, 193 Ohio App.3d 575, 2011-Ohio-2853, 952 N.E.2d 1212,
¶ 19 (12th Dist.). As a creditor with a contractual claim against Robert, Embassy
should have presented its claim to Robert’s estate in accordance with R.C. 2117.06.
{¶ 30} In fact, Embassy’s November 25, 2014 correspondence
acknowledged that Robert’s estate, and not Cora, was liable for Robert’s unpaid
expenses. Embassy mailed the correspondence to “The Estate of: Robert Bell” in
care of Cora as the presumed fiduciary and addressed the salutation to the “Personal
Representative of the Estate.” In the body of the letter, Embassy stated that it was
“seeking payment from the assets of the decedent’s estate” and that Cora “[was]
not personally liable for the account.”
{¶ 31} Unfortunately for Embassy, the six-month deadline to present its
claim to Robert’s estate expired three days earlier, on November 22, 2014. By that
date no estate had been opened for Robert, and Embassy could have but did not
seek appointment of an estate administrator. “[I]t is incumbent” upon a creditor
with a claim against an estate to procure the appointment of an administrator under
R.C. 2113.06(C) before the expiration of the six-month period. Wrinkle v. Trabert,
174 Ohio St. 233, 237, 188 N.E.2d 587 (1963). If a creditor fails—through
indifference, delay, or lack of diligence—to procure the appointment of an
administrator, “the law should not come to the creditor’s aid.” Wilson v. Lawrence,
150 Ohio St.3d 368, 2017-Ohio-1410, 81 N.E.3d 1242, ¶ 17. Because Embassy sat
on its rights, its claim arising from Robert’s obligations under the admission
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agreement is forever barred “as to all parties,” including Cora. See R.C.
2117.06(C).
{¶ 32} The dissent contends that R.C. 2117.06 does not apply to Embassy.
The statute, however, pertains to “creditors having claims against an estate,” not
just to creditors who actually seek payment from an estate. R.C. 2117.06(A). See
also Pierce, 136 Ohio St. at 99-100, 23 N.E.2d 993 (“creditor” means “all persons
having rights in action against the decedent”). A creditor with an enforceable claim
against a decedent cannot opt out of the requirements of R.C. 2117.06. That person
is a “creditor” with a “claim” that must be presented timely to the estate.
{¶ 33} The dissent also suggests various scenarios that involve creditors
other than those seeking payment for providing necessaries, and it argues that our
holding will affect creditors in those situations. Our holding, however, addresses
only the statutory language and factual situation before us in this appeal. Here, we
have a necessaries creditor with a contractual claim against a decedent—a claim
that became the obligation of the estate upon the decedent’s death. Our holding
goes no further than to address these circumstances.
Conclusion
{¶ 34} We conclude that Embassy was required to present its claim for
unpaid necessaries to the decedent’s estate under R.C. 2117.06 before it could
pursue a claim individually against the surviving spouse under R.C. 3103.03.
Because Embassy failed to present its claim to the decedent’s estate or seek the
appointment of an administrator within six months of the decedent’s death, Bell
was entitled to summary judgment. We therefore reverse the Twelfth District’s
judgment.
Judgment reversed.
O’CONNOR, C.J., and O’DONNELL, KENNEDY, and DEGENARO, JJ., concur.
FISCHER, J., dissents.
DEWINE, J., dissents, with an opinion.
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_________________
DEWINE, J., dissenting.
{¶ 35} The majority today reimagines Ohio’s necessaries statute, R.C.
3103.03, to mandate that a claim for necessaries must first be presented to a
decedent’s estate. Along the way, the majority announces a broad new rule that
subjects not only claims under R.C. 3103.03 but other creditor claims to estate-law
requirements. None of this is justifiable as a matter of statutory construction.
{¶ 36} Almost lost in the majority opinion is that resolution of this case
simply requires the construction of two lines of statutory text. The necessaries
statute provides that if a married person who is able to do so fails to support her
spouse, “any other person * * * may supply the spouse with necessaries * * * and
recover the reasonable value of the necessaries supplied from the married person
who neglected to support the spouse.” R.C. 3103.03(C). The other statute cited by
the majority establishes the procedure for the presentment of “claims against an
estate,” R.C. 2117.06. Because the necessaries statute permits a claim to be made
directly against the married person who failed to provide necessaries, the statute of
limitations set forth in R.C. 2117.06 for “claims against an estate” has no
application. It is that simple.
{¶ 37} It is true that before recovering payment from Cora, Embassy must
show that Robert himself was unable to pay. R.C. 3103.03(A). And of course,
showing that a claim against the estate was not satisfied is one way to show that a
spouse was unable to pay for his own support. But nothing in R.C. 3103.03
prescribes how an inability to pay must be established. Indeed, a party could likely
comply with the requirement simply by submitting records establishing that a
person died with no assets.
{¶ 38} Instead of looking to the plain language, the majority grafts R.C.
2117.06’s requirements onto the necessaries statute and says that Embassy had to
first present its claim against Cora to Robert’s estate. Because a claim wasn’t
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presented against the estate within the six-month time limit provided by R.C.
2117.06(B), the majority concludes that Embassy was not permitted to seek
payment under R.C. 3103.03—a statute that until today set forth an entirely separate
action.
{¶ 39} According to the majority’s new rule, when an estate has not been
opened, a creditor who wishes to pursue a necessaries claim must undertake the
burden of having an estate opened under R.C. 2113.06, even when the decedent left
no assets and when the opening of an estate is an obviously futile exercise. Take
for example a no-asset decedent, a rich surviving spouse, and an in-home nurse who
is owed a substantial amount for care rendered to the decedent. The necessaries
statute says the nurse has a right to be compensated by the surviving spouse. But
under today’s ruling, before pursuing a claim against the spouse, the nurse must
undertake the vain act (and the expense) of opening an estate for the decedent and
filing a claim against the estate. Only when the claim is denied may the nurse
pursue a claim under the necessaries statute. What a waste of time and money.
{¶ 40} The majority gets to its new rule through a novel construction of
R.C. 2117.06. In the penultimate paragraph of its opinion, the majority makes the
sweeping pronouncement that the presentment requirement of R.C. 2117.06 applies
to all
“creditors having claims against an estate,” not just to creditors who
actually seek payment from an estate. * * * A creditor with an
enforceable claim against a decedent cannot opt out of the
requirements of R.C. 2117.06. That person is a “creditor” with a
“claim” that must be presented timely to the estate.
Majority opinion at ¶ 32, quoting R.C. 2117.06. In other words, under the
majority’s reading of the statute, presentment of a claim to the estate is mandatory,
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not only to recover from the estate but to pursue that claim at all. If a creditor has
a potential claim against a decedent and does not present the claim to the estate, the
creditor is permanently barred from pursuing the claim against another party who
is also liable.
{¶ 41} In reaching this result, the majority reads the phrase “[a]ll creditors
having claims against an estate” out of context. R.C. 2117.06(A) sets forth
procedures for creditors to present a claim against the estate: “All creditors having
claims against an estate * * * shall present their claims in one of the following
manners.” The remainder of R.C. 2117.06 establishes a limitation period for
presentment of claims and delineates rules concerning the allowance and
disallowance of claims that have been presented. Read in context, the phrase “[a]ll
creditors having claims against an estate” simply makes clear that R.C. 2117.06 is
the sole avenue for a creditor to pursue a claim against an estate. Nothing in R.C.
2117.06 mandates that a creditor who potentially has a claim against an estate must
present that claim or forgo another independent source of recovery.
{¶ 42} The majority’s misreading of the statutory scheme is put into sharp
focus when one considers the implications for cases that go beyond necessaries.
Imagine a tort action in which a decedent and another person are jointly and
severally liable for injuries to a plaintiff. Under the majority’s rendering of R.C.
2117.06, all creditors having claims against the estate are bound to present them to
the estate. So the injured person would be compelled to file a claim against the
decedent’s estate—and if necessary, to open an estate—before he could pursue a
claim against the second tortfeasor. Likewise, a creditor of a partnership, in which
one partner has died, would have to present a claim against the deceased partner’s
estate before seeking payment from the other partner. The same goes for any
creditor who wishes to collect on a debt that was jointly owed by a decedent and a
living party.
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{¶ 43} If the majority really means what it says—that the requirements of
R.C. 2117.06 are mandatory and that a claim must first be presented against an
estate even when a creditor has a legal right to pursue another avenue of recourse—
it has worked a substantial rewrite of a large chunk of debtor-creditor law. The
majority tap dances around the issue by explaining that its statutory reading applies
only to this case. Left unexplained is why the statute should be read one way for
this case and another way for a different case.
{¶ 44} This is the all more reason why we ought to stick to what the statutes
in question actually say. Under a plain reading of its terms, R.C. 3103.03 does not
require that a claim for necessaries always be first presented to a decedent’s estate.
Nor does R.C. 2117.06 mandate that in all cases, creditors seek payment from an
estate. Because the majority holds differently, I respectfully dissent. I would affirm
the judgment of the court of appeals.
_________________
Weltman, Weinberg & Reis Co., L.P.A., Daniel A. Friedlander, and Jeffrey
Sobeck; Tucker Ellis, L.L.P., and Susan M. Audey, for appellee.
Pro Seniors, Inc., and Miriam H. Sheline, for appellant.
Cathlene Beck and Scott E. Torguson, urging reversal for amicus curiae the
Legal Aid Society of Columbus.
Rebecca Steinhauser and Heather Hall, urging reversal for amicus curiae
Advocates for Basic Legal Equality, Inc.
Katherine B. Hollingsworth and Thomas Mlakar, urging reversal for amicus
curiae the Legal Aid Society of Cleveland.
Andrew D. Neuhauser and Michael F. Harrington, urging reversal for
amicus curiae Southeastern Ohio Legal Services.
John M. Petit, urging reversal for amicus curiae Community Legal Aid
Services.
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Murray & Murray Co., L.P.A., and Margaret M. Murray, urging reversal
for amicus curiae the Ohio Association for Justice.
_________________
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