Acordia of Ohio, L.L.C. v. Fishel

[Cite as Acordia of Ohio, L.L.C. v. Fishel, 133 Ohio St. 3d 345, 2012-Ohio-2297.]
ACORDIA OF OHIO, L.L.C., APPELLANT, v. FISHEL ET AL., APPELLEES.*
[Cite as Acordia of Ohio, L.L.C. v. Fishel,
133 Ohio St. 3d 345, 2012-Ohio-2297.]
Mergers—Transferability of contracts with employees not to compete—Judgment
affirmed.
(No. 2011-0163—Submitted November 15, 2011—Decided May 24, 2012.)
APPEAL from the Court of Appeals for Hamilton County,
No. C-1000071, 2010-Ohio-6235.
__________________
LANZINGER, J.
{¶ 1} In this appeal, we are asked to consider whether the ability to
enforce an employee’s noncompete agreement transfers by operation of law to the
surviving company when the company that was the original party to the
agreement merges with another company. We hold that in this case, the language
of the agreement dictates that the surviving company cannot enforce the
agreement after the merger as if it had stepped into the shoes of the original
company.
I. Facts
A. Background
{¶ 2} As a condition of their employment with the insurance-services
company that eventually became known as Acordia of Ohio, Inc. (“Acordia,
Inc.”),1 appellees Michael Fishel, Janice Freytag, Mark Taber, and Sheila
Diefenbach (collectively, “the employees”) entered into noncompete agreements
* Reporter’s Note: See opinion upon reconsideration that appears at 133 Ohio St. 3d 356, 2012-
Ohio-4648, 978 N.E.2d 814.
1. Initially known as Frederick Rauh & Company, Acordia, Inc. underwent a number of mergers,
acquisitions, and reorganizations between 1993 and 2001. Appellant will be referred to as “the
L.L.C.”
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by which they agreed to forgo competition with Acordia, Inc. for two years after
termination of their employment there. Fishel’s noncompetition agreement, for
example, provides:
In consideration of my employment and its continuation by
Frederick Rauh & Company (hereinafter, Company) I hereby
covenant as follows:
A. For a period of two years following termination of
employment with the company for any reason, I will not directly,
indirectly, or through association with others solicit, write, accept
or in any other manner perform any services relating to insurance
business, insurance policies, or related insurance services for any
of the following;
(1) Any individual or entity for whom the company has
written, accepted, or in any other manner performed any services
relating to insurance business, insurance policies, or related
insurance services at any time while I was employed by the
Company;
(2) Any individual or entity whose name was provided me
as a prospective client at any time while I was employed by the
Company.
B. For a period of two years following termination of
employment with the company, I will not encourage nay [sic] other
employees of the company, directly, indirectly, or through
association with others to leave the Company’s employment.
(Emphasis added.) It is significant that this agreement of noncompetition does
not contain language that extends to other employers, such as the company’s
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“successors or assigns.” The other employees signed nearly identical
noncompetition agreements, the only differences consisting of formatting
changes, the substitution of company names, and the dates. All agreements at
issue were signed between 1993 and 2000.
{¶ 3} Frederick Rauh & Company became known as Acordia of
Cincinnati, Inc. after its acquisition by Acordia, Inc. in 1994. Fishel began his
employment with Frederick Rauh in 1993. Freytag and Taber began employment
with Acordia of Cincinnati, Inc. before it merged with other Ohio companies to
become Acordia of Ohio, Inc. in 1997. Diefenbach signed her noncompete
agreement with the successor company, Acordia, Inc., in July 2000.
{¶ 4} Wells Fargo acquired Acordia, Inc. in May 2001. As part of this
acquisition, the employees were required to complete several standard forms,
including an acquisition-employment application, a United States Department of
Justice employment-eligibility-verification form, a background-investigation
authorization form, and a new-hire team-member acknowledgment form.
{¶ 5} Seven months later, Acordia, Inc. underwent a merger with
appellant, Acordia of Ohio, L.L.C. (“the L.L.C.”). Following the merger, only
appellant remained. The employees continued to work for the L.L.C. until August
2005, when they began employment with appellee Neace Lukens Insurance
Agency, L.L.C. (“Neace Lukens”). They soon used their contacts to recruit
multiple customer accounts from the L.L.C. to Neace Lukens. Within six months,
19 customers had transferred $1 million in revenue to Neace Lukens from the
L.L.C.
B. The Lawsuit
{¶ 6} The L.L.C. filed suit for injunctive relief and money damages in
September 2005 against the employees, Neace Lukens, Neace and Associates
Insurance Agency of Ohio, Inc., and Joseph Lukens, all appellees. The complaint
claimed that the employees had violated their two-year noncompete agreement
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and would misappropriate the L.L.C.’s trade secrets. After reviewing the
evidence presented at preliminary-injunction hearings, the trial court denied the
L.L.C.’s motion for a preliminary injunction. The First District Court of Appeals
affirmed the trial court’s decision, holding in part that a preliminary injunction
was unwarranted because Acordia, Inc. and the employees did not intend to make
the noncompete agreements assignable to successors such as the L.L.C. Acordia
of Ohio, L.L.C. v. Fishel, 1st Dist. No. C-060292 (May 9, 2007). The trial court
granted the employees’ motion for summary judgment, and the L.L.C. appealed,
arguing in part that the noncompete agreements signed by the employees had
transferred to the L.L.C.
{¶ 7} The court of appeals affirmed the trial court’s decision to grant
summary judgment in favor of the employees. Acordia of Ohio, L.L.C. v. Fishel,
1st Dist. No. C-100071, 2010-Ohio-6235. The court explained that while
noncompete agreements transfer from the predecessor company to the successor
company by operation of law after a merger, the employees’ noncompete
agreements pertained only to the specific companies with which they had
originally been employed. Id. at ¶ 13-20. Because the previous iterations of
Acordia, Inc. had been merged out of existence more than two years before the
employees left the L.L.C., the court of appeals concluded that the agreements had
expired when the employees left and that the L.L.C. had no right to enforce them.
Id. at ¶ 17-18.
{¶ 8} The L.L.C. appealed, and we accepted its proposition of law that
states, “Pursuant to Ohio’s merger statutes, agreements between employees and
employers that contain restrictive covenants are assets of the constituent company
that transfer automatically by operation of law in a statutory merger from the
constituent company to the surviving company and are enforceable by the
surviving company according to the agreements’ original terms as if the surviving
company were a party to the original agreements.” Acordia of Ohio, L.L.C. v.
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Fishel, 128 Ohio St. 3d 1458, 2011-Ohio-1829, 945 N.E.2d 522. We reject that
proposition and affirm the judgment of the court of appeals.
II. Legal Analysis
{¶ 9} The pivotal question is whether the noncompete agreements apply
only to the original contracting employer or whether after the merger, the L.L.C.
may enforce the noncompete agreements as if it had stepped into the shoes of
those original contracting employers.
A. The Contract Assets
{¶ 10} R.C. 1701.82 provides that a company’s assets transfer to the new
company after a merger:
(A) When a merger or consolidation becomes effective, all
of the following apply:
***
(3) The surviving or new entity possesses all assets and
property of every description, and every interest in the assets and
property, wherever located, and the rights, privileges, immunities,
powers, franchises, and authority, of a public as well as of a private
nature, of each constituent entity * * *.
Because the statute specifies that the new company takes over all the previous
company’s assets and property after the merger, it is clear that employee contracts
transfer to the resulting company. In this case, the employees’ contracts came
under the control of the L.L.C. after it merged with Acordia, Inc.
{¶ 11} Nevertheless, although the L.L.C. assumed control of the
employees’ contracts after the merger, we agree with the First District Court of
Appeals that the L.L.C. may not enforce the noncompete agreements as if the
L.L.C. had stepped into the shoes of the company that originally contracted with
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the employees. Appellant’s proposed outcome would require a rewriting of the
agreements. By their terms, the noncompete agreements are between only the
employees and the companies that hired them.
{¶ 12} We have previously explained that when a merger between two
companies occurs, one of those companies ceases to exist: “[A] merger involves
the absorption of one company by another, the latter retaining its own name and
identity, and acquiring the assets, liabilities, franchises and powers of the former.
Of necessity, the absorbed company ceases to exist as a separate business entity.”
Morris v. Invest. Life Ins. Co., 27 Ohio St. 2d 26, 31, 272 N.E.2d 105 (1971).
After the L.L.C. absorbed Acordia, Inc., the companies with which the employees
agreed to avoid competition had ceased to exist. Because the noncompete
agreements do not state that they can be assigned or will carry over to successors,
the named parties intended the agreements to operate only between themselves—
the employees and the specific employer. While the employment agreements
transferred to the L.L.C. by operation of law pursuant to R.C. 1701.82, the
wording within those agreements prevents the L.L.C. from enforcing a
noncompetition period as if it were the original company with which the
employees agreed not to compete. The L.L.C. acquired only the ability to prevent
the employees from competing two years after their employment terminated with
the specific company named in the agreements.
{¶ 13} We hold that noncompete agreements that are transferred as a
matter of law by a merger between companies are enforceable according to their
terms.
B. Ohio merger law remains undisturbed
{¶ 14} The L.L.C. argues that a decision in favor of the appellees-
employees would disturb the principle of corporate continuity established in
merger law that constituent companies continue after the merger as a unified
company vested with the identical contracts of the merged companies. Our
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decision, however, rests firmly within this framework. We emphasize that in
accordance with R.C. 1701.82(A)(3), the surviving company possesses all assets
and property and every interest in the assets and property of each constituent
entity, including employment contracts and agreements.
{¶ 15} When contracts pass to the surviving company following merger,
the surviving company obtains the same bargain agreed to by the preceding
company, nothing more. Our decision today honors the noncompete agreement
obtained by the employees’ original employers. The L.L.C. argues that as the
surviving company, it needs these agreements because they protect the goodwill
and proprietary information obtained in the merger; however, extending these
agreements would run counter to their plain language, which specifies that they
apply only to “the Company” with which the employees agreed to avoid
competing, not the company’s successors. The L.L.C. could have protected its
goodwill and proprietary information by requiring that the employees sign a new
noncompete agreement as a condition of their continued at-will employment,
similar to the way in which Wells Fargo required them to complete a number of
employment forms as a condition of continued employment when it acquired
Acordia, Inc.
{¶ 16} The L.L.C. also argues that we should follow the decisions of other
jurisdictions. Our decision in this case, however, is premised upon our
application of Ohio law to the particular agreement in this case. Our analysis of
Ohio law and the noncompete agreements leads to the conclusion that although
the employees’ noncompete agreements transferred automatically by operation of
law to the L.L.C. following the merger, the merger did not alter the language of
the agreements, and the noncompete agreements provided only that the employees
would avoid competition during the two years following their termination from
“the company” as defined by their respective noncompete agreements.
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C. The employees did not violate the noncompete agreements
{¶ 17} Because the noncompete agreements transferred to the L.L.C. upon
completion of the merger, the L.L.C. obtained the right to enforce the agreements
as written. In other words, the employees were unable to compete with the L.L.C.
for the two years following their termination from the “company” with which they
each had signed their respective noncompete agreements.
{¶ 18} In this case, the termination, or complete severance of the
employer-employee relationship, occurred when the company with which the
employee agreed not to compete ceased to exist, an event triggered by merger.
The triggering event for Fishel, Freytag, and Taber occurred when Acordia of
Cincinnati, Inc. merged with other Ohio companies to become Acordia of Ohio,
Inc. in December 1997. Consequently, their noncompete periods expired in
December 1999. The triggering event for Diefenbach occurred when Acordia of
Ohio, Inc. merged with the L.L.C. in December 2001. Her noncompete period
accordingly expired in December 2003. Because the employees’ noncompete
periods had all expired before their resignations from the L.L.C. and subsequent
employment with Neace Lukens, the L.L.C. had no legal right to enforce the
noncompete agreements against the employees.
III. Conclusion
{¶ 19} The noncompete agreements between the employees and their
original employers specified that they applied only to the specific companies that
had originally hired each employee. Because the agreements made no provision
for the continuation of the agreement upon any acquisition of the original
company by another company, the agreements are not enforceable by the L.L.C.
according to the agreements’ original terms past the two-year noncompete period
agreed to by the employees and their original employers. We accordingly hold
that the trial court properly granted summary judgment in favor of the employees.
Judgment affirmed.
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O’CONNOR, C.J., and MCGEE BROWN, J., concur.
PFEIFER, J., concurs in judgment only.
LUNDBERG STRATTON, O’DONNELL and CUPP, JJ., dissent.
__________________
O’DONNELL, J., dissenting.
{¶ 20} Respectfully, I dissent.
{¶ 21} A noncompete agreement existing between an employee and a
constituent entity is an asset of that entity and, in a statutory merger, transfers by
operation of law to the surviving entity and is enforceable by the surviving entity
as if it were a signatory to the original agreement. As a result of a series of
successive corporate mergers, Acordia of Ohio, L.L.C., acquired the noncompete
agreements at issue in this case by operation of law, along with the ability to
enforce them without regard to assignment.
{¶ 22} Accordingly, I would reverse the judgment of the court of appeals.
The Lead Opinion
{¶ 23} In my view, the lead decision does not conform with state statutes
governing corporate mergers, and it departs from century-old precedent holding
that a successor entity steps into the shoes of an acquired entity and any
predecessor entities, and thereby acquires the right to enforce agreements in its
capacity as a successor entity.
{¶ 24} In this case, the lead opinion concludes that Acordia of Ohio,
L.L.C., cannot enforce the noncompete agreements it acquired by merger as if it
had stepped into the shoes of the original corporate entities. The lead opinion
interprets the silence in these agreements regarding assignability or successorship
as evidence that the parties intended the agreements to operate only between the
employee and the corporate employer that was a party to the agreement, and not
any successor entities. While acknowledging that these agreements transferred by
operation of law pursuant to R.C. 1701.82, the lead opinion concludes that “the
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wording within those agreements” precludes Acordia of Ohio, L.L.C., from
enforcing the agreements as if it were one of the original contracting parties. The
lead opinion explains that the merger did not change the language of the
agreements by expanding its scope to include surviving entities; thus, it
concludes, Acordia of Ohio, L.L.C., can enforce the agreements only according to
their terms, which enjoined each employee from competing for two years after his
or her employment terminated with the specific corporate employer that was a
party to the agreement. This analysis, I submit, is faulty.
A Noncompete Agreement Is an Asset that
Passes by Operation of Law
{¶ 25} R.C. 1701.82(A)(3) states, “The surviving or new entity possesses
all assets and property of every description, and every interest in the assets and
property, wherever located, and the rights, privileges, immunities, powers,
franchises, and authority * * * of each constituent entity, and * * * all obligations
belonging to or due to each constituent entity” without reversion or impairment.
R.C. 1705.39, which pertains to mergers between corporations or partnerships and
limited-liability companies, confers the same vestments on the surviving entity.
{¶ 26} It is true that R.C. 1701.82(A)(1) states that a constituent entity
ceases to exist as a separate business in a merger, but that statute also provides
several exceptions to this general rule, including when “a conveyance,
assignment, transfer, deed, or other instrument or act is necessary to vest property
or rights” in a surviving entity. In those instances, “the existence of the
constituent entities and the authority of their respective officers, directors, general
partners, or other authorized representatives is continued notwithstanding the
merger or consolidation.” Id.; compare R.C. 1705.39(A)(1) (contains similar
exceptions).
{¶ 27} R.C. 1701.82 and 1705.39, by their operation, vest all the assets
and obligations of a constituent entity in the surviving entity without reversion or
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impairment. When we examined the effect of R.C. 1701.82 in the context of a
stock purchase agreement entered into by a constituent entity, we held that a
properly executed contract is binding on the surviving entity “in a merger unless
the agreement explicitly sets forth that in the event of a merger, the obligations of
the constituent corporation cease to exist.” ASA Architects, Inc. v. Schlegel, 75
Ohio St. 3d 666, 665 N.E.2d 1083 (1996), syllabus. In that case, the agreement
made no provision for what would happen in the event of a merger, the surviving
entity in the merger assumed full responsibility for all obligations of the
constituent entity, and the parties did not enter into a new agreement following the
merger. Id. at 673. Based on those factors, we determined that the contractual
obligations of the constituent entity flowed, by operation of law, to the surviving
entity. Id. These same considerations are present here and compel a similar
conclusion.
{¶ 28} The lead opinion correctly concludes that contract principles
dictate that agreements must be enforced according to their terms; however, it
ignores the fact that the entity entitled to enforce those agreements is determined
by statute. See R.C. 1701.82 and 1705.39.
{¶ 29} More than 180 years ago, we recognized that contracts are
subordinate to statutes, and the latter “may regulate them, prescribe their form,
their effect, and the mode of their discharge, and every contract is supposed to be
made with reference to those laws.” Smith v. Parsons, 1 Ohio 236, 238-239
(1823). And almost 100 years ago, we construed railroad-consolidation statutes
that contained language similar to that in R.C. 1701.82 and determined that in a
merger, “the consolidated company merely steps into the shoes of the constituent
companies.” Marfield v. Cincinnati, D. & T. Traction Co., 111 Ohio St. 139, 161-
164, 144 N.E. 689 (1924). The determination of the lead opinion that the terms of
the agreements preclude Acordia of Ohio, L.L.C., from their enforcement runs
counter to our century-old precedent.
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{¶ 30} We applied this analysis more recently, rejecting the argument that
a change in corporate structure invalidated noncompete agreements originally
entered into by the constituent entity. Rogers v. Runfola & Assocs., Inc., 57 Ohio
St.3d 5, 7, 565 N.E.2d 540 (1991). There, the employees signed noncompete
agreements while working for a sole proprietorship, which subsequently changed
its business structure to that of a corporation, during their tenure of employment.
Id. In determining that the noncompete agreements were valid and could be
enforced by the newly incorporated business, which had acquired all the assets
and liabilities of the sole proprietorship, we were guided in our analysis by the
fact that “[o]nly the legal structure of the business changed, not the business
itself,” id., and that the change in corporate structure did not place additional
burdens on the “duties or the daily operations” of the employees. Id. This is the
same circumstance that we confront in this case.
{¶ 31} Here, Acordia of Ohio, L.L.C., acquired the noncompete
agreements from Wells Fargo, which in turn had acquired them through a series
of corporate mergers. Those mergers, which began with Frederick Rauh &
Company, did not affect the nature of the business—the sale of insurance
securities; thus, the mergers changed only the corporate structure of the business
operation. Similarly, there is no evidence or claim in this record that additional
employment duties or obligations resulted from these mergers. Thus, Rogers
supports the conclusion that Acordia of Ohio, L.L.C., is entitled to enforce the
agreements it acquired in the merger that passed to it by operation of law.
{¶ 32} In addition to this court, other courts construing similar statutes
have rejected the conclusion reached by the lead opinion. For example, in
Corporate Express Office Prods., Inc. v. Phillips, the Supreme Court of Florida
held that a surviving entity in a “merger assumes the right to enforce a
noncompete agreement entered into with an employee of the merged corporation
by operation of law, and no assignment is necessary * * * because in a merger, the
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two corporations in essence unite into a single corporate existence.” 847 So. 2d
406, 414 (Fla.2003). And in Aon Consulting, Inc. v. Midlands Fin. Benefits, Inc.,
the Supreme Court of Nebraska reached the same result when it construed a
Maryland statute, concluding that a surviving entity could enforce a noncompete
agreement acquired in a merger because it was an asset that passed by operation
of law, and no assignment was necessary. 275 Neb. 642, 650-652, 748 N.W.2d
626 (2008). See also Natl. Instrument, L.L.C. v. Braithwaite, Md.Cir.Ct. No. 24-
C-06-004840, 2006 WL 2405831, *3 (June 5, 2006), (identifying cases in which
courts construed merger statutes that vested in surviving entities the assets of a
constituent entity without further act or deed, and which held that surviving
entities could enforce noncompete agreements because they were business assets
that passed by operation of law and not by assignment).
Conclusion
{¶ 33} Pursuant to R.C. 1701.82 and 1705.39, the primary statutes
governing mergers in Ohio, assets pass to a surviving entity by operation of law.
It has been understood for more than a century that contracts are subordinate to
statutes and that the latter also determine the effect of merger contracts and their
mode of discharge. The agreements here automatically vested in Acordia of
Ohio, L.L.C., without reversion or impairment, because they are assets that passed
by operation of law, and Acordia of Ohio, L.L.C., can enforce the noncompete
agreements as if it were a signatory to them.
{¶ 34} For these reasons, I would reverse the judgment of the court of
appeals and hold that the surviving entity in a merger acquires the right to enforce
a noncompete agreement entered into by a constituent entity by operation of law,
and that neither assignment nor consent is necessary to effectuate that result.
LUNDBERG STRATTON and CUPP, JJ., concur in the foregoing dissenting
opinion.
__________________
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CUPP, J., dissenting.
{¶ 35} I join Justice O’Donnell’s dissent, which cogently explains why
the noncompete agreements in this case transferred by operation of law to
appellant, Acordia of Ohio, L.L.C., through the series of mergers. Therefore, I
agree that the judgment of the court of appeals should be reversed.
{¶ 36} The determination that the agreements transferred by operation of
law pursuant to the statute through the several mergers, however, does not
definitively resolve the separate and distinct question whether the agreements are
ultimately enforceable. The transfer by operation of law does not, in my view,
foreclose appropriate relief to the parties to the noncompete agreement under
traditional principles of law that regulate and govern noncompete agreements.
{¶ 37} During the progress of this case in the lower courts, it appears that
there was insufficient appreciation of the legal distinction between the issue of
transfer and the issue of the agreements’ enforceability after transfer. As a result,
there has been no specific and discrete inquiry thus far into the agreements’
enforceability. Thus, if the transfer of the noncompete agreements by operation
of law were appropriately recognized by our decision today, then this matter
would properly be remanded for additional proceedings that could explore the
enforceability of the agreements under the principles that govern such
agreements.
{¶ 38} As the lead opinion explains, at ¶ 2, the noncompete agreements at
issue in this case were signed between 1993 and 2000. The pertinent series of
mergers and acquisitions started in 1994, when Frederick Rauh and Company, a
single-office insurance agency in Cincinnati, was acquired by Acordia of Ohio,
Inc. (“Acordia, Inc.”) and concluded when Acordia, Inc., merged with Acordia of
Ohio, L.L.C., effective late in 2001. When these employees resigned from
Acordia of Ohio, L.L.C., in 2005, their employer had grown to have multiple
offices, with 5,000 to 6,000 customers in the Cincinnati office alone. The
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changes that occurred over the years and other factors in this record would seem
to be relevant to the issue of the enforceability of these agreements.
{¶ 39} The proceedings on remand would likely encompass those matters
normally focused on when noncompete agreements are challenged, such as
whether the agreements are reasonable and whether the employees incurred
additional obligations or duties as the mergers occurred so that the agreements
should not be enforced on their original terms. See, e.g., Lake Land Emp. Group
of Akron, L.L.C. v. Columber, 101 Ohio St. 3d 242, 2004-Ohio-786, 804 N.E.2d
27, ¶ 9 (noncompete agreements are enforceable if they contain reasonable
geographical and temporal restrictions); Raimonde v. Van Vlerah, 42 Ohio St. 2d
21, 325 N.E.2d 544 (1975), paragraphs one and two of the syllabus (a
noncompete agreement that “imposes unreasonable restrictions upon an employee
will be enforced to the extent necessary to protect an employer’s legitimate
interests”; a noncompete agreement “is reasonable if the restraint is no greater
than is required for the protection of the employer, does not impose undue
hardship on the employee, and is not injurious to the public”).
{¶ 40} Consequently, the issue of the enforceability of the noncompete
agreements after the merger, an inquiry independent from the determination of
their transfer by operation of law, remains to be explored.
{¶ 41} The judgment of the court of appeals should be reversed, and this
cause should be remanded for further proceedings.
LUNDBERG STRATTON, J., concurs in the foregoing dissenting opinion.
__________________
Katz, Teller, Brant & Hild, James F. McCarthy III, and Laura
Hinegardner, for appellant.
Denlinger, Rosenthal & Greenberg, L.P.A., Mark E. Lutz, and Michael P.
Majba, for appellees.
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Taft Stettinius & Hollister, L.L.P., W. Stuart Dornette, John B.
Nalbandian, and Ryan M. Bednarczuk, urging reversal for amici curiae Ohio
Chamber of Commerce and Ohio Chemistry Technology Council.
Beckman Weil Shepardson, L.L.C., and Peter L. Cassady, urging reversal
for USI Holdings Corp. and USI Midwest, Inc.
Benesch, Friedlander, Coplan & Aronoff, L.L.P., and Jennifer Turk,
urging reversal for Willis of Ohio, Inc.
Hylant Group, Inc., and Michelle Lafferty, urging reversal for Hylant
Group, Inc.
Jones Day, Robert P. Ducatman, and Meredith M. Wilkes, urging reversal
for amicus curiae PNC Financial Services Group, Inc.
Fortney & Klingshirn and Neil Klingshirn; and Gregory Gordillo, urging
affirmance for amicus curiae Ohio Employment Lawyers’ Association.
______________________
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