State v. Boykin

[Cite as State v. Boykin, 138 Ohio St.3d 97, 2013-Ohio-4582.]
THE STATE OF OHIO, APPELLEE, v. BOYKIN, APPELLANT.
THE CITY OF AKRON, APPELLEE, v. BOYKIN, APPELLANT.
[Cite as State v. Boykin, 138 Ohio St.3d 97, 2013-Ohio-4582.]
Criminal Law—Sealing of records—Gubernatorial pardon does not automatically
entitle the recipient to have the record of the pardoned conviction sealed.
(Nos. 2012-0808 and 2012-1216—Submitted April 10, 2013—Decided
October 22, 2013)
APPEAL from and CERTIFIED by the Court of Appeals for Summit County,
Nos. 25752 and 25845, 2012-Ohio-1381.
____________________
SYLLABUS OF THE COURT
A gubernatorial pardon does not automatically entitle the recipient to have the
record of the pardoned conviction sealed.
____________________
LANZINGER, J.
{¶ 1} The issue in this appeal is whether a gubernatorial pardon
automatically entitles the recipient to have the record of the pardoned conviction
sealed. We hold that the sealing of a record is not an entitlement that flows from
a pardon.
I. Case Background
{¶ 2} Appellant, Montoya Boykin, was convicted six times between
1987 and 2007 for different offenses. In January 2007, she filed an application
for executive clemency with the Ohio Adult Parole Authority, requesting a pardon
for four of those convictions. Former Ohio Governor Ted Strickland granted the
pardon. At issue in this case is Boykin’s attempt to seal the records of three of the
pardoned convictions. A chronology of events follows.
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{¶ 3} In 1987, Boykin pled guilty to first-degree-misdemeanor theft in
Akron Municipal Court. Boykin was convicted of another theft offense in 1991 in
Akron Municipal Court. She pled guilty in 1991 to a theft offense in Cuyahoga
County Common Pleas Court. In 1992, Boykin pled guilty in Summit County
Common Pleas Court to receiving stolen property (“RSP”), a felony of the fourth
degree. Boykin was convicted of a fourth theft offense near the end of 1996 in
Akron Municipal Court following a plea of no contest.
{¶ 4} In 1996, Boykin filed her first motion to seal the record of her RSP
conviction. The Summit County Common Pleas Court determined that she was
not eligible to have the record of that offense sealed and denied the motion. She
filed a second request to seal the record of that conviction in August 2000, which
was also denied. In its ruling, the trial court specified that the denial was because
she was not a first-time offender.
{¶ 5} In January 2007, Boykin filed an application for executive
clemency, requesting a pardon for the 1991 theft conviction in Cuyahoga County,
the 1991 and 1996 theft convictions in Akron Municipal Court, and the 1992 RSP
conviction in Summit County. Prior to the parole board’s hearing on her
application, she purportedly informed the board that she had been convicted in
March 2007 of disorderly conduct. The record is unclear regarding the details of
that conviction. The parole board voted unanimously to recommend clemency.
Former Governor Strickland issued a warrant of pardon for Boykin on the three
counts of theft and one count of RSP in November 2009.
{¶ 6} In June 2010, Boykin filed a third motion to seal her criminal
record of the RSP conviction in Summit County Common Pleas Court. She filed
similar applications in Akron Municipal Court for the three theft convictions that
had been entered in that court. In each of the motions, she argued that she is
entitled to have her records sealed due to the governor’s pardon.
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{¶ 7} In December 2010, the Summit County Common Pleas Court
denied Boykin’s motion, stating:
The Defendant’s prior criminal history is lengthy. However,
for reasons unknown to this Court, convictions dating * * *
through 1996 were pardoned by Governor Strickland. Therefore,
the Defendant is technically eligible for sealing. However, in light
of the Defendant’s prior propensity for theft, the Court finds that
the interests of the State in maintaining this conviction outweigh
the interest of the Defendant in having her case sealed.
{¶ 8} The Akron Municipal Court also denied Boykin’s applications to
seal her records of conviction in that court. After noting that Boykin had
withdrawn her request to have the record of the 1987 conviction sealed because
that case was not included in the pardon, the municipal court found that “absent
statutory clarification, a pardon does not automatically entitle a petitioner to a
sealing of the conviction because the pardon does not have the effect of erasing
the conviction itself.” The municipal court then employed the balancing test set
forth in Pepper Pike v. Doe, 66 Ohio St.2d 374, 421 N.E.2d 1303 (1981), and
determined that “the equities do not weigh in favor of the Defendant.”
{¶ 9} Boykin appealed the decisions to the Ninth District Court of
Appeals. In affirming the lower courts’ judgments after consolidating the
appeals, the court of appeals concluded:
A pardon under Article III, Section 11, of the Ohio
Constitution does not automatically entitle the recipient of the
pardon to have the record of conviction sealed. A trial court may
exercise its authority to order judicial expungement but, as the
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Ohio Supreme Court concluded in Pepper Pike, this authority
should not be exercised as a matter of course, but “where such
unusual and exceptional circumstances make it appropriate to
exercise jurisdiction over the matter[.]” Pepper Pike, 66 Ohio
St.2d 374, 421 N.E.2d 1303, at paragraph two of the syllabus. In
this case, Boykin’s motions to seal her record relied exclusively on
her position that she was entitled to relief by virtue of the pardon,
and the record on appeal does not contain evidence beyond that
argument.
State v. Boykin, 9th Dist. Summit Nos. 25752 and 25845, 2012-Ohio-1381, ¶ 15.
{¶ 10} The Ninth District granted Boykin’s motion to certify a conflict,
holding that its judgment conflicted with the judgment of the First District in State
v. Cope, 111 Ohio App.3d 309, 676 N.E.2d 141 (1st Dist.1996). We recognized
that a conflict exists and also accepted Boykin’s discretionary appeal. 132 Ohio
St.3d 1512, 2012-Ohio-4021, 974 N.E.2d 111. The sole issue before this court is
whether a pardon automatically entitles the recipient to have his or her record of
conviction of the pardoned offense sealed.
II. Legal Analysis
A. Sealing of Records
{¶ 11} The sealing of a criminal record, also known as expungement, see
State v. Pariag, 137 Ohio St.3d 81, 2013-Ohio-4010, 998 N.E.2d 401, ¶ 11, is an
“act of grace created by the state.” State v. Hamilton, 75 Ohio St.3d 636, 639,
665 N.E.2d 669 (1996). It should be granted only when all requirements for
eligibility are met, because it is a “privilege, not a right.” State v. Futrall, 123
Ohio St.3d 498, 2009-Ohio-5590, 918 N.E.2d 497, ¶ 6.
{¶ 12} The procedure for obtaining an expungement of a record of a
criminal conviction was first enacted by the General Assembly in 1973.
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Am.Sub.S.B. No. 5, 135 Ohio Laws, Part I, 70. The current version of that
legislation, which is substantially similar to the original enactment, provides that
an eligible offender can have a record of conviction sealed if a trial court
determines that there is no criminal proceeding against the applicant, the
expungement of the record of conviction is consistent with the public interest, and
the applicant’s rehabilitation has been attained to the satisfaction of the court.
R.C. 2953.32(C)(2); see also R.C. 2953.32(C)(1). An eligible offender is defined
as
anyone who has been convicted of an offense in this state or any
other jurisdiction and who has not more than one felony
conviction, not more than two misdemeanor convictions if the
convictions are not of the same offense, or not more than one
felony conviction and one misdemeanor conviction in this state or
any other jurisdiction.
R.C. 2953.31(A).
{¶ 13} We have previously addressed whether a defendant charged with
but not convicted of a criminal offense could have that criminal record sealed.
Pepper Pike v. Doe, 66 Ohio St.2d 374, 421 N.E.2d 1303. The appellant in
Pepper Pike had been charged with assault. The criminal complaint against her
was dismissed with prejudice before trial, and given the facts of the case, it was
clear that the appellant’s former husband and his current wife were using the
courts to harass the appellant. Id. at 377. The appellant then filed a motion for
expungement of her arrest record. But because she was not a first-time offender
under R.C. 2953.32 in that she had never been convicted of a crime, id. at 376, fn.
4, the municipal court denied the motion, concluding that it had no jurisdiction
over the expungement request, id. at 375.
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{¶ 14} We reversed, holding that “trial courts in Ohio have jurisdiction to
order expungement and sealing of records in a criminal case where the charges
are dismissed with prejudice prior to trial by the party initiating the proceedings.”
Id. at paragraph one of the syllabus. We stated that the basis for this
expungement is found in the constitutional right to privacy, but noted that there is
not an absolute right to expungement as a matter of course even for those
individuals who were not convicted. Id. at 376-377. Instead, trial courts must
balance the interest of the applicant “in his good name and right to be free from
unwarranted punishment against the legitimate need of government to maintain
records.” Id. at 377.
{¶ 15} This court cautioned, however, that
this is the exceptional case, and should not be construed to be a
carte blanche for every defendant acquitted of criminal charges in
Ohio courts. Typically, the public interest in retaining records of
criminal proceedings, and making them available for legitimate
purposes, outweighs any privacy interest the defendant may assert.
Id.
{¶ 16} Shortly after Pepper Pike, the General Assembly closed the gap in
the expungement statutes illustrated by that case and enacted R.C. 2953.52.
Am.Sub.H.B. No. 227, 140 Ohio Laws, Part 1, 2382, 2387-2388. Pursuant to that
statute, a person who has been found not guilty; who has had a criminal
complaint, indictment, or information dismissed; or against whom the grand jury
has returned a no bill may apply to the court for an order to seal the official
records of that case. R.C. 2953.52(A). Like the procedure established in R.C.
2953.32, the court is required to weigh the applicant’s interests in having the
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records sealed against the legitimate needs, if any, of the government to maintain
the records. R.C. 2953.52(B)(2)(d); see R.C. 2953.32(C)(1)(e).
{¶ 17} Neither R.C. 2953.32 nor R.C. 2953.52 currently provides that a
gubernatorial pardon automatically entitles the recipient to have the records of the
conviction sealed. In fact, the word “pardon” does not appear in either of those
statutes. But Boykin argues that the pardon itself automatically entitles her to
have her records sealed, even though she does not qualify under the expungement
statutes. Her appeal does not challenge the lower courts’ determinations that she
is not entitled to a discretionary sealing of the record under Pepper Pike, and thus,
the narrow legal issue before us is whether a pardon requires a court to seal the
record of the pardoned offenses.
B. The Power to Pardon
{¶ 18} The Ohio Constitution, Article III, Section 11 provides,
The governor shall have power, after conviction, to grant
reprieves, commutations, and pardons, for all crimes and offenses,
except treason and cases of impeachment, upon such conditions as
the governor may think proper; subject, however, to such
regulations, as to the manner of applying for commutations and
pardons, as may be prescribed by law. * * * The governor shall
communicate to the General Assembly, at every regular session,
each case of reprieve, commutation, or pardon granted, stating the
name and crime of the convict, the sentence, its date, and the date
of the commutation, pardon, or reprieve, with the governor’s
reasons therefor.
{¶ 19} The only limits that can be placed on the governor’s ability to grant
a pardon are those specifically authorized by Article III, Section 11 of the Ohio
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Constitution. Knapp v. Thomas, 39 Ohio St. 377, 392 (1883). The Ohio
Constitution allows the General Assembly to prescribe procedural prerequisites to
the application process for pardons, but the legislature may not prescribe
substantive regulations concerning the governor’s discretion in granting a pardon.
State ex rel. Maurer v. Sheward, 71 Ohio St.3d 513, 519-520, 644 N.E.2d 369(1994). We have also held that the governor’s exercise of discretion in using the
clemency power is not subject to judicial review. Knapp at 391.
C. The Effect of a Pardon
{¶ 20} The term “pardon” is not defined or further explained in the
Constitution. Sterling v. Drake, 29 Ohio St. 457, 460 (1876). We have stated that
“[a] full and absolute pardon releases the offender from the entire punishment
prescribed for his offense, and from all the disabilities consequent on his
conviction.” State ex rel. Atty. Gen. v. Peters, 43 Ohio St. 629, 650, 4 N.E. 81(1885). Similarly, the General Assembly defines “pardon” as “the remission of
penalty by the governor in accordance with the power vested in the governor by
the constitution.” R.C. 2967.01(B). R.C. 2967.04(B) further provides that “[a]n
unconditional pardon relieves the person to whom it is granted of all disabilities
arising out of the conviction or convictions from which it is granted.”
{¶ 21} Boykin argues that because a pardon relieves the recipient of all
disabilities arising out of the conviction, a judicial expungement is necessary to
remove the “disability” that results from having a criminal record. The failure to
seal the criminal record, according to Boykin, encroaches on the governor’s
constitutional authority to issue a pardon and undermines the pardon’s impact.
She contends that having a criminal record imposes real and lasting negative
consequences such as difficulty in finding employment, in obtaining housing, and
in establishing eligibility for public benefits. Boykin also argues that because our
case law holds that an absolute pardon reaches both punishment and the
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underlying conviction, court sealing of the pertinent criminal record must
accompany the pardon.
1. No Invalidation of Conviction
{¶ 22} We first address Boykin’s contention that a pardon covers both the
conviction and the sentence of the pardoned offense and that it therefore should
automatically entitle her to have her records sealed. In support of this argument,
Boykin quotes the following passage from Knapp, 39 Ohio St. at 381:
“[A] pardon reaches both the punishment prescribed for the
offense and the guilt of the offender.” Ex parte Garland, [71 U.S.]
333, 380 [4 Wall. 333, 18 L.Ed. 366 (1866)]. * * * It is, in effect,
a reversal of the judgment, a verdict of acquittal, and a judgment of
discharge thereon, to this extent, that there is a complete estoppel
of record against further punishment pursuant to such conviction.
{¶ 23} Context, however, reveals that this language is simply dicta. In
Knapp, the issue before us was whether the petitioner was entitled to a writ of
habeas corpus. Knapp had been convicted of murder and sentenced to life
imprisonment. The governor granted Knapp a full pardon, and Knapp was
released from prison. Shortly thereafter, the governor declared that the pardon
had been obtained by fraud and ordered the warden to rearrest Knapp. After his
reincarceration, Knapp sought a writ of habeas corpus. The warden argued that
Knapp’s detention was proper because the pardon was void due to fraud and
because the governor had revoked the pardon. Id. at 377-379. We disagreed and
held that a full, unconditional pardon is irrevocable. Id. at syllabus. We also
were unwilling to sanction a principle that would authorize this court or any other
court to impeach a pardon in a collateral proceeding on the ground of fraud. Id. at
391.
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{¶ 24} Boykin contends that this court in State ex rel. Gordon v. Zangerle,
136 Ohio St. 371, 376, 26 N.E.2d 190 (1940), “reaffirmed” Knapp and other
precedents by stating that a pardon “purges away all guilt and leaves the recipient
from a legal standpoint, in the same condition as if the crime had never been
committed.” She also relies on State v. Morris, 55 Ohio St.2d 101, 378 N.E.2d
708 (1978), which included similar remarks. Again, we find that the statements
regarding the effect of a pardon in these cases are dicta. In Zangerle, the issue
was whether the system of probation in Cuyahoga County was constitutional. Id.
at 374. In Morris, we answered whether the General Assembly had the authority
to enact legislation permitting a trial court to consider abrogating a previous
conviction or reducing a previously imposed sentence for prisoners whose
original offense of conviction was eliminated by newly enacted statutes or whose
punishment would have been less harsh under newly enacted statutes. Id. at 104.
As in Knapp, the scope of a pardon was not in any way at issue in either case.
{¶ 25} Moreover, the language in the federal case that Knapp relied upon,
Ex parte Garland, 71 U.S. at 380, 18 L.Ed. 366, which engendered Knapp’s dicta
regarding the effect of a pardon, has itself been dismissed as dictum by numerous
courts. E.g., In re Abrams, 689 A.2d 6, 17 (D.C.App.1997) (noting that by the
time the opinion in Garland reached the issue of the pardon, “the case had already
been decided” on other grounds); United States v. Noonan, 906 F.2d 952, 958 (3d
Cir.1990) (stating that the language in Garland is clearly dictum and that “a
pardon does not vitiate guilt”). See also Bjerkan v. United States, 529 F.2d 125,
128 (7th Cir.1975), fn. 2 (declaring that a pardon does not “restore the offender to
a state of innocence in the eye of the law as was suggested” in Garland).
{¶ 26} The United States Supreme Court has also considerably narrowed
Garland’s statement regarding the effect of a pardon. See Angle v. Chicago, St.
Paul, Minneapolis & Omaha Ry. Co., 151 U.S. 1, 19, 14 S.Ct. 240, 38 L.Ed. 55(1894) (although an executive pardon relieves the wrongdoer from public
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punishment, it does not relieve the wrongdoer from civil liability); Burdick v.
United States, 236 U.S. 79, 94, 35 S.Ct. 267, 59 L.Ed. 476 (1915) (a pardon
“carries an imputation of guilt; acceptance a confession of it”); Carlesi v. New
York, 233 U.S. 51, 59, 34 S.Ct. 576, 58 L.Ed. 843 (1914) (in sentencing a
defendant as a habitual offender, a court may consider “past offenses committed
by the accused as a circumstance of aggravation, even although for such past
offenses there had been a pardon granted”); Nixon v. United States, 506 U.S. 224,
232, 113 S.Ct. 732, 122 L.Ed.2d 1 (1993) (“the granting of a pardon is in no sense
an overturning of a judgment of conviction by some other tribunal; it is ‘[a]n
executive action that mitigates or sets aside punishment for a crime.’ Black’s Law
Dictionary 1113 (6th Ed.1990)” [emphasis added in Nixon]).
{¶ 27} Thus, although a pardon grants the recipient relief from any
ongoing punishment for the offense and prevents any future legal disability based
on that offense, it does not erase the past conduct. In other words, what’s done is
done.
2. No Automatic Sealing of Record
{¶ 28} Even if we were to consider, arguendo, that a pardon nullifies the
recipient’s guilt, nothing in our case law indicates that sealing is required when a
conviction is pardoned. As we stated in Pepper Pike, “even individuals who have
never been convicted are not entitled to expungement of their arrest records as a
matter of course.” 66 Ohio St.2d at 376-377, 421 N.E.2d 1303.
{¶ 29} We have long recognized that effects from past conduct can
continue to linger despite a pardon. For instance, the underlying conduct of a
pardoned offense may still be relevant for employment considerations. State ex
rel. Atty. Gen. v. Hawkins, 44 Ohio St. 98, 116-117, 5 N.E. 228 (1886). This
court in that case upheld the governor’s decision to remove three police
commissioners for hiring a large number of people who were viewed as unfit to
act as police officers, including several who had been convicted of offenses that
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should have disqualified them from serving on the police force. Id. The
commissioners attempted to defend their actions by arguing that two of the
officers had received presidential pardons for their criminal offenses and should
be treated as if they had never been charged with an offense. Id. at 102-103. We
disagreed, stating:
Whatever the theory of the law may be as to the effect of a pardon,
it can not work such moral changes as to warrant the assertion that
a pardoned convict is just as reliable as one who has constantly
maintained the character of a good citizen. It is a perversion of
language to give to the views expressed by Judge Okey in Knapp
v. Thomas, 39 Ohio St. 377, such a construction. He never meant
any thing of the kind.
Id. at 117.
{¶ 30} Furthermore, this court denied an attorney’s motion for the
termination of his indefinite license suspension in Ohio based on the pardon of his
underlying felony conviction. In re Bustamante, 100 Ohio St.3d 39, 2003-Ohio-
4828, 796 N.E.2d 494. We held that the attorney was required to show full
compliance with all conditions for reinstatement under Gov.Bar R. V(10) despite
the pardon. Id. at ¶ 7.
{¶ 31} The United States Supreme Court has also indicated that the effect
of a pardon can be limited: “A pardon is an act of grace by which an offender is
released from the consequences of his offence, so far as such release is
practicable and within control of the pardoning power, or of officers under its
direction. * * * It does not make amends for the past.” (Emphasis added.) Knote
v. United States, 95 U.S. 149, 153, 24 L.Ed. 442 (1877). Although the governor
may have the power to issue a pardon, an entitlement to the sealing of court
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records is not an automatic result of that pardon, because the maintenance of
judicial records is not within the governor’s control. As one federal court has
expressed regarding the United States Constitution:
Whatever be the effect of a Presidential pardon in other
respects, * * * the notion that the President has the ability, through
the pardon power vested under Article II, § 2, to tamper with
judicial records is a concept jurisprudentially difficult to swallow.
The idea flies in the face of the separation of powers doctrine. We
need only to note that Article III, § 1 states: “The judicial power
of the United States, shall be vested in one supreme Court, and in
such inferior Courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain
and establish.” It is beyond cavil that the maintenance of court
records is an inherent aspect of judicial power.
Noonan, 906 F.2d at 956.
{¶ 32} The Ohio Constitution also militates against Boykin’s argument
that a pardon automatically entitles the recipient to have the record of the
pardoned conviction sealed. Article III, Section 11 provides:
The governor shall communicate to the General Assembly, at
every regular session, each case of reprieve, commutation, or
pardon granted, stating the name and crime of the convict, the
sentence, its date, and the date of the commutation, pardon, or
reprieve, with the governor’s reasons therefor.
In other words, the Constitution contemplates that a record of the conviction and
the pardon will be maintained. The governor must report the name of the
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offender, the offense, the sentence, and the reasons for the pardon to the General
Assembly.
{¶ 33} Nor has the General Assembly provided that the recipient of a
pardon is automatically entitled to have the record of the pardoned conviction
sealed. Neither R.C. 2953.32 nor R.C. 2953.52 includes a pardon under the
factors to consider in sealing a criminal record. On the other hand, R.C. 2967.06
indicates that the warrant of pardon becomes part of the criminal record. It states:
Warrants of pardon and commutation shall be issued in
triplicate, one to be given to the convict, one to be filed with the
clerk of the court of common pleas in whose office the sentence is
recorded, and one to be filed with the head of the institution in
which the convict was confined, in case he was confined.
All warrants of pardon, whether conditional or otherwise,
shall be recorded by said clerk and the officer of the institution
with whom such warrants and copies are filed, in a book provided
for that purpose, which record shall include the indorsements on
such warrants. A copy of such a warrant with all indorsements,
certified by said clerk under seal, shall be received in evidence as
proof of the facts set forth in such copy with indorsements.
{¶ 34} The General Assembly has provided that a pardon does not
automatically release a pardoned felon from paying the costs of the conviction.
R.C. 2961.01(A)(2); see also R.C. 2961.02(C). Read together, R.C. 2961.01(A)
and (B) support a determination that a pardon does not automatically remove a
person’s incompetency to circulate or serve as a witness for certain election-
related documents and petitions. Nor does a pardon automatically remove the
recipient’s disability with respect to firearms. R.C. 2923.14(B)(1).
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{¶ 35} For all the foregoing reasons, we disagree with the First District’s
statement that “ ‘[a] pardon without expungement is not a pardon.’ ” Cope, 111
Ohio App.3d at 312, 676 N.E.2d 141, quoting Commonwealth v. C.S., 517 Pa. 89,
93, 534 A.2d 1053 (1987). Although the sealing of a criminal record may
complement a pardon, it is not an automatic right that flows from a pardon.
Accordingly, we answer the certified-conflict question in the negative.
III. Conclusion
{¶ 36} In summary, while a pardon releases the offender from further
punishment prescribed for the offense and removes certain disabilities consequent
on the conviction, there is nothing in the Constitution, the Revised Code, or our
case law that requires the sealing of a criminal record based on a pardon. It is
within the purview of the General Assembly to provide that automatic entitlement
to sealing of a criminal record is a consequence of a pardon. But in the absence of
such a provision, we hold that a gubernatorial pardon does not automatically
entitle the recipient to have the record of the pardoned conviction sealed.
{¶ 37} The judgment of the Ninth District Court of Appeals is affirmed.
Judgment affirmed.
PFEIFER, ACTING C.J., SHAW, KENNEDY, and FRENCH, JJ., concur.
O’DONNELL, J., concurs in judgment only.
O’NEILL, J., dissents without opinion.
STEPHEN R. SHAW, J., of the Third Appellate District, sitting for
O’CONNOR, C.J.
____________________
Sherri Bevan Walsh, Summit County Prosecuting Attorney, and Heaven
DiMartino, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, for appellee state of Ohio.
Cheri B. Cunningham, Akron Director of Law, Michael J. Defibaugh,
Assistant Director of Law, and Gertrude Wilms, City of Akron Chief Prosecuting
Attorney, for appellee city of Akron.
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Joann Sahl, for appellant.
Ron O’Brien, Franklin County Prosecuting Attorney, and Seth L. Gilbert,
Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, urging affirmance for amicus curiae Franklin
County Prosecuting Attorney Ron O’Brien.
Jane P. Perry, urging reversal for amici curiae Advocates for Basic Legal
Equality, Coalition on Homelessness and Housing in Ohio, Community Legal Aid
Services, Disability Rights Ohio, Legal Aid Society of Southwest Ohio, Legal Aid
of Western Ohio, Inc., Legal Aid Society of Cleveland, Legal Aid Society of
Columbus, Office of the Ohio Public Defender, Ohio Justice and Policy Center,
Ohio Poverty Law Center, and Southeast Ohio Legal Services.
________________________
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