DocketNumber: C.A. No. 22768.
Citation Numbers: 2006 Ohio 2172
Judges: CARR, JUDGE.
Filed Date: 5/3/2006
Status: Non-Precedential
Modified Date: 4/18/2021
{¶ 3} Paramedics then attempted to examine appellant due to his apparent injuries. During the brief examination, the paramedic relayed to officers that appellant had admitted to drinking a lot. As a result, officers requested that appellant submit a blood sample while at the hospital. Appellant refused to submit a sample. Thereafter, the above indictment was returned.
{¶ 4} Prior to trial, Appellant moved to suppress his statements to the paramedic, his statements to the officer, and the contents of the 911 tape. Following a hearing, the trial court denied appellant's motion and the matter proceeded to a bench trial. At the close of the trial, appellant was found guilty on both counts and placed on two years community control. Appellant timely appealed his convictions, raising four assignments of error for review. For ease of analysis, appellant's third and fourth assignments of error have been consolidated.
{¶ 5} In his first assignment of error, appellant argues that the trial court erred when it failed to exclude the testimony of the on-scene paramedic because such testimony violated appellant's rights under the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act ("HIPAA"). This Court disagrees.
{¶ 6} Appellant urges this Court to find that the trial court erred when it failed to apply the exclusionary rule upon a finding that appellant's rights under HIPAA were violated. This Court, however, finds that HIPAA is inapplicable to the testimony challenged by appellant in the trial court.
{¶ 7} In the trial court, appellant challenged the testimony of Paramedic Richard Smith, a member of the Stow Fire Department. Appellant, however, failed to establish that HIPAA applied to Smith and the Fire Department.
{¶ 8} By its own terms, HIPAA applies to the handling of health care information by a "health plan," a "healthcare clearinghouse," or a "healthcare provider who transmits any health information in an electronic form in connection with a transaction referred to in section 1320d-2(a)(1) of this title."
{¶ 9} However,
"even if the [paramedic and his Department] met the definition of a healthcare provider, there is no evidence in this case that the Department is engaged in the transmission of the health information in `electronic form,' as required for the HIPAA standards to be applicable. If there were any doubt about that statutory requirement, it is eliminated by the implementing regulations. The regulations provide that a `covered entity' includes only those healthcare providers who `transmit any health information in electronic form in connection with a transaction covered by this subchapter,'
Similarly here, appellant presented no evidence that Smith or the Stow Fire Department qualify as a covered entity under HIPAA. There is no evidence in the record to support a conclusion that the Stow Fire Department has ever transmitted health information in electronic form. Accordingly, the HIPAA provisions relied upon by appellant are inapplicable. Appellant's first assignment of error is overruled.
{¶ 10} In his second assignment of error, appellant contends the trial court erred when it refused to exclude the 911 tape during trial because the playing of the tape violated his right of confrontation. This Court disagrees.
{¶ 11} The
"Where nontestimonial hearsay is at issue, it is wholly consistent with the Framers' design to afford the States flexibility in their development of hearsay law — as does [Ohiov. Roberts (1980),
However, this Court need not determine whether the 911 call was testimonial as we find the Confrontation Clause jurisprudence contained in Crawford to be inapplicable to the case at hand.
{¶ 12} In Crawford, the Court held that the
"One case arguably in tension with the rule requiring a prior opportunity for cross-examination when the proffered statement is testimonial is White v. Illinois,
{¶ 13} This Court finds the above provision to be persuasive. In the above footnote, the U.S. Supreme Court recognized that, to a limited extent, the excited utterance was recognized as a hearsay exception at the time of the founding. The rationale for admitting hearsay statements pursuant to the excited utterance exception is that the declarant is unable, due to the startling event, to reflect on the statement sufficiently to fabricate it.State v. Wallace (1988),
{¶ 14} In the instant matter, it is undisputed that the 911 caller placed the call immediately after a truck struck the side of the house she was visiting. Therefore, the immediacy requirement discussed in Crawford (when citing Trevanion) is present. Accordingly, as the excited utterance exception existed prior to the adoption of the Confrontation Clause, appellant may not rely upon the rule of law announced in Crawford to support exclusion of the 911 tape. Crawford,
{¶ 15} However, assuming arguendo that the trial court erred when it failed to exclude the 911 tape, this Court finds any error to be harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. If there is no reasonable possibility that improperly admitted evidence contributed to appellant's conviction, then the admission constitutes harmless error. State v. Elliott (1993),
{¶ 16} In the instant appeal, appellant challenges his DUI conviction. As noted in response to appellant's third and fourth assignments of error, removing the contents of the 911 tape, the State presented overwhelming evidence in support of appellant's guilt. The 911 caller herself indicates the person who hit the house was drunk. However, she supplies no support for her conclusion. The State's remaining witnesses provided detailed accounts of their observations that supported a finding that appellant was under the influence of alcohol, appellant admitted to drinking, and the State demonstrated appellant's erratic driving prior to the accident. Accordingly, appellant's second assignment of error is overruled.
{¶ 17} In his third and fourth assignments of error, appellant asserts that the State produced insufficient evidence to support his DUI conviction and that his conviction was against the manifest weight of the evidence. This Court disagrees.
{¶ 18} "While the test for sufficiency requires a determination of whether the state has met its burden of production at trial, a manifest weight challenge questions whether the state has met its burden of persuasion." State v.Gulley (Mar. 15, 2000), 9th Dist. No. 19600, citing State v.Thompkins (1997),
"[b]ecause sufficiency is required to take a case to the jury, a finding that a conviction is supported by the weight of the evidence must necessarily include a finding of sufficiency. Thus, a determination that [a] conviction is supported by the weight of the evidence will also be dispositive of the issue of sufficiency." (Emphasis omitted.) State v. Roberts (Sept. 17, 1997), 9th Dist. No. 96CA006462.
Therefore, this Court will address appellant's assertion that his conviction was against the manifest weight of the evidence first as it is dispositive of appellant's claim of insufficiency.
{¶ 19} When a defendant asserts that his conviction is against the manifest weight of the evidence,
"an appellate court must review the entire record, weigh the evidence and all reasonable inferences, consider the credibility of witnesses and determine whether, in resolving conflicts in the evidence, the trier of fact clearly lost its way and created such a manifest miscarriage of justice that the conviction must be reversed and a new trial ordered." State v. Otten (1986),
This discretionary power should be invoked only in extraordinary circumstances when the evidence presented weighs heavily in favor of the defendant. Id.
{¶ 20} Appellant was convicted of driving under the influence in violation of R.C.
"No person shall operate any vehicle, streetcar, or trackless trolley within this state, if, at the time of the operation, * * * [t]he person is under the influence of alcohol, a drug of abuse, or a combination of them."
This Court notes that appellant refused to submit to a blood test. "However, R.C.
{¶ 21} In support of its case, the State called Paramedic Richard Smith. Smith testified as follows. Upon questioning appellant, appellant initially indicated that he was not driving. Under subsequent questioning, appellant admitted he was the driver and was alone in the car. Later, Smith questioned appellant regarding whether he had been drinking that night.
The State: "At that time, were you asking him questions related to alcohol consumption?
Smith: "Yes.
The State: "And what was his response?
Smith: "He said that he had lots of drink, and when we asked him what type, he said the hard stuff[.]"
Smith also testified that the curve where the accident occurred was not a dangerous area and that he only witnesses accidents there during inclement weather.
{¶ 22} The State next presented the testimony of Officer Walter Shields. Officer Shields testified that there was a "[s]trong odor of alcohol coming from his — about his person." Officer Shields continued his testimony by stating that appellant was not subjected to field sobriety tests because of the injuries to his head. The officer then concluded his testimony by stating that appellant refused to submit a blood sample upon request at the hospital.
{¶ 23} Finally, the State presented the testimony of Officer Daniel Thompson. Thompson testified as follows. Upon arriving on scene, he began to question appellant about the accident. Officer Thompson observed that appellant's eyes were glassy and glazed over. In addition, Officer Thompson detected the smell of alcohol on appellant. Officer Thompson also recognized that appellant appeared disoriented. Appellant informed the officer that he was heading southbound, but pointed north while making the statement.
{¶ 24} In defense, appellant cross-examined the State's witnesses regarding whether appellant's symptoms were consistent with a concussion. Each State's witness indicated that it was possible to have appellant's symptoms as the result of a concussion.
{¶ 25} Appellant then testified as follows. He went to a bar after work, arriving at approximately 6:00 p.m. He drank beer at the bar and then left to go home. On his way home, he was talking on his cell phone and lost the call. He glanced down at the phone and lost control of his vehicle when he took his eyes off the road. He then attempted to overcorrect his steering and ultimately collided with a house. In addition, appellant denied making any statements about drinking to the paramedic and denied lying to the paramedic about whether he was driving the truck. Further, appellant's counsel introduced evidence during direct examination of appellant's three prior DUI convictions. Throughout his direct examination, appellant indicated that the night in question was not entirely clear in his mind due to his injuries.
{¶ 26} On cross-examination, the State elicited the following testimony. Appellant stayed at the bar after work for nearly three hours. Appellant further admitted that he had been drinking beer while at the bar. Additionally, appellant admitted that although he placed the truck in reverse, he ultimately changed his mind about leaving the scene because that was "not the thing to do."
{¶ 27} Upon reviewing the evidence submitted to the trial court, we cannot say that the trial court lost its way in finding appellant guilty of DUI. Appellant admitted to drinking on the night in question and spending three hours in a bar before attempting to drive home. Smith testified that appellant admitted that he had been drinking a lot on the night in question and was initially dishonest when questioned about whether he was driving. Two officers smelled alcohol on appellant's person, and one officer noted that appellant's eyes were glazed over and glassy. Finally, appellant lost control of his vehicle, overcorrected the steering, drove through a hedge, and struck a house. Appellant contends that the physical observations are explained by his head injuries. However, this Court has stated that "[a] conviction may be upheld even when the evidence is susceptible to some possible, plausible, or even reasonable, theory of innocence." State v.Cremeans, 9th Dist. No. 22009,
{¶ 28} Having disposed of appellant's challenge to the weight of the evidence, we similarly dispose of his sufficiency challenge. See Roberts, supra. Appellant's third and fourth assignments of error are overruled.
Judgment affirmed.
The Court finds that there were reasonable grounds for this appeal.
We order that a special mandate issue out of this Court, directing the Court of Common Pleas, County of Summit, State of Ohio, to carry this judgment into execution. A certified copy of this journal entry shall constitute the mandate, pursuant to App.R. 27.
Immediately upon the filing hereof, this document shall constitute the journal entry of judgment, and it shall be file stamped by the Clerk of the Court of Appeals at which time the period for review shall begin to run. App.R. 22(E). The Clerk of the Court of Appeals is instructed to mail a notice of entry of this judgment to the parties and to make a notation of the mailing in the docket, pursuant to App.R. 30.
Costs taxed to appellant.
Slaby, P.J., Moore, J., concur.