State v. Luebrecht

[Cite as State v. Luebrecht, 2019-Ohio-1573.]
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
THIRD APPELLATE DISTRICT
PUTNAM COUNTY
STATE OF OHIO,
CASE NO. 12-18-02
PLAINTIFF-APPELLEE,
v.
MICHAEL G. LUEBRECHT, OPINION
DEFENDANT-APPELLANT.
Appeal from Putnam County Common Pleas Court
Trial Court No. 2005-CR-47
Judgment Affirmed
Date of Decision: April 29, 2019
APPEARANCES:
F. Stephen Chamberlain for Appellant
Gary L. Lammers for Appellee
Case No. 12-18-02
WILLAMOWSKI, J.
{¶1} Defendant-appellant Michael G. Luebrecht (“Michael”) appeals the
judgment of the Putnam County Court of Common Pleas, alleging his conviction
was against the manifest weight of the evidence and was not supported by sufficient
evidence. For the reasons set forth below, the judgment of the trial court is affirmed.
Facts and Procedural History
{¶2} Michael has a complicated medical history. In 1986 and 1988, Michael
was hospitalized for severe depression. Tr. 446-447. In 1992, he married Amy
Luebrecht (“Amy”), and they subsequently had three sons. Tr. 167, 492. In 1995,
Michael was diagnosed with Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (“OCD”) and began
taking medications to treat this condition. Ex. 19. Tr. 448. After the birth of his
first son, Michael told his doctor, in 1996, that he experienced an “urge” to harm his
child. Ex. 20. Tr. 461. He later expressed fears that he would suffocate his second
son in 2000. Ex. 20. Tr. 461. At trial, medical records were introduced that
indicated Michael “believed that by killing [his second oldest son] as a young child
he would prevent him from growing up, making the wrong choice in not following
Jesus, and eventually would go to Hell.” Ex. 20. Tr. 461-462.
{¶3} Shortly after his third son was born, in June of 2004, Michael’s OCD
began worsening. Ex. 12. Tr. 501, 916. In response, Michael’s doctor began
adjusting his medications in the fall of 2004 and the spring of 2005. Tr. 508.
Michael stopped working in December of 2004 and was eventually hospitalized
-2-
Case No. 12-18-02
later that month. Tr. 351, 389. During this time, Michael had suicidal urges and
recurring thoughts of harming his second oldest son. Ex. 18, 20. Tr. 408. In
February of 2004, he was hospitalized again after having suicidal thoughts. Tr. 509-
510, 512. At this time, he indicated that he believed Satan was putting thoughts in
his head and trying to direct his life. Ex. A. Tr. 396, 463.
{¶4} In February of 2004, Michael began taking Effexor XR. Ex. A. Tr.
518. His dosages of Effexor were subsequently raised over the month of March and
multiple changes were made to a number of other drugs that he was taking, including
Zyprexa, Trazodone, and Ativan. Ex. A. Tr. 519. On March 21, 2005, Michael
began taking a drug called Wellbutrin. Ex. A. Tr. 519. In March, Michael stopped
thinking about harming his second son and began having thoughts about harming
his youngest son, Joel. Tr. 410-411. Michael told his doctor that he needed to be
institutionalized because he was afraid that he would hurt his family. Tr. 489-490.
Michael testified that he had thoughts of hurting Joel “[e]very waking moment” for
the next two months. Tr. 411, 412. Eventually, he “develop[ed] the idea that this
just had to be done.” Tr. 412.
{¶5} On May 23, 2005, Joel, who was almost fourteen months old at this
time, was being babysat by Karen Leursman (“Leursman”) at her house. Ex. 12.
Tr. 168, 252. At the same time, Michael was at his house. Tr. 421. He went into
his bathroom and filled up his bathtub because he, in his words, “was preparing it
to bring Joel home and kill[] him.” Tr. 421. At roughly 1:30 P.M., Michael drove
-3-
Case No. 12-18-02
to Leursman’s house; told her that Joel had a doctor’s appointment; and took Joel
with him. Tr. 170, 171, 415, 418. Leursman, who had regularly babysat Joel and
had known Michael for over twenty years, later testified that Michael did not seem
emotional when he picked up Joel and stated that Michael had gotten “increasingly
quiet” over the six months prior to this day. Tr. 166, 169, 172, 175, 187.
{¶6} When Michael got home with Joel, he took Joel into the bathroom,
placed him into the bathtub, and held him under the water for two or three minutes
until he drowned. Tr. 245, 421, 464. At trial, Michael said,
I remember walking in the bathroom. I was holding him like this,
brought him in the house. (Indicating) Or I remember holding
him like this, walking into the bathroom, stopping in the middle
of the bathroom for one second. (Indicating) Joel said something
in baby talk, and then I proceeded doing it.
***
I was kneeling down in front of the tub when it was happening;
and when it was over, I got off my knees and stood up straight,
and I stared down at him.
Tr. 424. Michael further admitted on cross-examination that, while his son was
under the water, he thought that he should “raise [Joel’s] head up out of the water.”
Tr. 466.
{¶7} After Joel was drowned, Michael stared at his son for about fifteen
seconds. Tr. 467. He then picked up Joel, put him on the bed, and called 911. Tr.
424, 467. Michael told the dispatcher that he had “drowned [his] son.” Tr. 426.
The dispatcher began giving Michael instructions on how to perform CPR on Joel.
-4-
Case No. 12-18-02
Tr. 427. During this call, Michael did not seem to show emotion and did not seem
to be panicked or crying. Tr. 199. Michael cooperated with the dispatcher and
followed instructions over the phone. Tr. 201. One of Michael’s neighbors, Jeffery
Dickman (“Dickman”), overheard the dispatch and went to assist. Tr. 203. When
he got to Michael’s house, Dickman announced his presence and went upstairs to
help. Tr. 204. According to Dickman, Michael said that Joel fell into the bathtub,
though Michael testified at trial that he had no recollection of saying this. Tr. 207,
427. Shortly thereafter, the emergency medical services team arrived at Michael’s
house. Tr. 205.
{¶8} James Rhodes (“Rhodes”), an emergency medical services responder,
arrived at Michael’s house, entered the dwelling, and went into Michael’s bedroom,
where Joel was lying on the bed. Tr. 221. The medical team then took Joel outside,
but Rhodes remained with Michael and asked him some questions. Ex. 12. Tr. 221.
Rhodes noticed that there was no water in the bathtub. Tr. 221. When Rhodes asked
where the water had gone, Michael told him that he had drained the water after he
had drowned his son and that he had planned to do this for several weeks. Tr. 221,
224. Rhodes then went outside and told the other emergency medical services
responders what Michael had said. Tr. 222. Rhodes later testified that Michael did
not seem bothered by what he had done but also did not show visible signs of
intoxication. Tr. 224.
-5-
Case No. 12-18-02
{¶9} When Deputy Tony Recker (“Deputy Recker”) arrived at the scene,
Rhodes informed him that Michael had said that he had drowned Joel. Tr. 222-223.
Deputy Recker went to Michael, who again admitted that he had drowned Joel. Tr.
234. Deputy Recker later testified that Michael seemed emotionless but did not
seem disoriented or confused. Tr. 234-235, 240. As Sheriff James Beutler (“Sheriff
Beutler”) arrived, Deputy Recker and Rhodes were in the room with Michael. Tr.
244. Sheriff Beutler later testified that Michael, at this time, “voluntarily spoke up
and said, [he] drowned [his] baby” and that he “accept[ed] full responsibility.” Tr.
244-245. Sheriff Beutler then had Deputy Greg Westrick (“Deputy Westrick”)
Mirandize Michael. Tr. 245. Deputy Westrick took Michael to his police cruiser
and asked Michael several questions. Tr. 263. Deputy Westrick later testified that
Michael was responsive and calm and that he did not seem confused or emotional.
Tr. 263, 292-293. When Deputy Westrick asked Michael why, of his three children,
he chose to drown Joel, Michael replied that Joel “was less of a fight.” Tr. 263.
{¶10} During the course of the investigation, the police found a note on the
kitchen table with the following message: “Amy, I’m sorry I killed Joel. I couldn’t
do anything else. I’m not a man. I am a coward. Joel is laying on our bed.[1] Here
is the key to the mower. Don’t let the boys have it. *Joel is at St. Ritas.” Ex. 4.
Tr. 310, 468. At trial, Michael testified that he did not remember writing this note,
1
The note appears to have been altered to reflect the fact that Joel had been taken to the hospital by the
emergency medical services team.
-6-
Case No. 12-18-02
but he did identify the handwriting as his and admitted that he must have, therefore,
written this note. Tr. 435, 468. Michael told the police that he had packed some of
his clothes and had planned to flee but that he did not because he believed he would
have been caught anyway. Ex. 17. Tr. 309. Shortly after Joel’s death, Michael said
the following to his doctor: “I was relieved at that time. It felt like a burden was
lifted off of me.” Ex. 20. Michael also said that he drowned Joel because he “felt
[it was] the only thing [he] could do.” Ex. 20.
{¶11} On May 27, 2005, Michael was charged with one count of aggravated
murder in violation of R.C. 2903.01(C). Doc. 1. On June 15, 2005, Michael pled
not guilty by reason of insanity. Doc. 15. However, on February 13, 2006, he
withdrew his plea of not guilty by reason of insanity and changed his plea to guilty.
Doc. 213. On March 7, 2006, the trial court sentenced Michael. Doc. 220.
{¶12} On April 4, 2006, Michael’s doctor had him stop taking Wellbutrin.
Tr. 923. On July 20, 2006, Michael’s doctor had him stop taking all of his other
medications, including Effexor. Tr. 928-929. In September, Michael was beginning
to have more thoughts of harming others. Tr. 891, 934. Michael then told his
doctor, on September 24, 2006, that he was having thoughts of harming his cellmate.
Tr. 935. Two days later, Michael said to his doctor: “I’m having trouble—I’m
having terrible thoughts of hurting people. They just keep getting worse.” Tr. 937.
Michael continued to have these homicidal ideations until the middle of November
when he was placed back onto medications. Tr. 941.
-7-
Case No. 12-18-02
{¶13} On November 15, 2016, Michael filed a motion to withdraw his guilty
plea. Doc. 236. This motion stated that new information had emerged about the
side effects of several medications that Michael had been taking for his mental
health issues at the time of his son’s death. Doc. 236. These side effects included
“homicidal ideation.” Doc. 236. On May 5, 2017, the trial court granted Michael’s
motion to withdraw his guilty plea. Doc. 252. This case proceeded to trial on
January 2, 2018. Tr. 1.
{¶14} At trial, Michael explained his actions in the following way:
[T]here was a thing in my mind where it said there was a mission
and the mission was to kill Joel and the mission had to be
accomplished. There was no option.
Tr. 413. He also testified that he felt as though he was in a “trance” on the day of
Joel’s death but that he was still able to remember filling up the bathtub on the
morning of May 23, 2015; picking Joel up from Leursman’s house; driving Joel
home; drowning Joel in the bathtub; and calling 9-1-1. Tr. 415, 421, 423, 424, 465.
{¶15} According to medical records referenced at trial, Michael, as an
inmate, told his psychologist that “his crime was premeditated and he might have
done it to escape from his situation at that time.” Tr. 942. During his testimony,
Michael said that he did not remember making this statement; that he had no reason
to dispute the accuracy of this medical record; and that his psychologist may have
added the word “premeditated.” Tr. 475, 479. He also testified that he was not
-8-
Case No. 12-18-02
thinking about whether his actions were wrong at the time he was drowning his son.
Tr. 465.
{¶16} On cross-examination, Michael admitted that he lied to the babysitter
about Joel having a doctor’s appointment and that he had lied to his wife about his
homicidal ideations. Tr. 473, 474. He further admitted that he asked for an attorney
after he was taken into police custody because he realized that this was a serious
legal matter. Tr. 471. Michael also testified that he did not have thoughts about
harming others on his current medicinal regimen. Tr. 436-437.
{¶17} The Defense called Dr. Peter R. Breggin (“Dr. Breggin”) as an expert
witness. Tr. 556, 611. Dr. Breggin called this case a “perfect storm” because of the
abrupt and frequent changes that were made to Michael’s medicinal regimen. Tr.
612. In particular, Dr. Breggin’s analysis focused on two antidepressants that
Michael was taking in 2005: Wellbutrin and Effexor. Tr. 747. At trial, Dr. Breggin
read the potential side effects of Wellbutrin, which included “psychosis,
hallucinations, paranoia, delusions, homicidal ideation, aggression, hostility,
agitation, anxiety, and panic, as well as suicidal ideation * * *.” Ex. F. Tr. 634,
665. The side effects for Effexor included the occurrence of suicidal thoughts and
behaviors. Ex. AA. Tr. 671.
{¶18} In his professional opinion, Dr. Breggin believed that Michael was
suffering from delusions and was psychotic. Tr. 646. At the end of his testimony,
he stated the following:
-9-
Case No. 12-18-02
[T]he evidence points to the fact that Mike was not under his own
control. His emotions weren’t working, he was flat, he was
apathetic. He was on a mission. He was psychotic. He was not
able to conform his way of acting to the requirements of the law
or even his own morality * * * and that this was caused by
combinations of drugs and then in particular that very heavy dose
of the two drugs [Wellbutrin and Effexor] leading up to the event
itself * * *.
Tr. 731-732. Dr. Breggin concluded that this state was one of “involuntary
intoxication.” Tr. 732.
{¶19} In response, the State called two psychiatrists as expert witnesses. Dr.
Thomas Sherman (“Dr. Sherman”) conducted a mental status evaluation of Michael
in 2005. Tr. 826, 828. In 2005, Dr. Sherman found that Michael “had suffered no
mental disease or defect at the time that was so severe that it prevented him from
knowing the wrongfulness of his acts.” Tr. 841. He did not find any evidence of
“confusion, disorientation.” Tr. 845. Subsequently, Dr. Sherman met with Michael
twice in 2017 to conduct further evaluations. Tr. 831. He testified that the
antidepressants that Michael was taking could not cause intoxication and that a
person could have certain psychotic symptoms without meeting the legal standard
for involuntary intoxication. Tr. 839, 842.
{¶20} Further, Dr. Sherman testified that he did not believe that Michael
suffered from delusions or command hallucinations but may have had some
intrusive thoughts. Tr. 871. He stated that there was no evidence that the Wellbutrin
or Effexor affected Michael’s ability to appreciate the criminality of his actions. Tr.
-10-
Case No. 12-18-02
843. He also pointed to the fact that Michael continued to have homicidal ideations
after he was in prison and after he had stopped taking Wellbutrin and Effexor. Tr.
855, 891. In his conclusion, Dr. Sherman stated that the idea that Michael was
involuntarily intoxicated was “preposterous.” Tr. 891.
{¶21} Dr. Douglas Beech (“Dr. Beech”) conducted an interview with
Michael in November of 2017 and reviewed Michael’s medical history. Tr. 898.
Dr. Beech testified that the antidepressants that Michael was on would not have
caused intoxication. Tr. 948. He also stated that Michael’s medical records
indicated that he had depressive symptoms, obsessive urges, and intrusive thoughts
in the lead up to Joel’s death. Tr. 945. At trial, Dr. Beech stated his findings on the
issue of involuntary intoxication as follows:
There is no evidence that Mr. Leubrecht was in a state of
intoxication at the time of the act. He had not ingested any
intoxicating substances. He showed no signs of physical
impairment, disorientation or inability to pay attention or
concentrate. Those are the things we see when someone’s
intoxicated.
Tr. 949-950. Dr. Beech concluded that Michael “kn[e]w the wrongfulness of the
act at the time of the act”; that he “act[ed] with specific intent to produce a certain
result”; and that “his intention was to bring about Joel’s death.” Tr. 945-947.
{¶22} The jury instructions contained an explanation of the defense of
involuntary intoxication that reads, in its relevant part, as follows:
‘Involuntary Intoxication’ is an affirmative defense. * * * On this
issue the burden of proof is upon the Defendant to establish by a
-11-
Case No. 12-18-02
preponderance or greater weight of the evidence that at the time
in question he was so influenced by prescription drugs that he was
incapable of forming a purpose to commit the offense.
Jury Instructions, 5-6.2 On January 5, 2018, the jury found Luebrecht guilty of the
crime of aggravated murder. Doc. 351. On January 8, 2018, Luebrecht filed a
Crim.R. 29 motion for acquittal. Doc. 355. The trial court denied this motion on
January 8, 2018. Sentencing Hearing Tr. 4-5. The trial court then issued its
judgment entry of sentencing on January 12, 2018. Doc. 361.
{¶23} Appellant filed his notice of appeal on February 9, 2018. Doc. 371.
On appeal, Luebrecht raises the following assignments of error:
First Assignment of Error
Involuntary intoxication is an affirmative defense to the crime of
murder and the jury erred in finding the Defendant guilty.
Second Assignment of Error
The Defendant’s conviction was against the manifest weight of the
evidence.
Third Assignment of Error
The trial court erred by not granting the Defendant’s post-verdict
motion for acquittal.
For the sake of analytical clarity, we will consider the first and second assignments
of error together. We will then analyze the arguments presented in the third
assignment of error.
2
The appellant does not challenge the content of this jury instruction on appeal.
-12-
Case No. 12-18-02
First and Second Assignments of Error
{¶24} In his first assignment of error, Michael argues that the jury erred in
finding him guilty because he met his burden of proof and established the
affirmative defense of involuntary intoxication. In his second assignment of error,
Michael asserts that his conviction is against the manifest weight of the evidence
because he proved the affirmative defense of involuntary intoxication. We will
consider these assignments of error together because Michael, in both of these
arguments, asserts that he proved his affirmative defense. Further, under the
applicable case law, a defendant’s claim that the evidence supports his or her
affirmative defense is analyzed as an argument that his or her conviction is against
the manifest weight of the evidence. State v. Johns, 3d Dist. Seneca Nos. 13-04-23,
13-04-24, and 13-04-25, 2005-Ohio-1694, ¶ 19; State v. Roberts, 139 Ohio App.3d
757, 768, 745 N.E.2d 1057 (1st Dist.); State v. Coleman, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No.
80595, 2002-Ohio-4421, ¶ 30; City of Gahanna v. Cameron, 10th Dist. Franklin No.
02AP-255, 2002-Ohio-6959, ¶ 33.
Legal Standard
{¶25} R.C. 2901.05(A) reads as follows:
(A) Every person accused of an offense is presumed innocent until
proven guilty beyond a reasonable doubt, and the burden of proof
for all elements of the offense is upon the prosecution. The burden
of going forward with the evidence of an affirmative defense, and
the burden of proof, by a preponderance of the evidence, for an
affirmative defense, is upon the accused.
-13-
Case No. 12-18-02
R.C. 2901.05(A). In Ohio, voluntary intoxication is not an affirmative defense and
“may not be taken into consideration in determining the existence of a mental state
that is an element of a criminal offense.” R.C. 2901.21(E). However, “[i]nvoluntary
intoxication is an affirmative defense.” State v. Kortz, 2d Dist. Montgomery No.
25041, 2013-Ohio-121, ¶ 20. See State v. Robinson, 47 Ohio St.2d 103, 108, 351
N.E.2d 88 (1976). Under R.C. 2901.21(F)(4), “‘Intoxication’ includes, but is not
limited to, intoxication resulting from the ingestion of alcohol, a drug, or alcohol
and a drug.” R.C. 2901.21(F)(4).
{¶26} “When ‘deciding whether a conviction is against the manifest weight
of the evidence, an appellate court determines whether the state has appropriately
carried its burden of persuasion.’” State v. Brown, 3d Dist. Hancock No. 5-17-19,
2018-Ohio-899, ¶ 8, quoting State v. Blanton, 121 Ohio App.3d 162, 169, 699
N.E.2d 136 (3d Dist. 1997). In this analysis, “an appellate court’s function * * * is
to determine whether the greater amount of credible evidence supports the verdict.”
State v. Plott, 2017-Ohio-38, 80 N.E.3d 1108, ¶ 73 (3d Dist.). Thus, “the appellate
court sits as a ‘thirteenth juror’ * * *.” State v. Davis, 3d Dist. Seneca No. 13-16-
30, 2017-Ohio-2916, ¶ 17, quoting State v. Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d 380, 387, 678
N.E.2d 541 (1997). Appellate courts
must review the entire record, weigh the evidence and all of the
reasonable inferences, consider the credibility of witnesses, and
determine whether in resolving conflicts in the evidence, the
factfinder ‘clearly lost its way and created such a manifest
-14-
Case No. 12-18-02
miscarriage of justice that the conviction must be reversed and a
new trial ordered.’
State v. Brentlinger, 2017-Ohio-2588, 90 N.E.3d 200, ¶ 36 (3d Dist.), quoting
Thompkins at 387.
{¶27} “A reviewing court must, however, allow the trier of fact appropriate
discretion on matters relating to the weight of the evidence and the credibility of the
witnesses.” State v. Sullivan, 2017-Ohio-8937, 102 N.E.3d 86, ¶ 38 (3d Dist.),
quoting State v. Coleman, 3d Dist. Allen No. 1-13-53, 2014-Ohio-5320, ¶ 7. “[I]t
is well established that the * * * credibility of the witnesses [is] primarily a matter
for the trier of fact.” State v. Gervin, 2016-Ohio-8399, 79 N.E.3d 59, ¶ 142 (3d
Dist.), quoting State v. Clark, 101 Ohio App.3d 389, 409, 655 N.E.2d 795 (8th
Dist.1995). “Only in exceptional cases, where the evidence ‘weighs heavily against
the conviction,’ should an appellate court overturn the trial court’s judgment.” State
v. Little, 2016-Ohio-8398, 78 N.E.3d 323, ¶ 27 (3d Dist.), quoting State v. Hunter,
131 Ohio St.3d 67, 2011-Ohio-6524, 960 N.E.2d 955, ¶ 119.
Legal Analysis
{¶28} In this case, the parties do not dispute that Michael caused the death
of his son, Joel. See Tr. 464-466. For this reason, we will limit our analysis to the
issue presented on appeal, which is whether Michael carried his burden of proving
that he was involuntarily intoxicated at the time he caused his son’s death. At trial,
Michael stated the following about his mental state at the time of his son’s death:
-15-
Case No. 12-18-02
I don’t think I realized what I did. I don’t think I realized what
happened. Like I said, I was in a daze, I was kind of confused,
and—but I do remember after being in jail for about five to seven
days * * * my thoughts started clearing up a little bit. Then I
actually realized what happened; and then it really, it startled me.
Tr. 431. Michael also said that drowning his son “was something [he] had to do.”
Tr. 464. A statement that Michael made to a doctor after he was incarcerated was
also introduced into evidence at trial and reads as follows: “It was like I was
automatic, like I couldn’t help myself.” Tr. 875.
{¶29} On cross-examination, the following exchange occurred between
Michael and the prosecution:
[Prosecutor]: * * * [Y]ou woke up and your mission was to kill
Joel.
[Michael]: Yeah.
[Prosecutor]: And so that was your goal or your mission, your end
result that you wanted to achieve, correct?
[Michael]: It was the mission.
[Prosecutor]: It was the mission.
[Michael]: Yes.
Tr. 464. Michael admitted that the note he left his wife stated that he was “sorry”
and that this was an indication that he had done “something that someone wouldn’t
approve of * * *.” Tr. 468. Michael also admitted that he asked for an attorney
after the police arrived at his house because he understood, at that time, that this was
a serious legal matter. Tr. 471.
-16-
Case No. 12-18-02
{¶30} The Defense’s expert, Dr. Breggin, testified that he believed that
Michael was suffering from delusions and that Michael thought that Satan wanted
him to drown his son. Tr. 670. He stated that the medications Michael was taking
caused these delusions and that he believed Michael’s OCD was not the cause of
these delusions. Tr. 617. Dr. Breggin also testified that a state of psychosis would
not have prevented Michael from making plans. Tr. 711-712. In his professional
opinion, Dr. Breggin found that:
[Michael] was suffering from an involuntary intoxication, leading
up to it; and at very different times he’s involuntarily intoxicated,
when he’s hallucinating, having delusions. I mean, it comes in and
out, in and out, and then it finally turns into this awful thing.
Tr. 737-738. He concluded that Michael was “unable to resist” his “drug-induced
compulsive impulses” and that Michael was psychotic because of the effects of
Wellbutrin and Effexor. Tr. 746, 747.
{¶31} The State’s first expert witness, Dr. Sherman, testified that the
antidepressants that Michael was taking could not have caused intoxication
“singularly or in combination.” Tr. 839. Further, Dr. Sherman also stated that he
did not believe that Michael was suffering from delusions or hallucinations, though
he did have signs of obsessions and disassociation. Tr. 856, 871, 888. Based on his
evaluations of Michael, Dr. Sherman stated the following: “I didn’t think his mental
status was impaired at the time of the instant offense at the point of not knowing the
wrongfulness of the acts.” Tr. 844. He also found, within a reasonable degree of
-17-
Case No. 12-18-02
medical certainty, that Michael “acted with an intent to bring a certain result.” Tr.
844.
{¶32} At trial, the State’s second expert witness, Dr. Beech, testified that,
unless a person overdoses on an antidepressant, “there is * * * no known
intoxication from antidepressant medications any more than there is intoxication
from blood pressure medications or antibiotics.” Tr. 948-949. For this reason, Dr.
Beech determined that Michael could not have been intoxicated because there was
no evidence that Michael had “ingested any intoxicating substance.” Tr. 949. At
trial, Dr. Beech stated his conclusion from the evidence:
[Michael] was coherent, cognizant, alert, oriented and responsive
before, during, and after the act. Evidence for this, he behaved as
his usual self to the babysitter and constructed and conveyed a
coherent alibi to her; drove to and from the babysitter without
incident; called 9-1-1 calmly and succinctly reported to the
dispatcher the events that had occurred and followed the
instructions to start CPR. He followed the instructions of the first
responders and answered their questions; answered questions of
the detective during booking, including many details, phone
number, birth dates; requested a lawyer after being advised of his
rights. So there was just, there was no evidence that he was
intoxicated as we understand intoxication.
Tr. 950. Dr. Beech also testified that Michael’s homicidal ideations appeared to be
a symptom of Michael’s underlying medical condition (OCD), which was a key
finding that he suggested Dr. Breggin’s medical report overlooked. Tr. 952-955.
{¶33} At trial, the Defense’s expert witness reached a conclusion that
contradicted the conclusions of the State’s expert witnesses. The jurors, as the
-18-
Case No. 12-18-02
finders of fact, were free to resolve this conflict by finding the testimony of the
State’s expert witnesses to be more believable than the testimony of the Defense’s
expert witness. The jury could have reasonably concluded, from the evidence
presented at trial, that Michael was not involuntarily intoxicated at the time of his
son’s death. After reviewing the evidence in the record, we do not find any
indications that the jury lost its way and returned a verdict against the manifest
weight of the evidence. For these reasons, Michael’s first and second assignments
of error are overruled.
Third Assignment of Error
{¶34} Michael asserts that the trial court erred by denying his Crim.R. 29
motion. He argues that his conviction was not supported by sufficient evidence
because the State failed to produce “evidence that contravenes the affirmative
defense” of involuntary intoxication. Appellant’s Brief, 23.
Legal Standard
{¶35} Crim.R. 29 reads, in its relevant part, as follows:
(A) Motion for Judgment of Acquittal. The court on motion of a
defendant or on its own motion, after the evidence on either side
is closed, shall order the entry of a judgment of acquittal of one or
more offenses charged in the indictment, information, or
complaint, if the evidence is insufficient to sustain a conviction of
such offense or offenses.
Crim.R. 29(A). “Thus, a motion for acquittal tests the sufficiency of the evidence.”
State v. Kaczmarek, 2013-Ohio-5658, 5 N.E.3d 1045 (3d Dist.).
-19-
Case No. 12-18-02
{¶36} “A challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence supporting a
conviction requires a court to determine whether the state has met its burden of
production at trial.” In re Swift, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 79610, 2002 WL 451226,
3 (March 21, 2002), citing Thompkins, supra. Consequently, an appellate court is
not to examine whether the evidence presented should be believed but should rather
“examine the evidence admitted at trial to determine whether such evidence, if
believed, would convince the average mind of the defendant’s guilt beyond a
reasonable doubt.” State v. Johnston, 3d Dist. Logan No. 8-13-10, 2014-Ohio-353,
¶ 10, quoting State v. Jenks, 61 Ohio St.3d 259, 574 N.E.2d 492 (1991), paragraph
two of the syllabus, superseded by state constitutional amendment on other grounds
in State v. Smith, 80 Ohio St.3d 89, 684 N.E.2d 668 (1997). The sufficiency-of-the-
evidence analysis addresses the question of whether adequate evidence was
produced for the case to be considered by the trier of fact and, thus, whether the
evidence was “legally sufficient to support the verdict * * *.” State v. Worthington,
3d Dist. Hardin No. 6-15-04, 2016-Ohio-530, ¶ 12, citing State v. Lang, 129 Ohio
St.3d 512, 2011-Ohio-4215, 954 N.E.2d 596, ¶ 219.
{¶37} Sufficiency of the evidence is a question of law and a “test of adequacy
rather than credibility or weight of the evidence.” State v. Berry, 3d Dist. Defiance
No. 4-12-03, 2013-Ohio-2380, ¶ 19, citing Thompkins, supra, at 386. The standard
for sufficiency of the evidence
-20-
Case No. 12-18-02
is whether, after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable
to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found that
the essential elements of the crime were proven beyond a
reasonable doubt.
Plott, supra, at ¶ 62, citing State v. Monroe, 105 Ohio St.3d 384, 2005-Ohio-2282,
827 N.E.2d 285, ¶ 47. To establish the crime of aggravated murder under R.C.
2903.01(C), the State must prove the defendant “[1] purposely cause[d] [2] the death
of another [3] who is under thirteen years of age at the time of the commission of
the offense.” R.C. 2903.01(C).
{¶38} However, “[s]ufficiency-of-the-evidence review concerns ‘the
sufficiency of the state’s evidence, not the strength of defense evidence’ and is
accordingly ‘applied with explicit reference to the substantive elements of the
criminal offense as defined by state law.’” (Emphasis sic.) State v. Owens, 3d Dist.
Allen Nos. 1-18-48, 1-18-49, 2019-Ohio-440, ¶ 11, quoting State v. Hancock, 108
Ohio St.3d 57, 2006-Ohio-160, 840 N.E.2d 1032, ¶ 38, quoting Jackson v. Virginia,
443 U.S. 307, 324, 99 S.Ct. 2781, 61 L.Ed.2d 560 (1979), fn. 16. For this reason,
“the due process ‘sufficient evidence’ guarantee does not implicate affirmative
defenses, because proof supportive of an affirmative defense cannot detract from
proof beyond a reasonable doubt that the accused had committed the requisite
elements of the crime.” Hancock, supra, at ¶ 37, quoting Caldwell v. Russell, 181
F.3d 731, 740 (6th Cir. 1999), abrogated on other grounds by the Antiterrorism and
Effective Death Penalty Act, 28 U.S.C. 2261 et seq.
-21-
Case No. 12-18-02
Legal Analysis
{¶39} In this assignment of error, Michael challenges the sufficiency of the
evidence supporting his conviction on the grounds that the State did not present
adequate evidence to rebut the affirmative defense he raised at trial. However,
involuntary intoxication is an affirmative defense that the defendant has the burden
of proving by a preponderance of the evidence. Kortz, supra, at ¶ 20. Affirmative
defenses are a part of the Defense’s case. State v. Belanger, 2010-Ohio-5407, 941
N.E.2d 1265 (3d Dist.) (holding that the Defense has the burden of introducing
sufficient evidence to substantiate an affirmative defense). A sufficiency-of-the-
evidence review examines the State’s case to determine whether the prosecution
carried the burden assigned to the State. Johnston, supra, at ¶ 10.
{¶40} In this case, the State had the burden of producing evidence to
substantiate each of the essential elements for the crime of aggravated murder. The
State did not have the burden of establishing that Michael was not involuntarily
intoxicated. Thus, Michael essentially argues that the State’s case is deficient
because the prosecution failed to carry a burden that was not assigned to it. Further,
Michael does not challenge the sufficiency of the evidence that the State presented
to substantiate the essential elements of the crime of aggravated murder. For this
reason, “we decline to conduct [a] sufficiency-of-the-evidence review * * *.” State
v. Owens, 3d Dist. Allen Nos. 1-18-48, 1-18-49, 2019-Ohio-440, ¶ 11. Thus,
Michael’s third assignment of error is overruled.
-22-
Case No. 12-18-02
Conclusion
{¶41} Having found no error prejudicial to the appellant in the particulars
assigned and argued, the judgment of the Putnam County Court of Common Pleas
is affirmed.
Judgment Affirmed
ZIMMERMAN, P.J. and PRESTON, J., concur.
/hls
-23-