State v. Allen

[Cite as State v. Allen, 2014-Ohio-1806.]
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
TENTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
State of Ohio, :
Plaintiff-Appellee, : No. 13AP-460
(C.P.C. No. 08CR-02-1420)
v. : No. 13AP-462
(C.P.C. No. 07CR-06-4295)
Daville D. Allen, :
(REGULAR CALENDAR)
Defendant-Appellant. :
D E C I S I O N
Rendered on April 29, 2014
Ron O'Brien, Prosecuting Attorney, and Sheryl L. Prichard,
for appellee.
Todd W. Barstow & Associates, and Todd W. Barstow, for
appellant.
APPEALS from the Franklin County Court of Common Pleas.
McCORMAC, J.
{¶ 1} Defendant-appellant, Daville D. Allen, appeals from the May 29, 2013
judgment of the Franklin County Court of Common Pleas resentencing defendant. For the
reasons that follow, we reverse and remand the judgment of the trial court.
I. Facts and Procedural History
{¶ 2} On December 7, 2009, defendant entered guilty pleas in case Nos. 07CR-
4295 and 08CR-1420 for possession of cocaine in the form of crack cocaine with a major
drug offender specification, in violation of former R.C. 2925.11, a felony of the first degree,
and possession of cocaine in the form of crack cocaine without specification, in violation
of former R.C. 2925.11, a felony of the second degree. On June 23, 2011, the trial court
sentenced defendant as follows: in case No. 07CR-4295, a mandatory prison term of ten
years and another mandatory prison term of ten years to run consecutively for the major
Nos. 13AP-460 and 13AP-462 2
drug offender specification, resulting in a total prison term of 20 years, and a mandatory
fine of $10,000; in case No. 08CR-1420, a mandatory prison term of five years to run
consecutively with case No. 07CR-4295, and a mandatory fine of $7,500. On June 30,
2011, the trial court filed judgment entries reflecting defendant's sentences.
{¶ 3} On July 20, 2011, the trial court filed two entries ordering, pursuant to the
June 23, 2011 sentencing entries, the payment of defendant's mandatory fines. In
satisfaction of those fines, the court ordered the Whitehall Division of Police to forward
money held in defendant's name in the amount of $17,500 to the Franklin County Clerk of
Courts, to be disbursed in equal amounts to the Law Enforcement Trust Fund of the
Franklin County Prosecuting Attorney and the Whitehall Division of Police. On July 29,
2011, defendant appealed the June 30, 2011 judgment entries.
{¶ 4} Upon appeal, this court reversed in part the trial court's June 30, 2011
judgment. See State v. Allen, 10th Dist. No. 11AP-640, 2012-Ohio-2986 ("Allen I"). In that
case, we found that, although the imposition of consecutive sentences was authorized by
law, the trial court erred because it believed that consecutive sentences were required. Id.
at ¶ 33. Accordingly, we vacated defendant's sentences and remanded for resentencing.
{¶ 5} On September 14, 2012, defendant filed an application for reopening,
pursuant to App.R. 26(B)(5), claiming ineffective assistance of counsel on appeal. In part,
defendant claimed his counsel was ineffective for failing to raise the issue of his
entitlement to return of property in the amount of $28,000, which defendant alleged was
wrongfully seized and applied to payment of his mandatory fines. On December 4, 2012,
this court denied defendant's application to reopen because he failed to present a genuine
issue as to whether he was deprived of effective assistance of appellate counsel. State v.
Allen, 10th Dist. No. 11AP-640, ¶ 9 (Dec. 4, 2012) (memorandum decision) ("Allen II").
In so finding, we declined to consider defendant's arguments regarding the seizure of
funds to pay his mandatory fines since, in Allen I, we "vacated [defendant's] sentences
and remanded the case to the trial court for resentencing." Id. at ¶ 8.
{¶ 6} Upon remand, the trial court conducted a resentencing hearing and
imposed the following sentences on defendant in its May 3 and 29, 2013 judgment
entries: in case No. 07CR-4295, a mandatory prison term of ten years to run consecutively
with another ten-year prison term for the major drug offender specification, resulting in a
Nos. 13AP-460 and 13AP-462 3
total prison term of 20 years and a mandatory fine of $10,000; in case No. 08CR-1420, a
mandatory prison term of five years to run concurrent with the sentence in case No.
07CR-4295 and a mandatory fine in the amount of $7,500.
II. Assignments of Error
{¶ 7} Defendant timely appeals, assigning the following two errors:
I. THE TRIAL COURT ERRED AND DEPRIVED
APPELLANT OF DUE PROCESS OF LAW BY IMPOSING A
PRISON SENTENCE FOR POSSESSION OF CRACK
COCAINE THAT WAS CONTRARY TO LAW.
II. THE TRIAL COURT ERRED AND ABUSED ITS
DISCRETION BY IT ORDERING THE WHITEHALL POLICE
DEPARTMENT TO RELEASE SEIZED FUNDS TO PAY
APPELLANT'S MANDATORY FINES.
III. First Assignment of Error—Sentencing
{¶ 8} Defendant's first assignment of error contends that his sentence is contrary
to law since the trial court failed to sentence defendant in accordance with R.C. 2925.11
and 2929.14, as amended by 2011 Am.Sub.H.B. No. 86 ("H.B. No. 86"), although
defendant's resentencing occurred after the effective date of H.B. No. 86. Because
construction of a statute is a question of law, our review is de novo. State v. Consilio, 114
Ohio St.3d 295, 2007-Ohio-4163, ¶ 8.
{¶ 9} H.B. No. 86 eliminated the distinction between the criminal penalties
imposed for drug offenses involving crack cocaine and powdered cocaine, notably
removing the term "crack cocaine" from the statutory scheme. See State v. Limoli, 10th
Dist. No. 11AP-924, 2012-Ohio-4502, ¶ 51. Prior to the effective date of H.B. No. 86, a
defendant convicted of possessing an amount of crack cocaine exceeding 100 grams was
guilty of a felony of the first degree, classified as a major drug offender, and subject to a
mandatory prison term with the possibility of an additional mandatory prison term for
the major drug offender classification. See former R.C. 2925.11(C)(4)(f). H.B. No. 86
amended R.C. 2925.11(C)(4) to provide:
If the drug involved in the violation is cocaine or a compound,
mixture, preparation, or substance containing cocaine,
whoever violates division (A) of this section is guilty of
possession of cocaine. The penalty for the offense shall be
determined as follows:
Nos. 13AP-460 and 13AP-462 4
***
(f) If the amount of the drug involved equals or exceeds one
hundred grams of cocaine, possession of cocaine is a felony of
the first degree, the offender is a major drug offender, and the
court shall impose as a mandatory prison term the maximum
prison term prescribed for a felony of the first degree.
Accordingly, after H.B. No. 86 amended R.C. 2925.11(C)(4), a convicted defendant was no
longer subject to an additional mandatory prison term prescribed for the major drug
offender classification.
{¶ 10} Section 3 of H.B. No. 86 provided that the amendments to R.C. 2925.11
applied "to a person to whom division (B) of section 1.58 of the Revised Code makes the
amendments applicable." R.C 1.58(B) provides: "If the penalty, forfeiture, or punishment
for any offense is reduced by a reenactment or amendment of a statute, the penalty,
forfeiture, or punishment, if not already imposed, shall be imposed according to the
statute as amended." Thus, to determine if R.C. 1.58(B) applies, a court must consider
whether (1) the penalty, forfeiture, or punishment has already been imposed, (2) the
offense of which the defendant was convicted was the same offense both before and after
the adoption of the amendments, and (3) the penalty, forfeiture, or punishment for the
offense was reduced by the amendments. See id. at ¶ 58.
{¶ 11} In Limoli, this court considered whether the reforms of H.B. No. 86 applied
to a defendant who committed a crack cocaine offense in violation of R.C. 2925.11 before
the effective date of H.B. No. 86 and was sentenced after the effective date. Id. at ¶ 55. We
found that, because H.B. No. 86 "accomplished only a change in the penalty" for the
offense, R.C. 1.58(B) applied to the defendant and the defendant therefore should have
been sentenced according to the statute as amended by H.B. No. 86. Id. at ¶ 62.
{¶ 12} Here, as in Limoli, the trial court found that defendant was guilty of
violating R.C. 2925.11 by possessing cocaine in the form of crack cocaine. Following this
court's reversal of defendant's original sentence, the trial court, after the effective date of
H.B. No. 86, sentenced defendant in accordance with the former version of R.C. 2929.14
by sentencing him to a mandatory term of ten years incarceration to run consecutively
with another term of ten years for the major drug offender specification.
Nos. 13AP-460 and 13AP-462 5
{¶ 13} First, we consider whether defendant's penalty, forfeiture or punishment
was imposed before the effective date of H.B. No. 86. Although defendant was originally
sentenced on June 23, 2011, before the effective date of H.B. No. 86, in Allen I, we vacated
defendant's June 23, 2011 sentences and remanded to the trial court for resentencing.
Allen I at ¶ 33. Because defendant's sentences were vacated in Allen I, no penalty for the
offenses at issue had been imposed. See State v. Mathis, 109 Ohio St.3d 54, 2006-Ohio-
855, ¶ 37 (finding that "any case that is remanded for 'resentencing' anticipates a
sentencing hearing de novo"); State v. Wilson, 129 Ohio St.3d 214, 2011-Ohio-2669, ¶ 15.
{¶ 14} Next, we must consider whether the offense of which the defendant was
convicted was the same offense both before and after the adoption of the amendments.
We have previously held that H.B. No. 86 did not alter the nature of the offense of
"possession of cocaine" by removing the distinctions between crack cocaine and powdered
cocaine. Limoli at ¶ 62. See also State v. Gatewood, 2d Dist. No. 2012-CA-12, 2012-Ohio-
4181, ¶ 15. The state, however, contends that, because H.B. No. 86 altered the major drug
offender specification, H.B. No. 86 should not be applied to defendant pursuant to the
holding in State v. Kaplowitz, 100 Ohio St.3d 205, 2003-Ohio-5602. In that case, the
Supreme Court of Ohio held that "R.C. 1.58(B) does not apply to give a criminal defendant
the benefit of a reduced sentence if, by applying it, the court alters the nature of the
offense, including specifications to which the defendant pled guilty or of which he was
found guilty." Id. at syllabus.
{¶ 15} The Supreme Court, in Kaplowitz, disapproved of a conflicting case, State v.
Kinder, 140 Ohio App.3d 235 (5th Dist.2000), in which the lower court applied an
amended version of the vehicular assault statute to a defendant who pled guilty under the
former version of the statute to aggravated vehicular assault with a specification of
operating a motor vehicle while under the influence of alcohol or a drug of abuse.
Kaplowitz at ¶ 27. Because the penalties for aggravated vehicular assault under the
amended statute were more stringent, the Kinder court instead found that the defendant
should be subject to the recklessness subsection of the amended vehicular assault statute.
Kaplowitz at ¶ 27-28. However, the Supreme Court found the Kinder decision to be in
error because the recklessness subsection of the amended vehicular assault statute did not
contain a specification or reference to use of alcohol or drug of abuse whereas "[t]he fact
Nos. 13AP-460 and 13AP-462 6
that Kinder was under the influence of alcohol at the time of the commission of the
aggravated vehicular assault was central to the crime and specification of which he pled
guilty." Kaplowitz at ¶ 29.
{¶ 16} Here, unlike in Kinder, the amendments in H.B. No. 86 did not eliminate
the major drug offender classification, but, rather, removed only the discretionary
additional penalty for the classification. This distinction is apparent upon review of the
text of H.B. No. 86. The alterations to existing statutory text wrought by H.B. No. 86 were
indicated under lineation of proposed new statutory text and strikethroughs of proposed
deletions, as follows:
Sec. 2925.11. (A) No person shall knowingly obtain, possess,
or use a controlled substance.
***
(C) Whoever violates division (A) of this section is guilty of
one of the following:
***
(4) If the drug involved in the violation is cocaine or a
compound, mixture, preparation, or substance containing
cocaine, whoever violates division (A) of this section is guilty
of possession of cocaine. The penalty for the offense shall be
determined as follows:
***
(f) If the amount of the drug involved equals or exceeds
one thousand hundred grams of cocaine that is not crack
cocaine or equals or exceeds one hundred grams of crack
cocaine, possession of cocaine is a felony of the first degree,
the offender is a major drug offender, and the court shall
impose as a mandatory prison term the maximum prison
term prescribed for a felony of the first degree and may
impose an additional mandatory prison term prescribed for a
major drug offender under division (D)(3)(b) of section
2929.14 of the Revised Code.
(Emphasis added; Emphasis sic.)
Nos. 13AP-460 and 13AP-462 7
R.C. 2929.14, as amended by H.B. No. 86, provides in pertinent part:
Sec. 2929.14(B)(3)(a) [I]f the offender commits a violation of
section 2925.03 or 2925.11 of the Revised Code and that
section classifies the offender as a major drug offender * * *
the court shall impose upon the offender for the felony
violation a ten year prison term that, subject to divisions (C)
to (I) of section 2967.19 of the Revised Code, cannot be
reduced pursuant to section 2929.20, section 2967.19, or any
other provision of Chapter 2967. or 5120. of the Revised Code.
(b) The court imposing a prison term on an offender under
division (D)(3)(a) of this section may impose an additional
prison term of one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight,
nine, or ten years, if the court, with respect to the term
imposed under division (D)(3)(a) of this section and, if
applicable, divisions (D)(1) and (2) of this section, makes both
of the findings set forth in divisions (D)(2)(a)(iv) and (v) of
this section.
(Emphasis sic.)
{¶ 17} The alterations to R.C. 2925.11 created by H.B. No. 86 are relevant to the
case at hand in two ways. First, as noted in Limoli, "all of the relevant H.B. 86
amendments to R.C. 2925.11 follow the phrase in R.C. 2925.11(C)(4) providing that '[t]he
penalty for the offense shall be determined as follows: * * *.' " (Emphasis sic.) Id. at ¶ 61
("[T]he text [of H.B. No. 86] illustrates that, both before and after the enactment of H.B.
86, R.C. 2925.11(C)(4) provided that a person who violated R.C. 2925.11(A) by possessing
cocaine (without distinguishing between the powdered or solid form of cocaine) was
'guilty of possession of cocaine.' "). Id. Second, H.B. No. 86 did not remove the
specification of major drug offender or alter the level of the felony to which defendant
pled, but, rather, only eliminated the imposition of an additional mandatory prison term.
See former R.C. 2929.14(B)(3)(b). Regardless of whether the specification as a major drug
offender was "central to the crime and specification of which [defendant] pled guilty," the
holding of Kaplowitz is inapplicable here since the statute as amended preserved the
major drug offender specification. Id. at ¶ 29. Thus, we find the offense of which the
defendant was convicted to be the same offense both before and after the adoption of the
amendments.
Nos. 13AP-460 and 13AP-462 8
{¶ 18} Finally, we consider whether H.B. No. 86 reduced the penalty, forfeiture or
punishment for the offense of which defendant was convicted. Prior to the adoption of
H.B. No. 86, a defendant convicted of possession of cocaine in an amount equal to or
exceeding 100 grams of crack cocaine was labeled a "major drug offender" and subject to
the "maximum prison term prescribed for a felony of the first degree" as a mandatory
prison term. See former R.C. 2925.11(C)(4)(f). Former R.C. 2929.14(A)(1) prescribed that
the maximum prison term for a first-degree felony was ten years. The penalty for the
offense also provided the trial court with discretion to apply an additional mandatory
prison term as prescribed for a major drug offender ranging from one to ten years. See
former R.C. 2925.11(C)(4)(f) and 2929.14(D)(3)(b). Thus, as is the case here, a defendant
under the former statutes could be subject to a total of 20 years imprisonment for the first
degree felony offense of possession of cocaine.
{¶ 19} Following the adoption of H.B. No. 86, a trial court no longer had the
discretion to apply an additional one- to ten-year mandatory prison term for the major
drug offender classification. However, the maximum prison term for a felony of the first
degree was increased to 11 years. R.C. 2929.14(A)(1). Under both versions of the statute,
the prison term is not subject to reduction. Compare R.C. 2929.14(B)(3) with former
2929.14(B)(3)(a).1 Thus, under R.C. 2925.11 and 2929.14 as amended by H.B. No. 86,
defendant would be subject to a reduced penalty of 11 years instead of 20 years
imprisonment.
{¶ 20} Because H.B. No. 86 did not alter the nature of the offense of "possession of
cocaine," but, instead, "accomplished only a change in penalty for that offense," R.C.
1.58(B) applies to defendant. Limoli at ¶ 62. Therefore, the trial court was required to
impose the penalty for the offense as amended by H.B. No. 86. Id.; State v. Sullivan, 10th
Dist. No. 11AP-414, 2012-Ohio-2737, ¶ 23, citing State v. Banks, 10th Dist. No. 11AP-1134,
2012-Ohio-2328, ¶ 8.
{¶ 21} Accordingly, we sustain defendant's first assignment of error.
1 Although not argued before this court, we note that, at the time defendant was resentenced, the current
version of R.C. 2929.14(B)(3) as further amended by 2012 Am.Sub.S.B. No. 337 ("S.B. No. 337"), was in
effect. However, the alterations to R.C. 2929.14(B)(3) by S.B. No. 337 do not change the outcome of the
present case since the maximum prison term for a felony of the first degree is 11 years under both versions of
the statute as amended by H.B. No. 86 and S.B. No. 337. See 2012 Am.Sub.S.B. No. 337, Legislative Service
Commission Final Analysis at 86.
Nos. 13AP-460 and 13AP-462 9
IV. Second Assignment of Error—Seizure of Funds
{¶ 22} Defendant's second assignment of error asserts the trial court erred by
ordering the Whitehall Division of Police to release funds seized from defendant to pay
mandatory fines pursuant to its June 30, 2011 judgment entries. Defendant contends that
the trial court either wrongfully forfeited the funds without due process or improperly
applied the seized funds to his fines after finding defendant was not indigent.
{¶ 23} The state responds that defendant's assignment of error is not properly
before this court since defendant did not appeal from the July 20, 2011 entries disposing
of the seized funds in either the prior or present appeal. Additionally, the state contends
that any error in the disposition of the funds is harmless since defendant is not indigent
and the trial court could properly apply the seized funds to his outstanding obligation.
{¶ 24} "Forfeitures and penalties are not favored in law or equity and statutory
provisions therefor must be strictly construed." State ex rel. Cline v. Indus. Comm., 136
Ohio St. 33, 34 (1939). "No forfeiture may be ordered unless the expression of the law is
clear and the intent of the legislature manifest." State v. Lilliock, 70 Ohio St.2d 23, 26
(1982).
{¶ 25} Pursuant to R.C. Chapter 2981, "[a] law enforcement officer may seize
property that the officer has probable cause to believe is property subject to forfeiture."
R.C. 2981.03(A)(2). R.C. 2981.02 lists specific categories of property subject to forfeiture
including "[p]roceeds derived from or acquired through the commission of an offense." In
cases involving unlawful goods, services or activities, R.C. 2981.01(B)(11) defines
"proceeds" as "any property derived directly or indirectly from an offense * * * includ[ing]
* * * money." R.C. 2981.01(B)(11)(a).
{¶ 26} Following the seizure of property, a prosecutor may pursue forfeiture of the
property in a criminal proceeding under R.C. 2981.04, a civil proceeding under R.C.
2981.05, or both. R.C. 2981.03(F). A prosecutor initiates criminal forfeiture under R.C.
2981.04 by including in the charging instrument a specification consistent with R.C.
2941.1417 setting forth a description of the property or by providing the defendant with
"prompt notice" in conformity with Crim.R. 7(E) that the property is subject to forfeiture.
R.C. 2981.04(A)(1) and (2).
Nos. 13AP-460 and 13AP-462 10
{¶ 27} If property is seized and a criminal forfeiture proceeding is not commenced,
"the prosecutor of the county in which the seizure occurred shall commence a civil action
to forfeit that property" under R.C 2981.05. R.C. 2981.03(F). If the property is not
property alleged to be a mobile instrumentality or personal, business or governmental
record, the civil action "shall be brought within sixty days of seizure"; however, this period
of time may be extended "by agreement of the parties or by the court for good cause
shown." R.C. 2981.03(F).
{¶ 28} "Forfeiture may be ordered only after the prosecuting attorney has
identified and notified parties with an interest in the property, the trial court has
conducted a hearing, and the trier of fact has found that the property is subject to
forfeiture." State v. North, 1st Dist. No. C-120248, 2012-Ohio-5200, ¶ 9. Prior to final
adjudication under R.C. 2971.04 or 2981.05, the state acquires provisional title to the
property, authorizing the state to seize, hold, and protect the property. R.C.
2981.03(A)(1). " 'Title to the property vests with the state or political subdivision when the
trier of fact renders a final forfeiture verdict or order.' " Id., quoting R.C. 2981.03(A)(1).
"In the absence of a final forfeiture adjudication, the state's interest in the property seized
from [defendant] remains 'provisional.' " Id. at ¶ 12.
{¶ 29} Here, as the state notes, defendant did not appeal the July 20, 2011 entries
ordering disbursement of defendant's seized funds. However, the trial court ordered those
disbursements "in compliance with" and in fulfillment of the mandatory fines imposed as
part of defendant's sentences. Since our prior decision vacated defendant's sentences, the
July 20, 2011 disbursement orders were also rendered nullities. See Wilson v. Kreusch,
111 Ohio App.3d 47, 51 (2d Dist.1996) ("The effect of a reversal and an order of remand is
to reinstate the case to the docket of the trial court in precisely the same condition that
obtained before the error occurred."); Armstrong v. Marathon Oil Co., 32 Ohio St.3d 397,
418 (1987) ("[U]pon remand from an appellate court the lower court is required to
proceed from the point at which the error occurred."); Metropolis Night Club, Inc. v.
Ertel, 104 Ohio App.3d 417, 419 (8th Dist.1995) (finding res judicata did not apply to bar
claims where there was no exisiting final judgment due to reversal and remand of prior
judgment). Therefore, we shall consider defendant's arguments with regard to forfeiture
of his seized funds.
Nos. 13AP-460 and 13AP-462 11
{¶ 30} The trial court in its May 3 and 29, 2013 judgment entries imposed upon
defendant mandatory fines in identical amounts to the vacated June 23, 2011 sentencing
entries. Unlike the June 23, 2011 sentencing entries, however, the trial court found
defendant to be indigent and waived payment of fines and financial sanctions. The trial
court did not file a separate judgment entry ordering disbursement of defendant's seized
funds. Since the trial court waived defendant's payment of the mandatory fines, it is
unclear under what authority the state retained a possessory interest in defendant's seized
funds. Defendant cannot both be ordered to pay mandatory fines from his seized funds
and simultaneously have such fines waived.
{¶ 31} Defendant's arguments regarding forfeiture under R.C. Chapter 2981 are
inapposite here since the record does not reflect that any forfeiture proceedings under
that chapter occurred. We note, however, that the issue of the final disposition of the
seized funds is not presently before us. Upon remand, defendant may file a motion
seeking return of the seized property. The trial court must separately determine (1) the
issue of compliance with R.C. Chapter 2981, and (2) whether, based on the resolution of
the seized funds, defendant is indigent for purposes of paying any fines imposed as part of
defendant's sentence.
{¶ 32} Because the trial court erred by ordering disbursement of defendant's seized
funds in compliance with its vacated June 23, 2011 sentencing entries, we sustain
defendant's second assignment of error.
V. Disposition
{¶ 33} Having sustained defendant's two assignments of error, we reverse the
judgment of the Franklin County Court of Common Pleas and remand the matter to that
court for further proceedings in accordance with law, consistent with this decision.
Judgment reversed and cause remanded.
SADLER, P.J., and DORRIAN, J., concur.
McCORMAC, J., retired, of the Tenth Appellate District,
assigned to active duty under authority of the Ohio
Constitution, Article IV, Section 6(C).
____