State v. Kiser

[Cite as State v. Kiser, 2016-Ohio-5307.]
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
PICKAWAY COUNTY
STATE OF OHIO, :
: Case No. 15CA25
Plaintiff-Appellee, :
:
vs. : DECISION AND JUDGMENT
: ENTRY
JOHN J. KISER, :
:
Defendant-Appellant. : Released: 07/29/16
APPEARANCES:
Timothy Young, Ohio State Public Defender, and Peter Galyardt, Assistant State
Public Defender, Columbus, Ohio, for Appellant.
Gary D. Kenworthy, Circleville City Law Director, Circleville, Ohio, for Appellee.
McFarland, J.
{¶1} John J. Kiser, II appeals the judgment of the Circleville Municipal
Court entered on September 6, 2015. Appellant was convicted of theft, a violation
of R.C. 2913.02, after a jury trial. On appeal, Appellant asserts two assignments of
error: (1) prosecutorial misconduct deprived him of a fair trial and due process of
law; and (2) the trial court erred with the imposition of restitution for undamaged,
reclaimed property. Having reviewed the record, we find no merit to his
arguments. As such, we overrule both assignments of error and affirm the
judgment of the trial court.
Pickaway App. No. 15CA25 2
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
{¶2} Appellant was charged with a misdemeanor theft offense in violation
of R.C. 2913.02(A)(1). The charge arose from events which occurred on April 18,
2013 at Walmart in Circleville, Ohio. On that date, Kylie Williams accidentally
left her Apple iPhone 5 smartphone at the Walmart self-checkout counter before
she left the store. Returning to the store shortly thereafter, Kylie saw Appellant
and another person standing at the same self-checkout counter. Both denied seeing
the phone.
{¶3} Don Barton, an asset protection officer with Walmart, testified at trial
that Walmart surveillance tape demonstrated that Appellant had picked up the
phone from the counter and placed it in his pocket. Barton later gave the video to
the Pickaway County Sheriff’s Office. Sgt. John Schleich of the sheriff’s office
testified he had viewed the surveillance video and observed Appellant, behind
Kylie in the checkout line, placing the phone in his pocket. Schleich testified when
he asked the secretaries in the office to find the video for trial, they were unable to
locate it.
{¶4} Schleich testified he questioned Appellant days later at his home.
Appellant admitted he placed the phone in his pocket but stated he thought it
belonged to his step-daughter. He went into the girl’s room, retrieved the phone,
Pickaway App. No. 15CA25 3
and gave it to Schleich. Schleich testified “He told me he didn’t have a charger to
fit it anyhow when I picked it up.”
{¶5} Appellant testified on his own behalf at trial. He admitted when he
learned he was mistaken, he did not return the cell phone to Walmart or contact
authorities. Kylie Williams and Sgt. Schleich identified Appellant as the person on
the surveillance video who picked up Kylie’s phone. Don Barton identified
photographs, which he gave to the sheriff’s office, of Appellant inside the store and
in his vehicle in the parking lot at the relevant time. The photographs were
properly admitted into evidence. Additional facts elicited from the witnesses will
be set forth below, where relevant.
{¶6} A jury trial was scheduled for April 2, 2014. Appellant failed to appear
and a warrant for his arrest was issued. Appellant was later arrested on the warrant
and the trial was rescheduled for September 16, 2015. Appellant was convicted
and sentenced to 90 days in jail with 85 days suspended. He was further ordered to
a period of 12 months of probation and ordered to pay restitution. Appellant has
filed a timely appeal.
ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR ONE
“I. PROSECUTORIAL MISCONDUCT DEPRIVED JOHN KISER
OF HIS RIGHT TO A FAIR TRIAL AND DUE PROCESS.”
STANDARD OF REVIEW
{¶7} “The test for prosecutorial misconduct is whether the conduct was
Pickaway App. No. 15CA25 4
improper and, if so, whether the rights of the accused were materially prejudiced.”
State v. Canterbury, 4th Dist. Athens No. 13CA34, 2015-Ohio-1926, at ¶ 16,
quoting State v. Purdin, 4th Dist. Adams No. 12CA944, 2013-Ohio-22, ¶ 31;
quoting State v. Leonard, 4th Dist. Athens No. 08CA24, 2009-Ohio-6191, ¶ 36;
citing State v. Smith, 97 Ohio St.3d 367, 2002-Ohio-6659, 780 N.E.2d 221, ¶ 45, in
turn citing State v. Smith, 14 Ohio St.3d 13, 14, 470 N.E.2d 883 (1984). “The
‘conduct of a prosecuting attorney during trial cannot be grounds for error unless
the conduct deprives the defendant of a fair trial.’ ” Purdin at ¶ 31; quoting State v.
Givens, 4th Dist. Washington No. 07CA19, 2008-Ohio-1202, ¶ 28; quoting State v.
Gest, 108 Ohio App.3d 248, 257, 670 N.E.2d 536 (8th Dist.1995). Accord State v.
Apanovitch, 33 Ohio St.3d 19, 24, 514 N.E.2d 394 (1987). “Prosecutorial
misconduct constitutes reversible error only in rare instances.” Purdin, supra;
quoting State v. Edgington, 4th Dist. Ross No. 05CA2866, 2006-Ohio-3712, ¶ 18;
citing State v. Keenan, 66 Ohio St.3d 402, 406, 613 N.E.2d 203 (1993). The
“touchstone analysis * * * is the fairness of the trial, not the culpability of the
prosecutor. * * * The Constitution does not guarantee an ‘error free, perfect trial.’ ”
Purdin at ¶ 31; quoting Leonard at ¶ 36; quoting Gest at 257.
LEGAL ANALYSIS
{¶8} Appellant first contends the State improperly testified to facts not in
evidence. Appellant’s defense was mistake of fact. He contends his evidence
Pickaway App. No. 15CA25 5
would have been fairly contrasted against the victim’s, the security guard’s, and
the police officer’s testimony, but for the prosecutor’s improper remarks.
Appellant argues the prosecutor filled in the “holes” in the State’s case with the
prosecutor’s own testimony. Appellant first directs us to this comment during the
State’s opening statement:
“And unfortunately it’s taken a couple of years to get to this point in
trial because the defendant, a couple of times this was set for trial and
the defendant did not appear so it’s kind of drug on.”
{¶9} Appellant argues the fact that he did not appear at previous hearings
had no relevance to his guilt or innocence, and that it was a more prejudicial than
probative statement. We begin by noting that Appellant failed to object to any of
the comments to which he now directs our attention on appeal. Failure to object to
an alleged error waives all but plain error. State v. Canterbury, supra, at ¶ 15; State
v. Keeley, 4th Dist. Washington No. 11CA5, 2012-Ohio-3564, ¶ 28. See State v.
D'Ambrosio, 73 Ohio St.3d 141, 143-144, 652 N.E.2d 710 (1995). Notice of
Crim.R. 52(B) plain error must be taken with the utmost caution, under exceptional
circumstances and only to prevent a manifest miscarriage of justice. State v.
Rohrbaugh, 126 Ohio St.3d 421, 2010-Ohio-3286, 934 N.E.2d 920, ¶ 6; State v.
Long, 53 Ohio St.2d 91, 372 N.E.2d 804 (1978), paragraph three of the syllabus.
To find plain error, the outcome of trial must clearly have been otherwise. State v.
McCausland, 124 Ohio St.3d 8, 2009-Ohio-5933, 918 N.E.2d 507, ¶ 15; State v.
Pickaway App. No. 15CA25 6
Braden, 98 Ohio St.3d 354, 2003-Ohio-1325, 785 N.E.2d 439, ¶ 50. As such, we
will analyze the prosecutor’s comments under the plain error standard of review.
{¶10} We have found no case on all fours with the one sub judice.
However, State v. Jones, 2nd Dist. Greene No. 2005-CA-01, 2004-Ohio-5910,
concerns a prosecutor’s addressing a failure to appear during his opening
statement. The prosecutor stated as follows at ¶ 5:
“The Defendant is then placed in the county jail where he makes
bond. He's out on bond. And during the course of this process the
Defendant is scheduled to have a trial on this matter in August of
2004, specifically, I believe, August 31, 2004. The Defendant decides
he doesn't want to come to trial, and he decides to leave, and fails to
appear for his Court appearances and check-in, and has to be arrested
by Court warrant to bring him here today.”
In Jones, the prosecutor not only made the allegedly improper comment in
opening, but also presented evidence on the sub-issue of Jones’ failure to appear.
The prosecutor called a pre-trial release specialist and cross-examined Jones' father
about the failure to appear at trial. The trial court also instructed the jury about the
fact that evidence that Jones failed to appear had been presented, and emphasized
that Jones had not been charged with any crime involving his failure to appear.
{¶11} On appeal, Jones insisted that evidence of his failure to appear for his
first scheduled trial date had no possible relevance to his guilt or innocence.
However, the appellate court observed that Ohio courts have concluded that a
defendant's failure to appear for trial may indicate consciousness of guilt. Id. at 11.
Pickaway App. No. 15CA25 7
See State v. Hagwood (June 2, 1995), Lake App. No. 94-L-016 (holding that
evidence of a defendant's failure to appear for trial is admissible because it is
probative of consciousness of guilt and that the prejudicial effect of such evidence
does not substantially outweigh its probative value); State v. Fain (Aug. 22, 1990),
Summit App. No. 14578 (Flight from justice, and its analogous conduct, have
always been indicative of a consciousness of guilt. * * * ); State v. Behun (Sept.
20, 1985), Portage App. No. 1490, quoting McCormick, Evidence (2nd Ed.1972),
655, Section 271 (“ ‘Many acts of the defendant after the crime seeking to escape
the toils of the law are uncritically received as admissions by conduct constituting
circumstantial evidence of consciousness of guilt and hence of the fact of guilt
itself. In this class are * * *, forfeiture of a bond by failure to appear * * *.’ ”).
{¶12} In resolving the appeal, the Jones court held:
“In light of the case law set forth above, we cannot say that the trial
court abused its discretion in admitting evidence of Jones' failure to
appear for trial and the forfeiture of his bond. Id. at 13. * * * In our
view, [], the State was entitled to argue that Jones' failure to appear
was tantamount to flight, concealment, or related conduct to avoid
prosecution for his third domestic violence offense, and that it tended
to show consciousness of guilt. Although the jury was free to accept
or reject this argument, Jones' failure to appear for trial was relevant
to his guilt or innocence. Moreover, we are unpersuaded that the
probative value of testimony on the failure-to-appear issue was
substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice. Thus, the
opening statement, trial testimony, and jury instruction were
permissible. Hagwood, supra; Fain, supra; Behun, supra; Collins,
supra.”
The Jones court further stated:
Pickaway App. No. 15CA25 8
“[E]ven assuming arguendo that Jones had demonstrated some error,
we would find it was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. * * * In
our view, however, the evidence of domestic violence is
overwhelming, and any possible error in the prosecutor's opening
statement, the testimony about Jones' failure to appear, and the jury
instruction on the issue was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.”
{¶13} While we note that the State did not present evidence of Appellant’s
failure to appear in court earlier, we find it reasonable for the State to explain to the
jury why an incident which had occurred in April 2013 was belatedly brought to
trial in September 2015. And here, the prosecutor made no specific argument as in
Jones, that Appellant’s failure to appear was suggestive of his guilt. We also note
that the trial court instructed the jury that the evidence did not include the opening
statements or closing arguments of counsel. The trial court stated: “Mr. Kiser as
you know and you’ve been told this several times, has been charged with one count
of theft.” The record shows no indication the jury was confused about the nature
of Appellant’s charge.
{¶14} Both the prosecution and the defense have wide latitude during
opening and closing arguments. Canterbury, supra, at ¶ 22. State v. Waters, 4th
Dist. Vinton No. 13CA693, 2014-Ohio-3109, at ¶ 33. In light of the other
evidence presented, which we will discuss below, we do not find that plain error
occurred.
{¶15} In addition to the testimony of Kylie Williams, her mother, Vickie
Williams, Don Barton, and Sgt. Schleich, Appellant testified in his own defense.
Pickaway App. No. 15CA25 9
He testified that he was at Walmart with his girlfriend’s daughter Kierra. When he
came through the self-checkout, he saw the cell phone lying on the counter and he
thought it looked just like Kierra’s, so he picked it up and placed it in his pocket.
He got home before he realized that Kierra had her own phone, so he placed the
phone on a stand until Sgt. Schleich came for it. He testified he really didn’t know
how to turn the phone on. He testified “I think I told my step-daughter to try to see
if she could figure out whose it was but I think it wouldn’t, it wasn’t charged or
wouldn’t come on or something so.”
{¶16} Appellant testified he didn’t return the phone because he was working
as a contractor on a “big job,” was “way behind” and working from “dusk til
dawn.” He was also having problems with his girlfriend and was “kind of staying
with another person here and there” and “it just slipped my mind. I mean, I just
forgot to take it back, I mean.” Appellant denied using the phone.
{¶17} On cross-examination, Appellant testified he did not recall Kylie
asking them about the phone. When asked if he was the person identified in the
photograph, he testified “I couldn’t tell you to be honest. I mean, I don’t know.”
He stated he wasn’t sure he had plaid pants like the person in the photograph.
{¶18} Appellant testified when he left with Kierra, he didn’t ask her if it was
her phone because “[S]he leaves it lay around a lot and I just thought it would be
funny to see how long it took before she realized it was missing. * * * Cause she
Pickaway App. No. 15CA25 10
really freaks out when she loses her cell phone.” He admitted she didn’t “freak
out” on the way home. Appellant realized when they arrived at home that the cell
phone he picked up was not Kierra’s. When asked if he looked at the phone he
testified “It wasn’t on. Or it wasn’t on or I don’t.” He did not recall telling Sgt.
Schleich that he “[d]idn’t have a charger to fit it anyway.” He testified he had “no
clue” as to why all the content on the cell phone was removed before the phone
was returned.
{¶19} On redirect, Appellant clarified he realized the cell phone wasn’t
Kierra’s when he saw Kierra’s phone in her hand. On recross, Appellant explained
he didn’t go immediately back to Walmart because “[W]e were on our way to do
something. I think I might even have been on lunch break. I’m not sure.” At that
point, the State called Sgt. Schleich in rebuttal. He testified the incident occurred
around 5:00 in the afternoon.
{¶20} Appellant next points to these statements made during the State’s
closing argument:
“And if anyone has had cell phones before, it doesn’t wipe the
information out just because you deactivate it. That information is
still there, it’s just you can’t use the cell phone and they take the sim
card out or whatever they are using, that particular company. So I
think that’s probably the most significant factor is, if you’re not going
to keep the cell phone, if you don’t intend to keep it from her
possession, why would you wipe her information out? I think those
are aspects you need to keep in mind when you deliberate this
particular matter [be]cause those all go to the knowing element and
the intent to deprive the owner in this case * * * of her cell phone.”
Pickaway App. No. 15CA25 11
{¶21} Appellant contends the statement about the impact of the phone
companies’ terminating coverage was, again, testimony by the prosecutor and
nothing which came into evidence at trial. While the jury members could rely on
their own experiences with cell phones, prosecutor testimony to that specific fact
was improper. Further, Appellant argues the testimony was also inaccurate and
misleading. If the phone was not in the physical possession of the phone company,
as described here, that company could not remove the sim card.
{¶22} A prosecuting attorney has wide latitude to summarize the evidence
and zealously advocate the State's position during closing argument. Hunter, supra,
at ¶ 35. See State v. Richey, 64 Ohio St.3d 353, 362, 595 N.E.2d 915 (1992). The
propriety of a specific remark by a prosecutor must not be judged in isolation, but
in light of the tenor and context of the entire closing argument. See State v. Slagle,
65 Ohio St.3d 597, 607, 605 N.E.2d 916 (1992). State v. Keenan (1993), 66 Ohio
St.3d 402, 613 N.E.2d 203. The court has held that wide latitude is appropriate for
both sides in their closing “as to what the evidence has shown and what reasonable
inferences may be drawn therefrom.” Lott, 51 Ohio St.3d at 165, 555 N.E.2d 293,
quoting State v. Stephens, 24 Ohio St.2d 76, 263 N.E.2d 773 (1970). Reversal is
warranted only if the prosecutorial misconduct “permeates the entire atmosphere of
the trial.” United States v. Warner (C.A.6, 1992), 955 F.2d 441, 456. See, also,
State v. Tumbleson (1995), 105 Ohio App.3d 693, 664 N.E.2d 1318.
Pickaway App. No. 15CA25 12
{¶23} Vickie Williams testified she called Sprint the night the phone was
stolen and advised them to “kill it,” i.e. shut it down. Kylie testified after she left
Walmart the day her phone was missing, she went directly to the Sprint store in
Circleville. She was hoping a Sprint representative could locate the phone and
possibly turn it off. Her phone had a locating device which she believed was
turned on at the time her phone was missing, but when she arrived at the store, it
was apparently not turned on. Kylie advised Sprint to deactivate the phone. When
the phone was returned to her two weeks later, Kylie testified her contacts, cover
page, text messages, and photos were completely erased. Nothing was erased
when she took it into Walmart with her the day of the alleged theft. On cross-
examination, Kylie admitted she was not familiar with Sprint’s process for shutting
down her phone. Then on redirect, when Kylie was questioned if she could still
get contact information off her phone once it was deactivated, she responded
affirmatively.
{¶24} The prosecutor’s argument about the cell phone suggested Appellant
cleared the information out of the phone because he intended to keep it. There was
some testimony on this point from Kylie’s mother. The prosecutor’s statement is
in the nature of testimony to be properly admitted from a representative of the cell
phone store or some other representative of the cell phone company with expertise
in the operation of the cell phone and the sim card. It appears Appellant’s
Pickaway App. No. 15CA25 13
argument that the prosecutor was actually testifying about a fact is a fair one.
However, given other evidence of Appellant’s guilt in the record, we do not find
these comments rise to the level of plain error.
{¶25} The trial court instructed the jury on credibility. It is well-settled that
the weight and credibility of evidence are to be determined by the trier of fact.
State v. Owens, 2016-Ohio-176, - - N.E.3d. - -. State v. Kirkland, 140 Ohio St.3d
73, 2014-Ohio-1966, 14 N.E.3d 818, at ¶ 132. “A jury, sitting as the trier of fact, is
free to believe all, part or none of the testimony of any witness who appears before
it.” Owens, supra, quoting State v. West, 4th Dist. Scioto No. 12CA3507, 2014-
Ohio-1941, ¶ 23. Appellant’s explanation for his mistake and failing to return the
phone were apparently not credible to the jurors.
{¶26} As set forth above, Appellant testified he picked up the phone and
placed it in his pocket at the checkout. Kylie Williams testified she came back in
while Appellant and his step-daughter were still there, and asked if they had seen
the phone. They denied seeing a phone and Appellant denied recollection of being
questioned by Kylie in the store. Again, the jury made a credibility determination.
{¶27} Officer Schweich testified when Appellant retrieved the phone, he
went on to state that “it didn’t even have a charger anyway.” Appellant denied
making this statement. Again, the jury was free to choose which testimony to
believe.
Pickaway App. No. 15CA25 14
{¶28} Appellant’s reason for taking the phone in the first place seems
nonsensical. But even if it were to be believed, his reason for not returning the
phone promptly was not credible. Kylie testified she came immediately back into
the store and questioned him. Why didn’t Appellant simply pull the phone out of
his pocket to check it at the time? Appellant’s reason for not returning the phone
also did not seem credible. He testified he was “too busy” and he might have even
been on a lunch break. Yet, Sgt. Schleich testified the incident occurred around
5:00 p.m. Again, Appellant’s credibility is lacking. In addition, Appellant’s
refusal to identify himself in the pictures taken at Walmart, when Kylie Williams
and Sgt. Schleck clearly identified him, is incredible.
{¶29} Appellant next takes issue with these comments during rebuttal:
“Now while it[’]s unfortunate that the tape is no longer available, keep
in mind this happened over two years ago, but that’s because the
defendant failed to appear for trial two times and this case has been
drug on for two years. Unfortunately, those things over a period of
time get misplaced or they’re over there someplace but can’t be
located so it’s not that we’re trying to hide anything.”
***
“And then and maybe most importantly, if you didn’t intend to keep
the cell phone, why do you wipe the information out. Now whether
they turn the phone off or not, you still have the ability to recover the
information you got on there as far as your contacts, your emails, text
messages and so forth. These were all gone. Her background’s gone.
Everything’s wiped clean. If you didn’t intend to keep the phone why
do you wipe it clean. So I think all of those things you have to
consider when you make the determination was this a mistake or was
this an attempt to keep this property.”
Pickaway App. No. 15CA25 15
{¶30} In essence, these comments are similar to the ones previously
discussed above. Again, we find it reasonable, not unfair or prejudicial, that the
prosecutor would want to explain why it took the State of Ohio two years to bring
a matter to trial and further, to explain why a key piece of evidence, the
surveillance tape, was not offered into evidence. And while the prosecutor appears
to be testifying to a factual matter regarding the workings of the cell phone and its
sim card, based upon other evidence in the record, we do not find that the
prosecutor’s comments affected the outcome of the trial so as to allow a manifest
miscarriage of justice.
{¶31} Finally, Appellant further contends that the State may not vouch for a
victim’s credibility. Because the verdict rested solely on Appellant’s mistake
defense, he argues the impact of vouching was instrumental and not curable
through general jury instructions. The State commented during closing:
“[The victim] I think has come up, testified to you very honestly at
what she saw and what she didn’t, there’s no reason to doubt her
testimony here.”
{¶32} As a general matter, “[i]t is improper for an attorney to express his or
her personal belief or opinion as to the credibility of a witness.” Canterbury, supra,
at ¶ 25, quoting State v. Thompson, 141 Ohio St.3d 254, 292, 2014-Ohio-4751, 23
N.E.3d 1096; quoting State v. Williams, 79 Ohio St.3d 1, 12, 679 N.E.2d 646Pickaway App. No. 15CA25 16
(1997). “Vouching occurs when the prosecutor implies knowledge of facts outside
the record or places his or her personal credibility in issue.” Canterbury, supra, at
¶ 31; Topping, supra, at 85; quoting State v. Davis, 116 Ohio St.3d 404, 2008-
Ohio-2, 880 N.E.2d 31, ¶ 232; citing State v. Jackson, 107 Ohio St.3d 53, 2005-
Ohio-5981, 836 N.E.2d 1173, ¶ 117. The prosecutor is however, permitted to
fairly comment upon the testimony and evidence. Topping, supra; State v. Mundt,
115 Ohio St.3d 22, 2007-Ohio-4836, 873 N.E.2d 828, ¶ 119. While a prosecutor is
not allowed to express an opinion concerning the credibility of evidence, they “can
argue that the character, quality, or consistency of particular evidence or witnesses
should be considered when assessing credibility.” Canterbury, supra, at 33; State
v. Hostacky, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 100003, 2014-Ohio-2975, ¶ 47; citing State v.
Cody, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 77427, 2002-Ohio-7055, ¶ 35.
{¶33} Generally, prosecutorial misconduct will not provide a basis for
overturning a criminal conviction, unless, on the record as a whole, the misconduct
can be said to have deprived the appellant of a fair trial. State v. Hunter, 1st Dist.
Hamilton Nos. C-140684, C-140704, and C-140717, 2016-Ohio-123, at ¶ 34. State
v. Lott, 51 Ohio St.3d 160, 166, 555 N.E.2d 293 (1990). Here, based upon a
review of the record and considering the complained of statements within the
context of the entire trial, we cannot conclude that any of the prosecutor’s
statements, in isolation or cumulatively, when reviewed under the plain error
Pickaway App. No. 15CA25 17
standard, rose to the level of prosecutorial misconduct meriting a new trial.
Appellant’s credibility was contrasted not only with Kylie’s, but also with Sgt.
Schleich’s. Appellant’s credibility was found to be lacking. We cannot say the
Appellant would not have been convicted in the absence of the cited statements.
{¶34} Further, in reaching this decision, we rely on the instructions given to
the jury, which inform the jury that statements of counsel are not to be considered
as evidence. See Canterbury, supra, at 23. For instance, the jury was instructed
that “[t]he evidence does not include * * * the opening or closing arguments of
counsel.” Further, the jury was instructed that “[t]he opening statements and
closing arguments of counsel are designed to assist you. They are not evidence.”
“ ‘A presumption always exists that the jury has followed the instructions given to
it by the trial court.’ ” Canterbury, supra; State v. Murphy, 4th Dist. Scioto No.
09CA3311, 2010-Ohio-5031, ¶ 81; quoting Pang v. Minch, 53 Ohio St.3d 186, 559
N.E.2d 1313 (1990), paragraph four of the syllabus. Based on the trial court's
instructions, as well as the other evidence in the record, we cannot say that the
prosecutors' statements changed the outcome of the trial. For the foregoing
reasons, we find Appellant has failed to demonstrate plain error.
ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR TWO
“II. THE TRIAL COURT ERRED WHEN IT IMPOSED
RESTITUTION FOR UNDAMAGED, RECLAIMED PROPERTY.”
Pickaway App. No. 15CA25 18
STANDARD OF REVIEW
{¶35} Generally, a decision to award restitution lies in a trial court's sound
discretion and its decision will not be reversed on appeal absent an abuse of
discretion. State v. Shifflet, 2015-Ohio-4250, 44 N.E.3d 966 (4th Dist.), at ¶ 49.
State v. Stump, 4th Dist. Athens No. 13CA10, 2014-Ohio-1487, ¶ 11; see State v.
Dennis, 4th Dist. Highland No. 13CA6, 2013-Ohio-5633, at ¶ 7; State v. Jennings,
8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 99631, 2013-Ohio-5428, at ¶ 40. An abuse of discretion
suggests the trial court's decision is unreasonable, arbitrary, or unconscionable.
State v. Perkins, 3rd Dist. Marion No. 9-13-52, 2014-Ohio-2242, ¶ 10, citing State
v. Adams, 62 Ohio St.2d 151, 157, 404 N.E.2d 144 (1980). “Under this standard of
review, an appellate court may not simply substitute its judgment for that of the
trial court.” Perkins, supra, quoting State v. Adams, 3rd Dist. Defiance No. 4-0916,
2009-Ohio-6863, ¶ 33. “A trial court abuses its discretion in ordering restitution in
an amount that was not determined to bear a reasonable relationship to the actual
loss suffered.” State v. Portentoso, 173 Ohio App.3d 297, 2007-Ohio-5490, 878
N.E.2d 76, (3rd Dist.), at ¶ 8 (internal citations omitted.). See also State v.
Bulstrom, 2013-Ohio-3582, 997 N.E.2d 162, ¶ 19 (4th Dist.).
LEGAL ANALYSIS
{¶36} Appellant was ordered to pay a total of $250.84 in restitution to the
victim. Of that amount, $37.35 was compensation for the phone case which was
Pickaway App. No. 15CA25 19
returned to Ms. Williams. Appellant argues because the phone case was returned
to the victim undamaged, it was not a statutory “economic loss,” and the trial court
erred when it ordered restitution for that item. While Appellant did not formally
object, counsel noted for the record that the victim received the original phone and
Otterbox case. The State responds that the trial court clearly followed the dictates
of the sentencing statutes. The State contends that both the original cell phone and
Otterbox case were no longer of any use or value to the victim and she incurred
out-of-pocket expenses of $250.84 as a direct and proximate result of the theft
offense.
{¶37} R.C. 2929.28 provides the financial sanctions for misdemeanor
offenses. If the court imposes restitution, the court shall determine the amount of
restitution to be paid by the offender, and may base the amount of restitution it
orders on an amount recommended by the victim. R.C. 2929.28(A)(1). The
amount the court orders as restitution shall not exceed the amount of the economic
loss suffered by the victim as a direct and proximate result of the commission of
the offense. Id. If the court decides to impose restitution, the court shall hold an
evidentiary hearing on restitution if the amount of restitution is disputed. Id. The
victim has the burden to prove by a preponderance of the evidence the amount of
restitution sought from the offender. Id.Pickaway App. No. 15CA25 20
{¶38} Appellant was convicted of misdemeanor theft. Pursuant to R.C.
2929.01(L), “economic loss” is defined as:
“[A]ny economic detriment suffered by a victim as a direct and
proximate result of the commission of an offense and includes any
loss of income due to lost time at work because of any injury caused
to the victim, and any property loss, medical cost, or funeral expense
incurred as a result of the commission of the offense. ‘Economic loss’
does not include non-economic loss or any punitive or exemplary
damages.”
{¶39} A trial court is under no duty to itemize or otherwise explain how it
arrived at the amount of restitution it orders, so long as the trial court can discern
the amount of restitution to a reasonable degree of certainty from competent,
credible evidence in the record. State v. Perkins, 3rd Dist. Marion No. 9-13-52,
2014-Ohio-2242, at ¶ 23. See State v. Didion, 2007-Ohio-4494, 173 Ohio App.3d
130, (3rd Dist.), at ¶ 20. Moreover, if an appellate court can discern from the
record that the restitution order bears a reasonable relationship to the actual loss
suffered by the victim, it will conclude that the trial court did not abuse its
discretion. See Hipsher, 2012-Ohio-3206, at ¶ 12-14 (affirming the trial court's
restitution order notwithstanding that the trial court did not itemize or explain how
it arrived at the amount of restitution it ordered, because testimony in the record
supported the amount of restitution).
{¶40} The victim’s cell phone case was an “Otterbox” case. The victim’s
mother testified she bought a new cell phone case at the same time she bought her
Pickaway App. No. 15CA25 21
daughter a new phone, several days after the first one was missing. She testified
the phone was replaced by insurance, but there was a $200.00 out-of-pocket
replacement fee, plus $37.35 for the Otterbox case. Ms. Williams testified as
follows:
Prosecutor: All right. Did you also buy a case for the phone at the
time?
Witness 1: Yes.
Prosecutor: What type of case was that?
Witness 1: It was like the Otterbox case.
Prosecutor: Is that case on there the same one?
Witness 1: Yes.
Prosecutor: And since that time you used it on a different phone
apparently?
Witness 1: No, I don’t believe she has.
{¶41} While the victim in this case could use the old cell phone case for her
new phone, at the time her phone was stolen, she did not know it would ever be
returned. It is fair to say that in 2016, many parents and children have cell phones
so that the children have the ability to contact parents in emergency situations or in
order to maintain necessary contact. Kylie’s mother purchased a new phone and
case just a few days after the incident. Had Appellant returned the phone and case
Pickaway App. No. 15CA25 22
in a timely manner, the victim’s mother would not have incurred the additional
out-of-pocket expense.
{¶42} Other courts have noted that “voluntarily incurred expenses are not
compensable as restitution damages.” Portenso, supra, at ¶ 9, quoting State v.
Beam, 5th Dist. Delaware No. 06CAA030018, 2007-Ohio-386. See also Shifflet,
supra, at ¶ 59. Despite the fact that the old phone case can be used, Appellant’s
actions caused the victim’s mother to involuntarily incur this expense. For the
foregoing reasons, we find the trial court did not abuse its discretion with regard to
the award of restitution. As such, Appellant’s second assignment of error is also
overruled.
JUDGMENT AFFIRMED.
Pickaway App. No. 15CA25 23
JUDGMENT ENTRY
It is ordered that the JUDGMENT BE AFFIRMED and that costs be
assessed to Appellant.
The Court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal.
It is ordered that a special mandate issue out of this Court directing the
Circleville Municipal Court to carry this judgment into execution.
IF A STAY OF EXECUTION OF SENTENCE AND RELEASE UPON
BAIL HAS BEEN PREVIOUSLY GRANTED BY THE TRIAL COURT OR
THIS COURT, it is temporarily continued for a period not to exceed sixty days
upon the bail previously posted. The purpose of a continued stay is to allow
Appellant to file with the Supreme Court of Ohio an application for a stay during
the pendency of proceedings in that court. If a stay is continued by this entry, it
will terminate at the earlier of the expiration of the sixty day period, or the failure
of the Appellant to file a notice of appeal with the Supreme Court of Ohio in the
forty-five day appeal period pursuant to Rule II, Sec. 2 of the Rules of Practice of
the Supreme Court of Ohio. Additionally, if the Supreme Court of Ohio dismisses
the appeal prior to expiration of sixty days, the stay will terminate as of the date of
such dismissal.
A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to Rule
27 of the Rules of Appellate Procedure.
Abele, J. & Hoover, J.: Concur in Judgment and Opinion.
For the Court,
BY: _______________________________
Matthew W. McFarland, Judge
NOTICE TO COUNSEL
Pursuant to Local Rule No. 14, this document constitutes a final
judgment entry and the time period for further appeal commences from the
date of filing with the clerk.