State v. Schuster

[Cite as State v. Schuster, 2015-Ohio-4818.]
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS
TWELFTH APPELLATE DISTRICT OF OHIO
CLERMONT COUNTY
STATE OF OHIO, :
CASE NOS. CA2015-05-040
Plaintiff-Appellee, : CA2015-05-041
: OPINION
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:
GARY JAY SCHUSTER, :
Defendant-Appellant. :
CRIMINAL APPEAL FROM CLERMONT COUNTY COURT OF COMMON PLEAS
Case Nos. 2014-CR-000383, 2014-CR-000572
D. Vincent Faris, Clermont County Prosecuting Attorney, Nicholas Horton, 76 South
Riverside Drive, 2nd Floor, Batavia, Ohio 45103, for plaintiff-appellee
Schuh & Goldberg, LLP, Brian T. Goldberg, 2662 Madison Road, Cincinnati, Ohio 45208, for
defendant-appellant
PIPER, P.J.
{¶ 1} Defendant-appellant, Gary Schuster, appeals his convictions and sentence in
the Clermont County Court of Common Pleas for operating a motor vehicle under the
influence (OVI), possession of drugs, and tampering with evidence.
{¶ 2} On a June night in 2014, Officer Terrence Kresser of the Union Township
Police Department responded to a call that a fight was occurring at a local bar, Frank and
Jamie's. As Officer Kresser entered the parking lot, he saw a silver car driving toward him
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with its trunk open. After turning in front of the officer, the vehicle stopped, and Officer
Kresser observed Schuster exit the driver's-side door of the car. Schuster walked to the back
of the car, near the trunk, and waited for Officer Kresser to meet him. During this time, the
car's owner was in the backseat of the car, and another passenger was located in the front
passenger seat.
{¶ 3} Officer Kresser approached the rear of the car, and noticed that Schuster
showed signs of assault, including blood on his forehead. Schuster claimed that a bar fight
had occurred at Frank and Jamie's, and that he was assaulted while trying to stop the front
seat passenger from being assaulted. Schuster told Officer Kresser that he got into the
backseat of the car after leaving the bar, and saw a woman approach and attack the front-
seat-passenger. Schuster claimed that he reached into the front seat to protect the front-
passenger, and that as a result, he "flopped" into the front seat. Schuster denied ever
operating the car, or even touching its steering wheel.
{¶ 4} Officer Kresser patted Schuster down for weapons, and while in close proximity
to him, smelled an odor of an alcoholic beverage coming from Schuster's person. After
Officer Kresser noticed that Schuster could not maintain his balance, he asked Schuster to
perform several field sobriety tests, which Schuster refused to perform. Officer Kresser
detained Schuster, and took him to the police station where Schuster eventually submitted to
a breath test. The results of the breath test indicated that Schuster's blood alcohol content
was .114.
{¶ 5} Schuster was detained in an interview room, and during that time, placed a
phone call to his friend, who is also the son of the woman who was in the front seat of the car
Schuster was seen exiting. Schuster, who was recorded while in the interview room, asked
his friend to remove items he put in the trunk of the car earlier that night when he saw Officer
Kresser approaching.
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{¶ 6} Meanwhile, the car's owner was questioned by police. Once his interview was
complete, the car's owner returned to Frank and Jamie's to retrieve his car. Schuster's
friend, who was also a mutual friend of the car's owner, went with the owner to retrieve the
car. Once in the parking lot of Frank and Jamie's, the two men opened the trunk of the car.
There, the men located pills, marijuana, money, and rolling papers. The owner called the
police and asked them to retrieve the items from his trunk.
{¶ 7} Officer Jeffrey Joehnk, also of the Union Township Police Department,
responded to the owner's call, and retrieved the items from the trunk. Officer Joehnk, who
had responded earlier to the bar-fight incident, located the items the owner described during
his call, including a supply of small blue pills. Officer Joehnk thought the pills might be
Clonazepam, and called poison control to discuss the possibility that the blue pills were a
controlled substance. Poison control indicated that the small blue pills, marked with 2531 on
one side and a swan-shaped "V" on the other, could be Clonazepam. However, not knowing
for sure what the pills were, Officer Joehnk sent the pills for laboratory testing.
{¶ 8} Schuster, whose arrest occurred on June 17, 2014, was indicted on July 22,
2014 for two counts of OVI with a repeat OVI offender specification, and one count of driving
under suspension. Schuster was not released on bail, and instead, remained incarcerated
since the time of his arrest. On September 25, 2014, and while still incarcerated, Schuster
was indicted on separate counts of tampering with evidence and possession of drugs. These
charges were brought once the state received confirmation via laboratory testing that the blue
pills were, in fact, the controlled substance Clonazepam. Schuster pled not-guilty to all of the
counts.
{¶ 9} Schuster was appointed counsel, and at various times before his trial, executed
limited speedy trial waiver forms to authorize continuances. Some of the forms were signed
by Schuster, and some were signed by Schuster's counsel. Schuster had disagreements
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with his appointed counsel on several occasions, and he was appointed different counsel
multiple times during the pretrial phase. Twice, Schuster's newly-appointed counsel moved
the trial court to dismiss the indictments because of speedy trial issues. However, the trial
court denied the first motion, and the second was withdrawn by Schuster's counsel given the
trial court's denial of the first motion.
{¶ 10} The matter proceeded to a three-day jury trial. Despite subpoenaing several
witnesses in his defense, only a few of the witnesses appeared on the first day of trial, and
even less appeared on the third day of the trial when the defense presented its case-in-chief.
The trial court held a discussion with the parties regarding the fact that the witnesses did not
appear, and Schuster's counsel indicated that she had made a mistake by not subpoenaing
the witnesses for all three days of the trial. Nevertheless, Schuster declined the trial court's
offer to compel the witnesses, stating that he did not want the witnesses to get "in trouble" by
virtue of a bench warrant or citation. Three witnesses then testified on behalf of Schuster.
{¶ 11} The jury found Schuster guilty on all counts. However, the trial court granted
Schuster's motion for acquittal for the driving under suspension conviction because Schuster
only drove in the parking lot of Frank and Jamie's, rather than on the public roads. The trial
court sentenced Schuster to eight years for the OVI and specification, two years for
tampering with evidence, and one year for possession. The trial court ordered the tampering
and possession sentences to be run concurrent with each other, but consecutive to the OVI
and specification sentences for an aggregate ten-year sentence. Schuster now appeals his
convictions and sentence, raising the following assignments of error.
{¶ 12} Assignment of Error No. 1:
{¶ 13} THE TRIAL COURT ERRED TO THE PREJUDICE OF MR. SCHUSTER IN
DENYING HIS MOTION TO DISMISS BOTH INDICTMENTS BECAUSE THE STATE
FAILED TO COMPLY WITH THE TIME LIMITATIONS OUTLINED IN R.C. 2945.71, AND
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THE DUE PROCESS PROVISIONS OF THE UNITED STATES AND OHIO
CONSTITUTIONS.
{¶ 14} Schuster argues in his first assignment of error that the trial court erred in not
granting his motion to dismiss because his right to a speedy trial was violated for each set of
charges brought against him.
{¶ 15} A criminal defendant has a fundamental right to a speedy trial as guaranteed by
the Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution and Article I, Section 10 of the Ohio
Constitution. State v. Ramey, 132 Ohio St.3d 309, 2012-Ohio-2904, ¶ 14. "States have the
authority to prescribe reasonable periods in which a trial must be held that are consistent with
constitutional requirements." Id. Ohio has exercised this authority by enacting R.C. 2945.71,
which designates specific time requirements within which the state must bring an accused to
trial.
{¶ 16} R.C. 2945.71(C)(2) provides that a person charged with a felony must be
brought to trial within 270 days after his arrest. According to R.C. 2945.71(E), for purposes
of calculating speedy-trial time, "each day during which the accused is held in jail in lieu of
bail on the pending charge shall be counted as three days." As such, and subject to certain
tolling events, a jailed defendant must be tried within 90 days. A defendant not brought to
trial within the relevant time constraints "shall be discharged." R.C. 2945.73(B). However,
R.C. 2945.72(H) provides that the time within which an accused must be brought to trial may
be extended for "the period of any continuance granted on the accused's own motion, and
the period of any reasonable continuance granted other than upon the accused's own
motion."
{¶ 17} Moreover, a criminal defendant may waive speedy trial rights. Ramey, 2012-
Ohio-2904 at ¶ 18. "To be effective, an accused's waiver of his or her constitutional and
statutory rights to a speedy trial must be expressed in writing or made in open court on the
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record." State v. King, 70 Ohio St.3d 158 (1994), syllabus. A defendant's express written
waiver of his statutory rights may also constitute a waiver of the coextensive speedy trial
rights guaranteed by the United States and Ohio Constitutions. State v. O'Brien, 34 Ohio
St.3d 7 (1987), paragraph one of the syllabus.
{¶ 18} "A defendant is bound by his counsel's waiver of speedy trial rights, even
though the waiver might have been executed without his consent." State v. Taylor, 98 Ohio
St.3d 27, 2002-Ohio-7017, ¶ 33. As such, trial counsel has "the authority to execute the
waivers of time provisions for the purpose of trial preparation" even absent the client's
approval. State v. McBreen, 54 Ohio St.2d 315, 319 (1978).
{¶ 19} Appellate review of speedy-trial issues involves a mixed question of law and
fact. State v. Riley, 162 Ohio App.3d 730, 2005-Ohio-4337, ¶ 19 (12th Dist.). The appellate
court must defer to the trial court's findings of fact if those findings are supported by
competent, credible evidence, but the appellate court must independently review whether the
trial court properly applied the law to those facts. Id.First Set of Charges
{¶ 20} The record demonstrates that Schuster was not denied his right to a speedy
trial as it relates to the OVI and accompanying multiple offender specification. The record
contains multiple limited written waivers and continuances that continued the trial for a
specified date range. These limited waivers were signed by either Schuster or his trial
counsel, and effectively tolled the speedy-trial clock each time they were executed.
{¶ 21} While Schuster argues on appeal that the waivers were invalid because he was
opposed to any continuances or delays, the record contains two waivers signed by Schuster
himself, and Ohio law is clear that Schuster is bound by the waivers executed by his counsel
so long as they were made for trial preparation. There is no indication in the record that the
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waivers were made for any reason other than to permit Schuster's counsel to prepare for
trial. This is especially true where Schuster changed counsel multiple times while awaiting
trial. The trial court specifically noted the importance of providing counsel adequate time to
prepare Schuster's defense, and the continuances executed by Schuster's counsel were
valid.
{¶ 22} Furthermore, a review of the record shows no indication that Schuster ever
objected to the waivers or continuances once they were executed. At one hearing, and when
Schuster suggested that he never intended to waive his speedy trial rights, the trial court
stated, "you came out many times and never said boo." Likewise, during one hearing,
Schuster's counsel stated, "any time that I have waived on this case I got Mr. Schuster's go
ahead or his okay in advance." As such, the limited time waivers were valid, and tolled
Schuster's speedy trial rights.
{¶ 23} In total, and once the waivers and other tolling event of Schuster requesting
discovery are taken into consideration, the state brought Schuster to trial on the 84th day
after his arrest. Thus, the state brought Schuster to trial within the 90-day time requirement,
and Schuster's speedy trial rights were not violated.
Second Set of Charges
{¶ 24} We also find that Schuster was brought to trial within 90 days of being indicted
for the second set of drug possession and tampering with evidence charges. We begin by
determining that the second set of charges was separate and apart from the OVI related
charges and therefore had a different 90-day timeframe than the first set of charges. State v.
Baker, 78 Ohio St.3d 108 (1997).
{¶ 25} In Baker, the Ohio Supreme Court addressed cases involving multiple
indictments, and determined that "subsequent charges made against an accused would be
subject to the same speedy-trial constraints as the original charges, if the additional charges
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arose from the same facts as the first indictment." Id. at 110. If, however, the subsequent
charges arise from new and additional facts, unknown at the time of the original arrest, the
state is not bound to the speedy trial timetable of the original arrest and may be afforded a
new speedy trial period. Id. at 111-112.
{¶ 26} The record is clear that Schuster was arrested on the first set of charges on
June 17, 2014, but was not indicted on the second set of charges until September 25, 2014.
The state did not bring the second set of charges on the same day as they charged Schuster
with OVI because the state did not know whether the blue pills found in the trunk after
Schuster's arrest were a controlled substance, and if so, what type of controlled substance
Schuster hid in the trunk. Only after the state received confirmation from laboratory testing
that the pills were in fact Clonazepam did it bring the second set of charges. Therefore, the
second set of charges arose from new and additional facts that were unknown at the time of
the original arrest for the OVI related offenses, and a new speedy trial date applied.
{¶ 27} Schuster argues that the drug-related charges were not new and separate from
the OVI-related offenses because the police discovered the pills on the same night as they
arrested him for the OVI-related charges and knew the pills were a controlled substance from
information received from poison control. However, and as previously stated, the state did
not have confirmation that the pills were truly a controlled substance on the night of
Schuster's arrest, and such confirmation only came approximately two months later when the
state received the lab report.
{¶ 28} This court has previously found that lab reports confirming the chemical
makeup of a substance constitute new facts not available to the state at the time of the
original arrest regardless of an officer's belief as to whether a pill is a controlled substance.
State v. Redelman, 12th Dist. Clinton No. CA2012-04-010, 2013-Ohio-657. In Redelman, we
recognized that multiple Ohio courts have held that although an arresting officer may have
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suspected a certain type of contraband at the time of the arrest, a subsequent laboratory
report confirming those suspicions is nevertheless an additional fact not known to the state at
the time the original charges were filed. State v. Brown, 10th Dist. Franklin No. 12AP-292,
2012-Ohio-5903, ¶ 13; and State v. Armstrong, 9th Dist. Medina No. 03CA0064-M, 2004-
Ohio-726. We agreed with the Eleventh District Court of Appeals and its finding that
although the state "may have had a good idea that the substance [seized] was cocaine prior
to the analysis date, they did not know for sure until the substance was analyzed," so that
subsequent drug charges had a separate speedy trial date range than original charges.
(Emphasis added.) State v. Clark, 11th Dist. Nos. 2001-P-0031, 2001-P-0033, 2001-P-0034,
2001-P-0057, and 2001-P-0058, 2004-Ohio-334, ¶ 73.
{¶ 29} This case is also similar to State v. Riley, 12th Dist. Clermont No. CA99-09-087,
2000 WL 745300, *2 (June 12, 2000). In Riley, we found that the two charges against the
appellant stemmed from different sets of facts, resulting in two different speedy trial dates.
Riley was charged with drunk driving after an officer suspected that Riley was intoxicated,
and performed a stop. Once the officer confirmed that Riley was intoxicated, and after Riley
was taken into custody, the officer searched Riley's car and found a glass vial and a small
plastic bag, both of which contained a white powder. After touching the powder, the officer's
hand became numb, which caused him to speculate that the powder was cocaine. Although
the officer suspected that the white powder might be cocaine, that fact was not confirmed
until the state received the results from laboratory testing. This court determined that Riley's
two charges arose out of different, albeit related, investigations or searches because "the
possession charge ultimately resulted out of an operative fact not present as to the DUI
charge: the testing of the white powder and its confirmation as cocaine." Id. at *2.
{¶ 30} Despite the officer's suspicion on the night Schuster was arrested that the pills
were a controlled substance, the state did not know for sure until the pills were analyzed and
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confirmed to be Clonazepam. Moreover, the information from poison control was not enough
to guarantee that the pills were, in fact, a controlled substance where Officer Joehnk testified
that on the night he called poison control, it gave its "best recollection of what they think that
pill is. They'll go off of the drug ID book, essentially, and plugging the features in, it will come
up with what the - - the pill is." While poison control was able to suggest what the pill may
have been, there was no guarantee. As such, the lab report represented a new fact
otherwise unknown to the state on the night of Schuster's arrest. Therefore, the second
indictment date of September 25, 2014 marked the beginning of a different speedy trial time-
frame for the second set of charges.
{¶ 31} The record contains multiple waivers, specific to the second set of charges, in
which Schuster waived a definite number of days each time he or his counsel executed the
waiver. Much like the first set of charges, Schuster may not have signed every waiver form
or agreed to the continuances, but he is bound by his counsel's waivers. Again, and like the
first set of charges, each continuance was in writing and there is no indication that the
continuances were for any purpose other than preparing for trial. When calculating the
number of days charged against the state before Schuster was brought to trial, the total
number of days where Schuster did not waive his speedy trial rights was 39 days. As such,
the state brought Schuster to trial within the statutory 90-day limit.
{¶ 32} Having found that Schuster was not denied his right to a speedy trial in regard
to either set of charges, his first assignment of error is overruled.
{¶ 33} Assignment of Error No. 2:
{¶ 34} THE TRIAL COURT ERRED TO THE PREJUDICE OF MR. SCHUSTER'S
SIXTH AMENDMENT RIGHTS BY ENTERING JUDGMENT OF CONVICTION AFTER A
TRIAL AT WHICH APPELLANT RECEIVED INEFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE OF COUNSEL
FOR HIS DEFENSE.
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{¶ 35} Schuster argues in his second assignment of error that he received ineffective
assistance of counsel because his counsel failed to properly subpoena witnesses on his
behalf.
{¶ 36} The United States Supreme Court established a two-part test in regard to
ineffective assistance of counsel. Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 104 S.Ct. 2052(1984). That test requires an appellant to establish that first, "his trial counsel's performance
was deficient; and second, that the deficient performance prejudiced the defense to the point
of depriving the appellant of a fair trial." State v. Myers, 12th Dist. Fayette No. CA2005-12-
035, 2007-Ohio-915, ¶ 33. Regarding the first prong, an appellant must show that his
counsel's representation "fell below an objective standard of reasonableness." Strickland,
466 U.S. at 688. The second prong requires appellant to show "a reasonable probability that,
but for counsel's unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been
different." Id. at 694.
{¶ 37} Schuster argues that his counsel was ineffective for subpoenaing witnesses for
the first day of trial, rather than for the entire three-day trial. The record indicates that
Schuster's defense counsel subpoenaed several defense witnesses for the first day of trial.
Of those subpoenaed, some were never served because the sheriff was unable to locate
them, two were served but did not testify, and two ultimately testified. The record indicates
that four witnesses appeared on the first day of trial, two of whom also appeared for the third
day of trial. There is no dispute that Schuster's attorney admitted to making a mistake by not
including the second or third day of the trial on the subpoenas. Even so, Schuster is unable
to demonstrate that the mistake made by his trial counsel had an impact on the results of his
trial.
{¶ 38} There is no indication in the record that the witnesses would have appeared,
even if they had been subpoenaed for all three days of the trial. The record indicates that
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Schuster's trial counsel directly instructed the witnesses who appeared on the first day of the
trial to return on the last, and also telephoned the witnesses to instruct their appearance.
Defense counsel also prepared another subpoena for a witness who appeared on the first
day of trial, so that the witness would re-appear on the subsequent days of trial. The record
also indicates that the trial court suspended the proceedings multiple times to permit
Schuster's trial counsel to locate witnesses, and also took time out from the trial to allow a
witness to come from work.
{¶ 39} Moreover, the trial court explained what it could do to compel the witnesses on
Schuster's behalf, including finding them in contempt or citing them, but Schuster, himself,
specifically stated that he did not want any of the witnesses to be "in trouble." As such, the
trial court did not take any steps to compel the attendance of witnesses because of
Schuster's personal statement that he did not want the witnesses to be in trouble for their
refusal to appear. However, and even if Schuster had requested the trial court compel the
witnesses, there is no indication that the witnesses' appearance would have resulted in
Schuster being acquitted.
{¶ 40} Schuster offers no explanation as to how the results of his trial would have
been different had his trial counsel subpoenaed the witnesses for each day of the trial, rather
than only requiring their attendance on the first day of trial. While Schuster now claims in his
brief that it would "not be fair" to speculate how the witnesses would have testified or if they
would have helped him, the legal standard imposed by the Supreme Court and ingrained in
Ohio jurisprudence is that Schuster must demonstrate that but for the deficient conduct by his
trial counsel, the results of his trial would have been different.
{¶ 41} There is no indication in the record that any of the witnesses subpoenaed by
Schuster would have added any information that was not already elicited through the
testimony of other witnesses. For example, when asked about what specific witnesses would
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testify to, Schuster's counsel was unable to pinpoint what the testimony would be, and
instead stated that the witnesses would not "help at all" because no witness was able to
testify as to whether Schuster was driving that night. The record suggests that the witnesses
Schuster now asserts were integral to his defense only witnessed the fight at Frank and
Jamie's, but could not otherwise testify that Schuster did not drive the car that night.
{¶ 42} Moreover, Schuster, himself, told the trial court that in regard to one of the
witnesses, "we didn't really need her," and that the other witnesses were to serve as
character witnesses. At no time did Schuster indicate that any of the witnesses who were
subpoenaed would or could testify that Schuster was not driving that night. Also, throughout
the discussion, the record indicates that some of the testimony that may have been elicited
from the people who did not honor the subpoenas, for example, that Schuster had a hat with
him when he was at Frank and Jamie's that night, could be elicited from witnesses who
appeared at the trial.1 In fact, Schuster's sister testified that he had a hat on the night of the
incident, and that he left her house with it before going to Frank and Jamie's.
{¶ 43} Schuster has failed to indicate in any manner what would have been different
had more witnesses testified on his behalf or that he would have been acquitted had his trial
counsel extended the subpoenas to the second and third days of trial. The witnesses who
did appear on the third day testified only that the fight occurred at Frank and Jamie's as
Schuster indicated, and that Schuster was seen trying to protect the front-seat passenger.
However, Schuster never once indicated that any witness he subpoenaed could testify that
someone other than himself was driving the car that night. As such, Schuster has failed to
1. The hat's significance goes to an officer's identification of Schuster as the driver. During the state's case-in-
chief, an officer testified that he saw Schuster drive the silver car that night, and when asked to describe the
driver, the officer stated that the driver was an older, bald man and then made an in-court identification of
Schuster as the man he saw driving that night. An aspect of Schuster's defense was that it could not have been
him driving because he was wearing a hat so that the officer would not have known that he is balding.
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demonstrate that his trial counsel was ineffective for including the second and third days of
the trial on the witnesses' subpoenas. Having found that Schuster did not receive ineffective
assistance of counsel, his second assignment of error is overruled.
{¶ 44} Assignment of Error No. 3:
{¶ 45} THE TRIAL COURT ERRED TO THE PREJUDICE OF MR. SCHUSTER BY
ENTERING A CONVICTION AND SENTENCING HIM UNDER THE SPECIFICATION FOR
REPEAT OVI OFFENDERS. THE SPECIFICATION IS UNCONSTITUTIONAL AS IT
VIOLATES THE DUE PROCESS AND EQUAL PROTECTION CLAUSES OF THE UNTIED
STATES AND OHIO CONSTITUTION.
{¶ 46} Schuster argues in his third assignment of error that the OVI multiple offender
specification set forth in relevant Ohio statutes is unconstitutional.
{¶ 47} The record indicates that Schuster was charged with OVI, as well as a repeat
offender specification because he had previously committed OVI five or more times within the
last 20 years. Schuster asserts that the statute permitting the specification is unconstitutional
because it increases the penalty for one who commits OVI without first requiring the state to
carry its burden of proof as to the previous OVI convictions.
{¶ 48} However, and as recognized by Schuster, this court has unequivocally
determined that the OVI repeat offender specification is constitutional and does not violate
due process. State v. Hartsook, 12th Dist. Warren No. CA2014-01-020, 2014-Ohio-4528;
and State v. Burkhart, 12th Dist. Clermont No. CA2015-01-004, 2015-Ohio-3409. We stand
by our analysis of this issue as set forth in these prior cases, and decline Schuster's invitation
to revisit this issue. As such, Schuster's third assignment of error is overruled.
{¶ 49} Assignment of Error No. 4:
{¶ 50} THE EVIDENCE WAS INSUFFICIENT AS A MATTER OF LAW AND/OR
AGAINST THE MANIFEST WEIGHT OF THE EVIDENCE TO SUSTAIN APPELLANT'S
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CONVICTIONS FOR ASSAULT ON A PEACE OFFICER AND OBSTRUCTING OFFICIAL
BUSINESS. [sic]2
{¶ 51} Schuster argues that his convictions are against the manifest weight of the
evidence and were otherwise not supported by sufficient evidence.
{¶ 52} When reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence underlying a criminal conviction,
an appellate court examines the evidence in order to determine whether such evidence, if
believed, would support a conviction. State v. Wilson, 12th Dist. Warren No. CA2006-01-
007, 2007-Ohio-2298. "The relevant inquiry is whether, after viewing the evidence in a light
most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential
elements of the crime proven beyond a reasonable doubt." State v. Crockett, 12th Dist.
Fayette No. CA2014-08-018, 2015-Ohio-1765, ¶ 18.
{¶ 53} A manifest weight challenge examines the inclination of the greater amount of
credible evidence, offered at a trial, to support one side of the issue rather than the other.
State v. Wilson, 12th Dist. Warren No. CA2006-01-007, 2007-Ohio-2298. When determining
whether a conviction is against the manifest weight of the evidence, the court reviews the
entire record, weighs the evidence and all reasonable inferences, considers the credibility of
the witnesses, and determines whether in resolving conflicts in the evidence, the trier of fact
clearly lost its way and created such a manifest miscarriage of justice that the conviction
must be reversed and a new trial ordered. State v. Cummings, 12th Dist. Butler No. CA2006-
09-224, 2007-Ohio-4970, ¶ 12.
{¶ 54} While appellate review includes the responsibility to consider the credibility of
2. Schuster's assignment of error makes reference to two crimes that were not charged in his case. However,
throughout the body of the argument section of the brief, he correctly addresses the crimes for which he was
charged and convicted. It is within this court's discretion to address the arguments raised in the body of the brief,
and we will do so where it is obvious from the brief that the assigned error is specific to whether Schuster's
convictions were valid.
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witnesses and the weight given to the evidence, "these issues are primarily matters for the
trier of fact to decide since the trier of fact is in the best position to judge the credibility of the
witnesses and the weight to be given the evidence." State v. Walker, 12th Dist. Butler No.
CA2006-04-085, 2007-Ohio-911, ¶ 26. Therefore, an appellate court will overturn a
conviction due to the manifest weight of the evidence only in extraordinary circumstances to
correct a manifest miscarriage of justice, and only when the evidence presented at trial
weighs heavily in favor of acquittal. State v. Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d 380, 386 (1997).
OVI Conviction
{¶ 55} Schuster was convicted of OVI and the accompanying specification that
Schuster was convicted more than five times for OVI in the past 20 years.3 According to R.C.
4511.19(A)(1)(a), "No person shall operate any vehicle * * * within this state, if, at the time of
the operation, * * * the person is under the influence of alcohol, a drug of abuse, or a
combination of them."
{¶ 56} During trial, the state presented evidence that Schuster operated the vehicle
while under the influence of alcohol. Officer Kresser testified that when he responded to the
911 call about the fight at Frank and Jamie's, he observed a silver car being driven with its
trunk open, and that the car turned abruptly to avoid a collision with his police cruiser. Officer
Kresser testified that "as soon as the car stopped," Schuster exited the front driver's-side
door. Without having any questions posed to him, Schuster told Officer Kresser that he was
not driving the car. However, Officer Kresser testified that despite Schuster's claim that he
was not the driver, "there was no way possible from the time frame that I exited my vehicle till
I made it to his vehicle that somebody could have moved inside the vehicle" to act as driver.
3. Schuster was convicted of two counts of OVI, which were merged for purposes of sentencing. The judgment
entries for Schuster's prior OVI convictions were entered into evidence, and he does not challenge the
specification aspect, except for its constitutionality, as raised in his third assignment of error.
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{¶ 57} Officer Kresser testified that when he approached Schuster and performed a
pat-down for weapons, he noticed a "strong" odor of an alcoholic beverage coming from
Schuster's person and that Schuster was not able to maintain his balance. During their
conversation, Officer Kresser also observed that Schuster had glassy eyes, slurred speech,
and was mumbling. Schuster, who admitted to Officer Kresser that he had been drinking that
night, refused to perform field sobriety tests.4 However, Schuster ultimately submitted to a
breath test, which indicated that his blood alcohol content was .114, which is above the legal
limit in Ohio.
{¶ 58} The state also presented the testimony of the car's owner, who indicated that
he was in Frank and Jamie's when the fight erupted, and that the fight involved his female
companion. At some point, Schuster approached the situation and tried to help the female
companion rid herself of the attackers. The owner testified that he tried to call a cab to take
him and his companion away from the bar, but during the phone call, Schuster approached
him, took the keys to his car, and got into his car. The owner and his female companion
followed Schuster, and the woman got in the front passenger seat of the owner's car, while
the owner entered the backseat. The owner testified that Schuster got into the driver's side
of the car, drove forward, and then stopped when the police arrived on the scene. During
cross-examination, the owner testified that "no one was in the backseat but me."
{¶ 59} Officer Joehnk testified that he responded to the initial dispatch regarding the
fight at Frank and Jamie's and during that time, he saw the silver car from behind. Officer
Joehnk testified that he observed the rear lights of the car indicate that the car, which had
once been moving, was placed in "park." When asked how long it took Schuster to exit the
4. Officer Jeffrey Joehnk also testified, and his account of speaking with Schuster is very similar to Officer
Kresser's in that Officer Joehnk recalled that Schuster had glassy, blood shot eyes, there was a strong odor of an
alcoholic beverage coming from Schuster's person, and Schuster admitted to being "drunk" that night. Schuster
also admitted during his testimony that he was "drunk" on the night of the incident.
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car after the car went into park, Officer Joehnk testified, "it was instantaneous."
{¶ 60} The state also called another officer from the Union Township Police
Department, Chris Holden, who testified that he responded to the dispatch about the fight at
Frank and Jamie's. Once in the parking lot, Officer Holden witnessed the silver car moving
toward him, within ten feet of where he was. Officer Holden observed the occupants of the
car that night, and testified that the driver of the car was a bald, older male, and that the
backseat passenger was a heavier-set male with hair. Officer Holden also verified that he
saw Schuster driving that night, and that after the car stopped, "within seconds," the driver's
door opened and Schuster emerged. Officer Holden was asked to identify who the older,
bald male was, and he made an in-court identification that Schuster was the man he saw
driving the silver car that night.
{¶ 61} This evidence indicates that Schuster was operating the vehicle on the night of
the incident. Although Schuster testified in his own defense and claimed that he never drove
the car, the issue was one of credibility, and thus left within the province of the jury. The jury,
by virtue of its verdict, found the state's witnesses credible and believed their testimony that
Schuster was operating the silver car that night while he was intoxicated. After viewing the
evidence in a light most favorable to the prosecution, we find that the jury could have found
the essential elements of the crime proven beyond a reasonable doubt, and that the jury did
not clearly lose its way in finding that Schuster committed OVI.
Possession of Drugs Conviction
{¶ 62} Schuster was also convicted of possession of drugs in violation of R.C.
2925.11(A), which provides, "No person shall knowingly obtain, possess, or use a controlled
substance or a controlled substance analog."
{¶ 63} During trial, the state presented evidence that Schuster possessed a controlled
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substance.5 Officer Kresser testified that during his investigation of Schuster's OVI, he
detained Schuster in an interview room at the police station. During that time, Officer Kresser
allowed Schuster to make a call, which was recorded in the interview room. Schuster called
his friend and told him that there was something in the trunk of the car he was seen exiting
that night. The jury heard the recorded phone call in which Schuster tells his friend, "there's
something in the trunk too. * * * Do you understand what I'm saying? * * * as soon as you
open the trunk it's on the left side, dude." The context of the phone call also indicates that
Schuster told his friend that he had watched the police during their investigation, and the
police had not yet discovered the items he had placed in the trunk.
{¶ 64} The owner of the car also testified and stated that when he returned to get his
car from the bar's parking lot, he opened the trunk and found pills, money, rolling papers, and
what appeared to be marijuana. The owner directly testified that the items did not belong to
him and that the items were not in the trunk of his car before he went to Frank and Jamie's
that night.
{¶ 65} Officer Joehnk testified that when he was dispatched a second time to Frank
and Jamie's, he encountered the owner of the car and Schuster's friend to whom Schuster
placed the phone call while in the interview room. The men directed Officer Joehnk to the
trunk of the car where he found the drugs and other items.
{¶ 66} During Schuster's own testimony, he admitted that after he exited the silver car,
he "put something in [the owner's] vehicle." When asked what he placed in the trunk,
Schuster testified, "I throwed money. I throwed Klonapin [sic], and I throwed marijuana in the
vehicle." Schuster also admitted during his testimony that the items found in the trunk
belonged to him.
5. During trial, Schuster stipulated to the lab report indicating that the pills found in the trunk were Clonazepam,
a controlled substance.
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{¶ 67} This evidence, especially Schuster's admissions during his testimony, indicate
that he clearly possessed the Clonazepam, which is a controlled substance. As such, the
possession of drugs conviction was supported by sufficient evidence and was not rendered
against the manifest weight of the evidence.
Tampering with Evidence Conviction
{¶ 68} Schuster was also convicted of tampering with evidence in violation of R.C.
2921.12(A)(1), which provides, "No person, knowing that an official proceeding or
investigation is in progress, or is about to be or likely to be instituted, shall do any of the
following: Alter, destroy, conceal, or remove any record, document, or thing, with purpose to
impair its value or availability as evidence in such proceeding or investigation."
[T]o establish a violation of the tampering statute, the state must
show that the defendant, with knowledge of a proceeding or
investigation that is in progress or likely to be instituted, altered,
destroyed, concealed, or removed any "record, document, or
thing" with the purpose to impair its value or availability as
evidence in that proceeding or investigation.
(Emphasis added.) State v. Straley, 139 Ohio St.3d 339, 2014-Ohio-2139, ¶ 18.
{¶ 69} The Straley court determined that to support a tampering with evidence charge,
the evidence being tampered with must relate to the proceeding or investigation that is
occurring at the time the evidence was tampered with. In Straley, two plainclothes narcotic
detectives in an unmarked police vehicle observed a car driving erratically on a public road.
The detectives initiated a stop, and searched the car and Straley's bag, but did not find any
narcotics. Although the detectives did not pursue OVI charges against Straley, they did not
want her driving home. While the detectives were obtaining permission from their superiors
to drive Straley home, she told the detectives that she had to urinate. Straley left the
detectives' presence and urinated by a nearby building. One detective went to where Straley
urinated and found a clear cellophane baggie containing crack cocaine. While Straley was
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convicted of tampering with evidence, the appellate court overturned the conviction, finding
that the crack cocaine was not related to the initial investigation of erratic driving. State v.
Straley, 2d Dist. Clark No. 2012-CA-34, 2013-Ohio-510. The Ohio Supreme Court agreed,
finding that "there is nothing in the record to suggest that the officers were conducting or
likely to conduct an investigation into trafficking or possession of cocaine when Straley
discarded the baggie." 2014-Ohio-2139 at ¶ 19.
{¶ 70} The state's evidence clearly indicates that a bar fight occurred at Frank and
Jamie's and that multiple police units responded to a 911 call informing police dispatch of the
fight. When Officer Kresser arrived, he observed the silver car turn abruptly and come to a
stop, which would indicate that there was some measure of erratic or impaired driving. In
fact, when Officer Kresser neared Schuster, Officer Kresser detected a strong odor of an
alcoholic beverage coming from Schuster's person and asked Schuster to perform field
sobriety tests to determine Schuster's possible intoxication. Officer Kresser was not
investigating drug-related activity, and instead, was focused on impaired driving. Officer
Kresser was also investigating the possibility that the occupants of the car had been involved
in the bar fight, which again, is not a drug-related investigation.
{¶ 71} There is nothing in the record to suggest that at the time Schuster discarded the
drugs into the trunk, the police were conducting or likely to conduct an investigation into
trafficking or possession of drugs. The drugs and other items Schuster placed in the trunk
did not relate to either the bar fight, or the erratic/impaired driving that the officers may have
been investigating when they approached Schuster upon his exit from the car. As such, the
drugs had no evidentiary value to the bar fight or possible erratic/impaired driving
investigation so that the record does not support a conviction for tampering with evidence.
{¶ 72} Having found that Schuster's conviction for tampering with evidence is not
supported by sufficient evidence, we reverse his conviction and discharge him of the
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tampering with evidence charge. In all other respects, Schuster's convictions for OVI, the
related specification, and possession of drugs were supported by sufficient evidence and
were not rendered against the manifest weight of the evidence. Therefore, Schuster's fourth
assignment of error is overruled in part and sustained in part.
{¶ 73} Judgment affirmed in part, reversed in part, and Schuster is discharged as to
the tampering with evidence charge.
HENDRICKSON and M. POWELL, JJ., concur.
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