Heaton v. Ford Motor Co.

[Cite as Heaton v. Ford Motor Co., 2017-Ohio-7479.]
Court of Appeals of Ohio
EIGHTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
COUNTY OF CUYAHOGA
JOURNAL ENTRY AND OPINION
No. 104636
PAUL HEATON, INDIVIDUALLY
PLAINTIFF-APPELLANT
vs.
FORD MOTOR COMPANY, ET AL.
DEFENDANTS-APPELLEES
JUDGMENT:
AFFIRMED
Civil Appeal from the
Cuyahoga County Court of Common Pleas
Case No. CV-11-759955
BEFORE: Keough, A.J., McCormack, J., and Stewart, J.
RELEASED AND JOURNALIZED: September 7, 2017
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT
John D. Mismas
The Mismas Law Firm, L.L.C.
37620 Sturbridge Lane
Willoughby, Ohio 44094
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE
Susan M. Audey
Jeffrey A. Healy
Jeffrey M. Whitesell
Tucker Ellis L.L.P.
950 Main Avenue, Suite 1100
Cleveland, Ohio 44113
KATHLEEN ANN KEOUGH, A.J.:
{¶1} Plaintiff-appellant, Paul Heaton, individually and as executor of the Estate of
Robert Brawley, appeals the trial court’s decision granting summary judgment in favor of
defendant-appellee, McCord Corporation. For the reasons that follow, we affirm.
{¶2} In July 2011, Heaton filed a complaint against numerous defendants,
including Honeywell International, Inc. and McCord. The complaint alleged various
causes of action, including claims of strict products liability, negligence, supplier liability,
failure to warn, and breach of warranties. The complaint related to Brawley’s exposure
to asbestos that caused his mesothelioma and eventual death. As to McCord, it was
alleged that Brawley was exposed to asbestos while performing automotive repair and
maintenance work as a shade-tree mechanic using McCord gaskets from the 1970s to
2010. It was alleged that this exposure was a substantial factor in Brawley’s death.
{¶3} In support of his claim against McCord, Heaton presented the deposition
testimony of Michael Victor, a friend of Brawley’s who worked on automobiles with him
from 1974 to 2010. Victor was the only witness identified by Heaton who could identify
Brawley’s use of McCord gaskets. Victor was deposed over a period of three days in
February 2012, and he identified automobiles that Brawley worked on where he may have
used McCord gaskets. During the first day of deposition on February 20, Victor denied
any knowledge of Brawley’s exposure to asbestos from any home-repair products prior to
2010. On the second day of deposition on February 27, when counsel for Honeywell
attempted to inquire into potential alternative asbestos exposures, i.e. Brawley’s use of
drywall compound products in the 1970s or 1980s that may have contained asbestos,
Heaton’s attorney instructed Brawley not to answer the question because, according to
counsel, Victor already testified about this on the first day of deposition. During this
exchange, it was discovered that Victor was now represented by Heaton’s counsel for his
own asbestos-related claims. Five months after the deposition, Victor passed away.
{¶4} Unbeknownst to any of the defendants, Victor had executed an affidavit,
notarized by counsel, on March 30, 2012, less than a month after his deposition, that
averred that Brawley used the very drywall products — USG joint compound — that
Honeywell’s counsel attempted to ask Victor about but was prevented from doing so.
The defendants to this lawsuit did not learn about the affidavit until a year later in July
2013, when it was used as support for a bankruptcy trust claim against USG. The
defendants later learned that Victor executed a second affidavit in March 2012, averring
that Brawley also used Gold Bond joint compound products, which was likewise used to
support a bankruptcy trust claim. These affidavits were in direct contradiction to
Heaton’s February 3, 2012 written discovery responses, specifically Interrogatory
Number 38:
State whether decedent was exposed to asbestos or asbestos containing
products which were manufactured, sold, produced, prepared, or distributed
by an entity not named as a defendant in this lawsuit. If so[,] identify the
manufacturer, the products and the dates of exposure.
ANSWER: Unknown
{¶5} In September 2012, McCord, prior to the undisclosed affidavits being
revealed, moved for summary judgment contending that Victor’s testimony given at his
deposition about Brawley’s use of McCord gaskets was mere speculation. The trial court
denied the motion recognizing that Heaton offered the “deposition testimonies of Victor,
who at times worked on automobiles with [Brawley],” which was sufficient evidence to
create a question of fact “whether [McCord’s] gaskets were a substantial factor causing
[Brawley’s] mesothelioma.”
{¶6} On September 18, 2015, Honeywell filed a motion in limine, requesting the
exclusion of and any reference to Victor’s deposition testimony at trial. The motion was
filed because Heaton did not supplement his discovery responses pursuant to Civ.R. 26(E)
with the Victor affidavits or the additional information that Heaton was aware of evidence
regarding Brawley’s exposure to other nonparties’ asbestos-containing products.
Honeywell maintained that it was not afforded the opportunity to develop pertinent
testimony on cross-examination due to counsel’s instruction to Victor to not answer the
question. It stated that the obstruction became more egregious when counsel later gained
knowledge that Victor did in fact have information pertaining to drywall work that
involved the use of asbestos-containing joint compound, yet the information was not
provided to the defendants. Finally, Honeywell claimed that Victor’s passing after the
information was available prevented the defendants from cross-examining Victor or the
opportunity to develop their affirmative defense of alternative exposure theory.
{¶7} McCord subsequently joined in Honeywell’s motion and also filed its own
separate motion seeking exclusion of Victor’s testimony. According to McCord,
Victor’s testimony identifying that Brawley used McCord gaskets during automotive
repair was speculative, not based on personal knowledge, and would cause confusion to
the jury.
{¶8} Heaton opposed the motion, contending that the motion in limine was
procedurally flawed because it should have been a request for sanctions pursuant to
Civ.R. 37. Nevertheless, Heaton argued that no prejudice occurred to the defendants
because the affidavit could be used at trial to discredit Victor, but excluding Victor’s
deposition testimony would be severely prejudicial to plaintiff’s case. Heaton
characterized the potential exclusion as being “the death penalty” to his case against
McCord. In addition to its opposition to exclusion and as a compromise, Heaton offered
stipulations of fact about Victor’s testimony and Brawley’s use of USG and Gold Bond
All-Purpose joint compound. The stipulations included that the use of both joint
compounds “was a significant exposure to asbestos which would [sic] was a substantial
factor in causing his disease.” Heaton’s counsel emphatically maintained that the lack of
disclosure was done in error, not done willfully or in bad faith, and any sanction imposed
should be against him, and not his client. Finally, Heaton argued that the defendants
could have, but chose not to, filed a motion to compel the testimony or called the court for
instruction on whether Victor should be compelled to answer the questions that plaintiff’s
counsel prevented.
{¶9} On October 2, 2015, at the oral hearing on the joint motions, Heaton’s
counsel reiterated the arguments made in his brief in opposition and maintained that any
sanction should be levied against him personally, rather than excluding the evidence.
The defendants applauded counsel’s willingness to accept any sanction, but maintained
that the prejudice to the defendants could not be cured with a sanction against the
attorney. The trial court agreed. The court noted that it attempted to determine a less
drastic remedy, but based on his experience presiding over asbestos litigation,
apportionment of liability under the circumstances could be problematic. Therefore,
after considering the relevant case law regarding discovery violations, weighing the
relevant factors, and comparing the circumstances of the case to other cases that the trial
judge presided over, the court orally ruled that Victor’s deposition testimony would be
excluded at trial.
{¶10} Following the court’s decision, McCord again moved for summary
judgment contending that with the exclusion of Victor’s testimony, no evidence existed to
support Heaton’s claim that Brawley was ever exposed to any asbestos-containing
product manufactured or sold by McCord. Accordingly, McCord maintained that no
genuine issue of material fact exists and it is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.
{¶11} While McCord’s summary judgment was pending, Heaton moved to reopen
discovery for the purposes of the parties to depose Brawley’s brother-in-law, Roy Heaton
(“Roy”). According to Heaton, Roy could testify about the drywall work that Brawley
and Victor performed in 1971 and 1972. The purpose for this testimony was to cure any
prejudice that the nondisclosure of the Victor affidavits caused, thus remedying the error.
Additionally, Heaton asked for reconsideration of the trial court’s exclusion order due to
Roy’s testimony. McCord opposed both motions contending that Roy was not a newly
discovered witness with new information, and he was never named as a
product-identification witness. McCord pointed out that Heaton testified at his own
deposition about the work Brawley performed with and for Roy, and none of it pertained
to home remodeling, only automotive and agricultural repair.
{¶12} Following a February 22, 2016 hearing on Heaton’s motion for
reconsideration, the trial court issued a written opinion denying the request. In the
opinion, the court found and concluded that Heaton failed to meet his burden on
reconsideration. The court noted that the failure to timely disclose the Victor affidavits
following counsel’s prevention of Victor from testifying at deposition could not be cured
by any stipulation or new facts.
{¶13} On April 13, 2016, the court conducted a hearing on McCord’s motion for
summary judgment. During the hearing, Heaton again asked the court to reconsider its
prior exclusion order and the denial of reconsideration because without Victor’s
deposition testimony, no evidence existed regarding Brawley’s use of McCord’s gaskets.
The trial court summarily granted McCord’s motion. At the request of Heaton, the trial
court included Civ.R. 54(B) certification to this order, declaring no just reason for delay.
{¶14} Heaton now appeals, raising three assignments of error.
{¶15} This case revolves around the exclusion of Victor’s deposition testimony,
which is not disputed by the parties. What is disputed is the scope of the appeal and
whether the court erred in granting summary judgment in favor of McCord based on the
court’s decision excluding the testimony.
I. Scope of the Appeal
{¶16} McCord filed a motion to limit the scope of the appeal, contending that the
only order properly before this court is the trial court’s decision granting summary
judgment in its favor. According to McCord, any challenge to the underlying “Victor
orders” — the orders excluding Victor’s deposition testimony and the denial of
reconsideration — are improper, untimely, and are not reviewable because those
decisions affect defendants that are not parties to the appeal. Therefore, McCord asks
this court to limit the scope of the appeal to only review the summarily decided second
motion for summary judgment. On the other hand, Heaton argues that the Victor orders
merge into the trial court’s order for summary judgment and are thus reviewable on
appeal.
{¶17} The motion was referred to the merit panel for consideration. Additionally,
because of McCord’s argument, this court ordered the parties to be prepared to address at
oral argument whether the grant of summary judgment is a final appealable order when
the underlying and interlocutory orders that serve as the basis for the trial court’s decision
affects nonappealing parties.
{¶18} In cases involving multiple parties or claims, an order is final if it satisfies
one of the grounds under R.C. 2505.02 and also satisfies Civ.R. 54(B). The May 27,
2016 order granting McCord’s summary judgment disposed of all claims asserted against
it. The order satisfies R.C. 2505.02(B)(1) because granting summary judgment in favor
of McCord (1) affects Heaton’s substantial right of recovery against McCord, (2)
determines the action because it resolves all of Heaton’s claims against McCord, and (3)
prevents a judgment in favor of Heaton.
{¶19} The order also satisfies Civ.R. 54(B) because the case involves multiple
claims and multiple parties, and the grant of summary judgment was only in favor of
McCord, disposing of all Heaton’s claims against McCord. Therefore, the inclusion of
the trial court’s “no just reason for delay” certification makes the order granting summary
judgment final and appealable.
{¶20} It is clear under Ohio case law that when a final judgment has been entered
terminating an entire case, all prior interlocutory orders will merge into the final judgment
and be appealable at that time. Lingo v. Ohio Cent. RR., 10th Dist. Franklin No.
05AP-206, 2006-Ohio-2268, ¶ 17. As the Sixth District noted in Davis v. Galla, 6th
Dist. Lucas No. L-08-1149, 2008-Ohio-3501, the law is not so clear when the final
judgment being appealed from does not terminate an entire case, but only terminates the
case as to one defendant. Id. at ¶ 6. The Davis court held, “only prior interlocutory
orders which relate in some way to the ruling disposing of the defendant will merge into
the final judgment as to that defendant.” Id.
For example, if a trial court judge makes an interlocutory ruling that certain
documents will not be considered in making its decision on a summary
judgment motion and subsequently, finding that there is no just reason for
delay, the judge grants the summary judgment motion as to one of the
defendants, then an appeal from the grant of summary judgment may
include an appeal from the interlocutory ruling concerning the consideration
of documents. The “documents ruling” will merge into the final order
granting summary judgment. This reasoning is consistent with the
outcome in other Ohio cases. See Reaume v. Mendoza (Sept. 14, 2001),
6th Dist. No. F-01-005, 2001 Ohio App. LEXIS 4110; Loeschner v. Clark
Material Handling Co. (Sept. 16, 1998), 9th Dist. No. 97 CA 006856, 1998
Ohio App. LEXIS 4318; and Gebhart v. College of Mt. St. Joseph (1995),
106 Ohio App. 3d 1, 665 N.E.2d 223.
Id.
{¶21} However, according to McCord, the merger of interlocutory orders only
applies when there is a one-to-one party relationship with the interlocutory order and final
appealable order. See, e.g., CNT Constr., Inc. v. Bailey, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 96292,
2011-Ohio-4640, quoting Davis; Grady v. Charles Kalinsky, D.D.S., Inc., 165 Ohio
App.3d 306, 2005-Ohio-5550, (8th Dist.); Vaccariello v. Smith & Nephew Richards, Inc.,
8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 76594, 2000 Ohio App. LEXIS 3516 (Aug. 3, 2000). McCord
contends to hold otherwise would be unfair and unjust to the other nonparty defendants
who are affected by the Victor orders.
{¶22} In this case, the decisions striking Victor’s deposition testimony and denying
reconsideration clearly relates to the termination of the case against McCord because
absent these orders, summary judgment would not have been granted. The unique factor
about this case is that the discovery sanction against Heaton not only relates to the overall
ruling disposing of McCord, but also relates to the other remaining defendants who are
not parties to McCord’s motion for summary judgment.
{¶23} If we granted McCord’s motion to limit the scope of the appeal, we would
have to assume without deciding, that the trial court’s exclusion of Victor’s deposition
testimony was proper, and by default, summary judgment was properly granted. The
parties agree that without Victor’s testimony, Heaton’s case against McCord fails.
Accordingly, if we agree with McCord’s position about the scope of the appeal, a review
of the summary judgment order is essentially an act of futility.
{¶24} We find that Heaton specifically requested that the trial court include the
Civ.R. 54(B) language and further requests this court to review the merits of the Victor
orders. Because we find no authority preventing this court from reviewing an
interlocutory order that typically would merge into the summary judgment order, and our
disposition would not be prejudicial or affect the rights of the nonappealing defendants,
we will review the court’s decisions excluding Victor’s deposition testimony. Based on
these circumstances, this court will not limit the scope of the appeal as requested by
McCord. Accordingly, the motion is denied.
II. Striking Victor’s Testimony
{¶25} In his first assignment of error, Heaton contends that the trial court abused
its discretion in striking Victor’s deposition testimony.
{¶26} Heaton asks this court to review this assignment of error under a heightened
abuse of discretion standard because the exclusion of Victor’s testimony eviscerates his
case against McCord. However, this heightened standard is typically used when
considering involuntary dismissals with prejudice under Civ.R. 41(B)(1) where the
dismissal forever denies a plaintiff a review of a claim on its merits. See, e.g., Jones v.
Hartranft, 78 Ohio St. 3d 369, 371-373, 678 N.E.2d 530 (1997). The exclusion of
Victor’s testimony only resulted in summary judgment for McCord, Heaton’s case against
the remaining defendants was not dismissed. Additionally, a ruling of summary
judgment is a decision made on the merits of the case. Stuller v. Price, 10th Dist.
Franklin Nos. 02AP-29 and 02AP-267, 2003-Ohio-583, ¶ 23, quoting Cunningham v.
A-Best Prods. Co., 4th Dist. Washington No. 94 CA29, 1995 Ohio App. LEXIS 3174
(July 26, 1995). Accordingly, we will review this assignment of error under the ordinary
abuse of discretion standard.
{¶27} Courts have broad discretion over discovery matters, including motions for
sanctions. State ex rel. Citizens for Open, Responsive & Accountable Govt. v. Register,
116 Ohio St. 3d 88, 2007-Ohio-5542, 876 N.E.2d 913, ¶ 18. “A reviewing court shall
review these rulings only for an abuse of discretion.” Nakoff v. Fairview Gen. Hosp.,
75 Ohio St. 3d 254, 662 N.E.2d 1 (1996), syllabus. “An abuse of discretion occurs when a
decision is unreasonable, arbitrary, or unconscionable.” State ex rel. Dreamer v. Mason,
115 Ohio St. 3d 190, 2007-Ohio-4789, 874 N.E.2d 510, ¶ 18.
{¶28} Civ.R. 26(E) provides that “a party who has responded to a request for
discovery with a response that was complete when made is under no duty to supplement
his response to include information thereafter acquired, except” when “a party who
knows or later learns that his response is incorrect is under a duty seasonably to correct
the response.” Civ.R. 26(E)(2); Normali v. Cleveland Assn. of Life, 39 Ohio App. 2d 25,
315 N.E.2d 482 (8th Dist.). Civ.R. 37(C)(1) permits a trial court to exclude the evidence
or impose any other sanction when a party fails to correct or supplement an earlier
response. Specifically, the rule provides:
(1) Failure to supplement. If a party fails to provide
information or identify a witness
as required by Civ.R. 26(E), the
party is not allowed to use that
information or witness to supply
evidence on a motion, at a
hearing, or at a trial, unless the
failure was substantially justified
or is harmless. In addition to or
instead of this sanction, the court,
on motion and after giving an
opportunity to be heard:
(a) may order payment of the reasonable expenses, including
attorney’s fees, caused by the failure;
(b) may inform the jury of the party’s failure; and
(c) may impose other appropriate sanctions, including any of the
orders listed in Civ.R. 37(B)(1)(a) through (f).
Civ.R. 37(C)(1); Lynch v. Myers, 6th Dist. Erie No. E-84-17, 1985 Ohio App. LEXIS
5953 (Mar. 8, 1985) (plaintiff obligated under Civ.R. 26(E)(2) to correct a mistaken
discovery response and that failure to do so permitted the trial court to exclude evidence
as a sanction under Civ.R. 37).
{¶29} Counsel admitted that the affidavits were not immediately made available to
the defendants and the master consolidated discovery requests, specifically Interrogatory
Number 38 were not updated. However, counsel explained that it was merely an
oversight, not an intentional act to withhold information. Therefore, according to
Heaton, the trial court abused its discretion in excluding Victor’s deposition testimony.
{¶30} Even if the withholding of Victor’s affidavits was not willful, the exclusion
of evidence under Civ.R. 26(E) and 37(B) can be the result of neglect, inadvertent error,
or unintentional error. See Savage v. Correlated Health Servs., 64 Ohio St. 3d 42, 55,
591 N.E.2d 1216 (1992), citing Huffman v. Hair Surgeon, Inc., 19 Ohio St. 3d 83, 85, 482
N.E.2d 1248 (1985). Rather, “the existence and effect of prejudice resulting from
noncompliance with the disclosure rules is of primary concern, not just the intent or
motive involved.” Huffman at id. Whether the noncomplying party’s conduct may be
the result of neglect, strategy, or inadvertent error, it is still a breach of duty giving rise to
unfair surprise and authorizes the trial court to impose a sanction sufficient to remedy the
prejudice. Id.
{¶31} Heaton further contends that the trial court abused its discretion in excluding
Victor’s deposition testimony because the inability to depose Victor on the home-repair
issue was the result of defendants’ own inactions. Specifically, Heaton contends that the
defendants, including McCord, could have (1) attempted to revisit the issue of home
repair during day three of Victor’s deposition; (2) subpoenaed Victor under Civ.R. 45; (3)
moved to compel his attendance at another deposition; (4) moved to compel Victor to
answer the question after plaintiff’s counsel instructed Victor not to answer; (5) called the
trial judge for a ruling on whether Victor should be ordered to answer the question, or (6)
moved to compel Heaton to update or supplement the answer to Interrogatory Number 38
once the bankruptcy claim forms with Victor’s affidavits were discovered.
{¶32} We disagree with Heaton’s attempt to impute fault on the defendants. Once
Victor executed the affidavits, which was less than a month after his deposition, Heaton
was aware that the interrogatories were required to be updated or supplemented under
Civ.R. 25 and 37, yet he failed to do so. Additionally, Heaton understood that the
defendants were asserting alternate exposure defenses and because home-repair products
were potential “alternative exposures” to asbestos, Heaton had an obligation to
supplement his discovery responses, especially considering that plaintiff’s counsel knew
that Victor’s health was deteriorating due to his own exposure to asbestos. The fault that
Heaton is attempting to place on McCord and the other defendants is misdirected.
{¶33} Heaton also contends the trial court abused its discretion in excluding
Victor’s deposition testimony because no court order was violated. In support of
Heaton’s argument he relies on this court’s decision in Tiburzi v. Adience, Inc., 8th Dist.
Cuyahoga No. 96591, 2012-Ohio-803. In Tiburzi, sanctions were imposed when the
physician, a nonparty, failed to appear for a deposition. However, this court reversed the
trial court’s sanction order because under Civ.R. 37(B)(2)(c), no motion to compel had
been filed when the physician failed to appear, and that, as a result, there was no
discovery order that had been violated. Id. at ¶ 23. However, Tiburzi is distinguishable
because under Civ.R. 37(C), no court order is required before a court can impose
sanctions for failing to supplement or correct prior discovery responses.
{¶34} The Ohio Supreme Court has consistently ruled that when imposing a
discovery sanction, the court must impose the least severe sanction that is consistent with
the purpose of the rules of discovery. See, e.g., Lakewood v. Papadelis, 32 Ohio St. 3d 1,
511 N.E.2d 1138 (1987), paragraph two of the syllabus. As the Ohio Supreme Court
noted, not every violation of Civ.R. 26 will call for the drastic remedy of exclusion of
evidence. “Instead, the trial court should weigh the conduct of the party offering
[evidence] along with the level of prejudice suffered by the opposing party attributable to
the discovery violation, in order to determine the appropriate sanction.” Savage, 64 Ohio
St.3d at 55, 591 N.E.2d 1216.
{¶35} In this case, the trial court requested that the parties negotiate an alternative
to striking Victor’s testimony to remedy the nondisclosure. However, the court noted
that if no agreement could be reached, he would have to make the decision. Heaton
submitted proposed stipulations that NGC Gold Bond and USG joint compound exposure
were both substantial factors in causing the disease to Robert Brawley. McCord and the
remaining affected defendants did not accept the stipulations because they did not provide
sufficient information for a jury to apportion liability.
{¶36} The trial court conducted a hearing on the joint motion to strike Victor’s
deposition testimony, which included reviewing the proposed stipulations offered by
Heaton. Following arguments from all parties, the court considered the relevant case law
and factors in deciding whether striking Victor’s deposition testimony was the least
severe sanction.
{¶37} The court concluded that the only sanction available based on the
circumstances was striking Victor’s deposition testimony. It stated:
I do not find that the [prejudice to the defendants] was exaggerated. We’re
constantly being told by learned men and women that mesothelioma is a
dose-related disease. And how are they to inform the jury of the nature of
the dose that the decedent received in home remodeling.
A kitchen makeover [sic] is not usually very quick. * * * But we don’t
know whether this took a half an hour or five weeks because the only man
that can tell us is dead.
And the plaintiff knew well before he died that he and the decedent here did
this remodeling work. So the prejudice to these defendants certainly is not
exaggerated.
***
The fourth factor in regards [sic] to a dismissal, in this case a striking of
testimony, is whether less drastic sanctions were first imposed or
considered.
Well, as I told you on the phone and I believe we were on the record on
Monday, I spent all last Friday afternoon trying to figure out a less drastic
remedy. I turned around in my head various things that I could tell to our
jury to try to remedy it, but I kept saying even if I told them about this, I
would expect a knock on the door from the foreman or the forelady almost
immediately, Could the Judge tell us how long this took? How long were
the home remodeling products used and how? And of course, I can’t
because the only two people that know are dead.
October 2, 2015 Hearing, tr. 35-40.
{¶38} We agree with the trial court’s conclusions. Striking Victor’s testimony
was the only adequate remedy because the suggested stipulation did not provide a jury
with enough information to properly apportion liability. There was no information that a
jury could use to compare the duration and intensity of exposures to joint compounds to
the duration and intensity of exposure to brakes, clutches, and gaskets. The stipulations
were insufficient to remedy the prejudice caused. However, Heaton contends that what
the stipulations lacked in specificity, the bankruptcy claim forms supplied. Specifically,
Heaton contends that the forms provided information on duration, frequency, and
proximity. However, our review reveals that the forms merely provide that during a
three-month period in both 1971 and 1972, Brawley used specific joint compound, where
the mixing and sanding of the joint compound caused a tremendous amount of dust that
Brawley was exposed to. Much like the fact that the NGC Bankruptcy Claim and the
USG Bankruptcy Claim were denied in the bankruptcy trust cases for “insufficient
exposure evidence,” the evidence in the stipulations and claim forms are insufficient in
this case. See Appellant’s Brief, Page 30.
{¶39} Accordingly, the trial court’s decision was not arbitrary or unreasonable.
The record demonstrates that the court weighed the value of the testimony against the
prejudice to the defendants. The court also considered the relevant case law and
determining factors, the circumstances surrounding the nondisclosure, the stipulations and
alternatives that Heaton proposed, and whether a less severe sanction could be imposed.
{¶40} Accordingly, Heaton’s first assignment of error is overruled.
III. Reconsideration
{¶41} In his second assignment of error, Heaton contends that the trial court
abused its discretion in denying his motion for reconsideration because even if the court
was correct in its initial ruling of striking Victor’s testimony, the court should have
granted reconsideration after additional evidence was uncovered supporting McCord’s
alternate exposure theory; thus, making the absence of Victor’s testimony about home
repair less prejudicial to the defendants. According to Heaton, Roy’s deposition
testimony, coupled with the stipulations and bankruptcy claim forms with affidavits,
would negate the need to strike Victor’s testimony. We review a denial of a motion for
reconsideration for an abuse of discretion. Tusco Grocers v. Rulli Family Foods, 5th
Dist. Tuscarawas No. 2006 AP 07 0038, 2006-Ohio-6665, ¶ 10.
{¶42} A review of Roy’s deposition makes it clear that he cannot replace Victor’s
potential testimony about the home repair projects that he and Brawley performed
together and their use of joint-compound products. Although Roy Heaton knew that
Victor and Brawley worked frequently together, he was not present at all times when they
did so. See Roy Deposition at 34, 55, 68-69. Specifically, he knew of only two
instances that Victor and Brawley did drywall repair jobs — one in the garage and
another in the Brawley kitchen — but it was possible that they could have done more
home repair work together.
{¶43} Regarding the repair to the garage, the bankruptcy claim forms and the
stipulations provided that: (1) Brawley used Gold Bond All-Purpose Joint Compound
between May 1 and August 1, 1971, to help his parents renovate the garage, (2) the
mixing and sanding of the compound created a tremendous amount of dust, which
Brawley was exposed to, (3) the Gold Bond joint compound would have contained
asbestos that would have exposed Brawley to the asbestos when inhaled, and (4)
Brawley’s exposure to the Gold Bond joint compound during this renovation was a
significant exposure to asbestos that was a substantial factor in causing his disease.
{¶44} The additional information that Roy’s testimony added was generalities
about the project. Roy stated that he did not witness the removal of the damaged drywall
or the installation of the drywall sheets by Victor and Brawley. When asked how many
sheets were hung, he stated “couple, two, three sheets — three, four sheets.” (Tr. 37.)
Additionally, he could not recall the manufacturer of the drywall or the joint tape used by
Victor and Brawley. But he did recall based on the bag design and what brand the local
hardware store carried at that time, that National Gypsum Corporation Gold Bond joint
compound was used for the garage project. He further stated that he instructed them how
to mix the joint compound — by mixing the dry, powdered joint compound with water in
a bucket until the desired consistency is achieved. Roy first testified that the project used
two 40 to 50 pound bags of joint compound (tr. 40), but later stated that Victor and
Brawley used 25 to 30 pound bags. (Tr. 50.) Roy described the use of dry joint
compound as “very dusty.” He also testified that he showed them how to mud and sand
the seams once it dried, but he did not “stick around and watch them sand the seams.”
(Tr. 41.) He stated that two or three joint compound layers were used. Roy admitted he
was not there the entire time to witness everything that Victor and Brawley performed.
(Tr. 42.) He estimated that the project from start to clean up was approximately four to
seven days. (Tr. 44-46.) He testified that the garage repair was a dusty process where
Victor and Brawley were covered in dust from sanding the joint compound, and that
despite the garage door being open, the air in the garage was dusty. (Tr. 127-128.)
{¶45} Importantly, however, Roy stated that the garage repair occurred in
November 1971, whereas the claim form and affidavit provided that the repair occurred
between the months of May 1 and August 1, 1971. When asked, he said he had no
knowledge of any other joint compound work in 1971, but it was possible that Victor and
Brawley performed additional drywall work without his knowledge or help. (Tr. 50.)
{¶46} Regarding the kitchen repair, the stipulations and bankruptcy forms
provided: (1) Brawley used USG Joint Compound between March and May 1972 to
help his parents redo their kitchen, (2) the mixing and sanding of the compound created a
tremendous amount of dust, which Brawley was exposed to, (3) the USG joint compound
would have contained asbestos that would have exposed Brawley to the asbestos when
inhaled, and (4) Brawley’s exposure to the USG joint compound during this renovation
was a significant exposure to asbestos that was a substantial factor in causing his disease.
{¶47} Roy also discussed the kitchen project Victor and Brawley performed, but
he stated it occurred in October or November 1972. He testified that the project was a
repair job (as opposed to a “renovation”) needing two sheets of drywall to repair an area
of approximately six feet across and eight feet high. Roy testified that he saw Victor and
Brawley tear down the old drywall and start mudding. However, he stated he only saw
[the project] “when they did the second coat and when it was finished.” (Tr. 58.) He
said he did not supervise, but would come by and visit for “an hour or so, [to] have a beer,
talk.” Id. Roy believed that Victor and Brawley applied three coats of joint compound
and that it was “real dusty, dirty job.” (Tr. 59.) He stated that for this project, about a
“bag and a half, two bags” of Durabond joint compound was used. Id. According to
Roy, the kitchen project took three or four days.
{¶48} Although Roy provided some insight about Victor and Brawley’s home
repair projects, he could not recall any specific details that a jury would need to properly
apportion liability. There is little to no information that the jury can use to compare the
duration and intensity of exposures to joint compounds to the duration and intensity of
exposures to brakes, clutches, and gaskets. It is possible that the “primary exposures”
were to home remodeling products, and not to brakes or other automotive parts; however,
the defendants were prevented from the opportunity to develop this information about
additional alternative or potential exposures. Roy’s testimony cannot replace Victor’s
knowledge because Roy even admitted that he was not present “each and every time that
[Victor and Brawley] were working together.” (Tr. 55.) Moreover, Roy’s testimony
often conflicted with the bankruptcy forms, including the duration of each home-repair
job and the characterization of what the job actually entailed.
{¶49} The record supports the trial court’s decision that Roy’s testimony cannot
substitute for the lost opportunity to depose Victor on Brawley’s alternative exposures.
The trial court did not abuse its discretion in finding that Roy’s testimony, the proposed
stipulations, and the bankruptcy forms with affidavits are inadequate substitutes for
Victor’s knowledge and testimony; reconsideration was properly denied. Accordingly,
Heaton’s second assignment of error is overruled.
IV. Summary Judgment
{¶50} After the trial court excluded Victor’s testimony, McCord again moved for
summary judgment. In support, McCord argued that without Victor’s testimony, no
genuine issues of material fact exist, and McCord is entitled to judgment as a matter of
law. Heaton agreed that without Victor’s testimony, it could not prove its case against
McCord because no other witness can identify that Brawley used McCord products.
Accordingly, the trial court summarily granted summary judgment in favor of McCord.
In this third assignment of error, Heaton contends that the trial court erred in granting
summary judgment in favor of McCord.
{¶51} An appellate court review a trial court’s decision on a motion for summary
judgment de novo. Grafton v. Ohio Edison Co., 77 Ohio St. 3d 102, 105, 671 N.E.2d 241
(1996). Having found that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in striking Victor’s
testimony and with Heaton’s concession with the trial court and here on appeal that
without Victor’s testimony it cannot prove its case against McCord because no witness
can identify that Brawley used McCord products, we affirm the trial court’s decision
granting summary judgment in favor of McCord. Heaton’s third assignment of error is
overruled.
{¶52} Judgment affirmed.
It is ordered that appellee recover from appellant costs herein taxed.
The court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal.
It is ordered that a special mandate be sent to said court to carry this judgment into
execution.
A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to Rule 27 of
the Rules of Appellate Procedure.
KATHLEEN ANN KEOUGH, ADMINISTRATIVE JUDGE
TIM McCORMACK, J., and
MELODY J. STEWART, J., CONCUR