In re Adoption of A.K.

[Cite as In re Adoption of A.K., 2020-Ohio-3279.]
COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
EIGHTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
COUNTY OF CUYAHOGA
IN RE ADOPTION OF A.K., ET AL. :
: Nos. 108521 and 108522
:
[Appeal by J.G., Father] :
JOURNAL ENTRY AND OPINION
JUDGMENT: REVERSED AND REMANDED
RELEASED AND JOURNALIZED: June 11, 2020
Civil Appeal from the Cuyahoga County Court of Common Pleas
Probate Division
Case Nos. 15ADP08542 and 15ADP08543
Appearances:
Mary Catherine Barrett, for appellant.
Law Offices of James B. Palmquist, III, and Rebecca Clark;
Michelle K. McGuire, for appellees.
RAYMOND C. HEADEN, J.:
Respondent-appellant J.G. (“Father”) appeals from a probate court
judgment granting the adoption petition of petitioners-appellees maternal
grandparents (“Grandparents”) of his children, A.K. and C.K. For the reasons that
follow, we reverse the probate court’s judgment.
Procedural and Substantive History
In April 2007, Father pleaded guilty to murder after killing his wife,
the mother of A.K. and C.K. The Summit County Court of Common Pleas sentenced
Father to a term of 23 years to life in prison.
In October 2006, the Juvenile Division of the Summit County Court
of Common Pleas issued an order prohibiting Father from having any contact with
his daughters. In February 2007, the juvenile court granted legal custody of A.K.
and C.K. to Grandparents and provided that Father “shall have no contact with the
minor children absent an Order from this Court.”
On June 8, 2015, Grandparents filed a petition for adoption of A.K.
and C.K. On June 22, 2015, Father filed objections to the petition. The proceedings
were bifurcated and the first stage of the proceedings involved addressing whether
Father’s consent was required for adoption. R.C. 3107.07(A) provides that parental
consent to adoption is not required when the court:
finds by clear and convincing evidence that the parent has failed
without justifiable cause to provide more than de minimis contact with
the minor or to provide for the maintenance and support of the minor
as required by law or judicial decree for a period of at least one year
immediately preceding either the filing of the adoption petition or the
placement of the minor in the home of the petitioner.
Therefore, pursuant to R.C. 3107.07(A), the first stage of the proceedings required
the court to conduct an inquiry into whether Father had been in contact with, and
provided support for the children within the year prior to the filing of petition.
On February 9, and February 10, 2016, the Probate Division of the
Cuyahoga County Court of Common Pleas held hearings on the question of consent.
Father argued that the existence of the no-contact order was the only reason he had
not been in contact with A.K. and C.K. Father further argued that he was unable to
provide support for the girls due to his prison income, although he created a
guardianship estate to support them. No child support order has ever been in effect
in this case, and Grandparents have at no point requested support from Father.
On March 24, 2016, the magistrate determined that Father’s failure
to communicate and provide support was justified, thereby concluding that his
consent was required for adoption. On April 7, and May 27, 2016, Grandparents
filed objections to the magistrate’s decision. On December 8, 2016, the trial court
sustained Grandparents’ objections to the magistrate’s decision and ordered that the
adoption proceedings could continue without Father’s consent.
Father appealed, and in a split decision, this court affirmed the trial
court’s decision. In re A.K., 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 105426, 2017-Ohio-9165.
Because In re A.K. found no justifiable cause for Father’s failure to contact A.K. and
C.K., the court declined to address the question of whether there was justifiable
cause for his failure to support. Id. at ¶ 31.
On remand, the case moved to the second phase of the adoption
proceedings and held hearings to determine whether adoption was in the children’s
best interest. The magistrate concluded that adoption was in the children’s best
interest and granted Grandparents’ adoption petition. Father filed objections to the
magistrate’s decision. The trial court overruled his objections and entered a final
judgment in favor of Grandparents. Father now appeals, presenting two
assignments of error for our review.
Law and Analysis
In Father’s first assignment of error, he argues that the probate court
erred in holding that Grandparents met their burden of establishing that they could
adopt the children without Father’s consent. In his second assignment of error, he
argues that the probate court erred in holding that Grandparents met their burden
of establishing that adoption was in the children’s best interest.
Adoption is a two-step process, with the first step concerning consent
and the second step concerning the children’s best interest. In re Adoption of C.L.T.,
8th Dist. Cuyahoga Nos. 98686 and 98687, 2012-Ohio-5706, ¶ 11. Adoption
involves a termination of the natural parents’ fundamental right to the care and
custody of their children, “one of the most precious and fundamental in law.” In re
Adoption of Masa, 23 Ohio St.3d 163, 165, 492 N.E.2d 140 (1986), citing Santosky
v. Kramer, 455 U.S. 745, 753, 102 S.Ct. 1388, 71 L.Ed.2d 599 (1982).
In recognition of this, parental consent is generally required before a
probate court may grant an adoption petition. R.C. 3107.06. The narrow exception
to this rule is laid out in R.C. 3107.07, which provides that parental consent is not
required when the court finds that the petitioner has established by clear and
convincing evidence that the parent has failed without justifiable cause to provide
contact or support to the child in the year preceding the adoption petition. Because
adoption involves the complete and irrevocable severing of the parent’s rights in
their natural child, the burden is on the petitioner to establish this failure and a lack
of justifiable cause. In re Adoption of Masa at 166. It follows that no burden is to
be placed upon the nonconsenting parent to prove that his failure was justifiable. In
re Adoption of Holcomb, 18 Ohio St.3d 361, 368, 481 N.E.2d 613 (1985).
The question of whether a lack of justifiable cause has been proven by
clear and convincing evidence in a particular case is a determination for the probate
court and will not be disturbed on appeal unless such determination is against the
manifest weight of the evidence. In re Adoption of Masa at 166, citing In re
Adoption of McDermitt, 63 Ohio St.2d 301, 306, 408 N.E.2d 680 (1980).
In the instant case, this court has already decided the consent
question in In re Adoption of A.K. Generally, pursuant to the law of the case
doctrine, our earlier decision on this question would remain the law of the case for
all subsequent proceedings, including the instant appeal. Lycan v. Cleveland, 8th
Dist. Cuyahoga Nos. 107700 and 107737, 2019-Ohio-3510, ¶ 28, quoting Nolan v.
Nolan, 11 Ohio St.3d 1, 3, 462 N.E.2d 410 (1984). The Ohio Supreme Court has
recognized an exception to this doctrine where an intervening decision from a
superior appellate court was inconsistent with the law of the case determined by an
intermediate appellate court. Hopkins v. Dyer, 104 Ohio St.3d 461, 2004-Ohio-
6769, 820 N.E.2d 329, ¶ 19; Jones v. Harmon, 122 Ohio St. 420, 424, 172 N.E. 151(1930). Where there exists such an extraordinary circumstance, the inferior court is
bound to follow the superior court’s holding. Id.Here, there has been an intervening case on the issue of whether a
parent’s consent was required for adoption that requires us to reexamine the
question of consent in this case. In In re Adoption of B.I., the Ohio Supreme Court
held that “a parent’s nonsupport of his or her minor child pursuant to a judicial
decree does not extinguish the requirement of that parent’s consent to the adoption
of the child.” In re Adoption of B.I., 157 Ohio St.3d 29, 2019-Ohio-2450, 131 N.E.3d
28, ¶ 1.
Although B.I. involved support rather than contact, we find no
meaningful difference between these as they are envisioned in R.C. 3107.07.
Moreover, while the specific facts of B.I. concerned an order reducing the father’s
child support obligation to zero, the court’s holding more broadly stated that “a
parent who relies on a valid order of a court of competent jurisdiction” cannot suffer
because he or she relied on that order. Id. at ¶ 11. The court reasoned that
concluding otherwise would essentially render the court order in question invalid,
and further impose “some other amorphous obligation” on the parent with respect
to support. Id. at ¶ 39. The same reasoning applies to an order involving a parent’s
contact with their child. Pursuant to the holding of B.I., reliance on a court order
constitutes justifiable cause.
As an initial matter, R.C. 3107.07 must be strictly construed in favor
of retention of parental rights. B.I. at ¶ 12. In re Adoption of P.L.H., 151 Ohio St.3d
554, 2017-Ohio-5824, 91 N.E.3d 698, ¶ 23, citing In re Adoption of Schoeppner, 46
Ohio St.2d 21, 24, 345 N.E.2d 608 (1976). In applying R.C. 3107.07(A), courts
employ a two-step analysis. In re Adoption of M.B., 131 Ohio St.3d 186, 2012-Ohio-
236, 963 N.E.2d 142, ¶ 23. The first step involves deciding the factual question of
whether the parent failed to provide support or have more than de minimis contact
with the child, and the second step involves determining whether there was
justifiable cause for such failure. Id.Here, although Father insists that he remains emotionally invested in
his children’s wellbeing, he acknowledges that he did not contact them. Therefore,
the relevant question is whether there was a justifiable cause for Father’s failure to
provide more than de minimis contact. Like the parent in B.I., Father’s failure was
the direct consequence of his reliance on a valid court order — the order that he not
contact A.K. or C.K.
The Ohio Supreme Court has declined to adopt any precise definition
for “justifiable cause” as it relates to R.C. 3107.07. In re Adoption of Holcomb, 18
Ohio St.3d at 367, 481 N.E.2d 613. It has made clear in various cases, though, that
one important consideration in determining justifiable cause is not only the parent’s
willingness to support or contact their child, but their ability to do so. In re Adoption
of Masa, 23 Ohio St.3d at 166, 492 N.E.2d 140. In re Adoption of McDermitt, 63
Ohio St.2d at 306, 408 N.E.2d 680.
In this case, there is evidence in the record that Father was willing to
contact A.K. and C.K. in the form of his own statements, numerous letters he has
written to the girls and given to his mother for safekeeping, and his participation in
a program that allows him to send them gifts anonymously. There is also evidence
in the record that Father was legally prohibited from contacting A.K. and C.K. in the
form of a valid no-contact order. Like the parent in B.I., where Father’s purported
failure was premised on his compliance with a valid judicial decree, it cannot be said
to have been without justifiable cause.
Grandparents do not contest the validity of the no-contact order, or
Father’s compliance with that order. They instead argue that because the no-contact
order was subject to modification by the juvenile court, and Father never sought to
modify the order, its existence cannot constitute justifiable cause. We disagree. As
the party seeking a benefit — the adoption of A.K. and C.K. — and, therefore, seeking
to extinguish Father’s parental rights, Grandparents have the burden to establish
that there was no justifiable cause for Father’s failure to contact his children. The
Ohio Supreme Court has established that reliance on a valid court order constitutes
justifiable cause. For this court to impose some additional requirement on a parent
that they must attempt to modify the relevant court order would be an inappropriate
shift of the petitioner’s burden to the parent, in contravention of R.C. 3107.07. We
decline to impose such a requirement here. Therefore, we conclude that there was
justifiable cause for Father’s failure to contact A.K. and C.K.
Next, we turn to the question of whether there was justifiable cause
for Father’s failure to support A.K. and C.K. Although this issue was appealed in In
re A.K., this court decided the appeal solely on the issue of contact and did not reach
a legal conclusion on the issue of support. In re A.K., 8th Dist. Cuyahoga
No. 105426, 2017-Ohio-9165, at ¶ 31.
Similar to the contact question, there is no dispute that Father failed
to support A.K. and C.K. in the year prior to Grandparents’ filing the adoption
petition. Therefore, the only issue to be determined is whether there was justifiable
cause for this failure. We agree with the magistrate in this case and find that there
was.
When “‘a child’s needs are adequately provided for by a custodian
who is in a better financial position than the natural parent, and the custodian
expresses no interest in receiving any financial interest from the natural parent, the
natural parent’s failure to support the child may be deemed justifiable.’” In re
E.W.H., 4th Dist. Meigs No. 16CA8, 2016-Ohio-7849, ¶ 46, quoting In re Adoption
of S.A.H., 4th Dist. Ross No. 07CA2947, 2007-Ohio-3710, ¶ 21.
Father was incarcerated for the entirety of the relevant time period.
The record contains evidence that his prison income was approximately $240, and
that he received approximately $1,330 from family and friends. The record also
contains evidence that Father’s expenses were approximately $1,600. It is not
disputed that there was no court order in place imposing any financial support
obligation on Father. There is evidence in the record that Grandparents did not
request financial support or pursue a support order. Further, there is evidence in
the record that at various points Grandparents actually turned down offers of
support from paternal relatives. Following a thorough review of the record, we
conclude that Father was willing but unable to provide support to his children, and
therefore there was justifiable cause for his failure to support. Therefore, Father’s
first assignment of error is sustained.
In light of our conclusion that Father’s consent is required for
adoption, we need not address the probate court’s best interest determination.
Judgment reversed and case remanded to the trial court for further
proceedings consistent with this opinion.
It is ordered that appellant recover from appellees costs herein taxed.
The court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal.
It is ordered that a special mandate issue out of this court directing the
common pleas court, probate division, to carry this judgment into execution.
A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to Rule 27
of the Rules of Appellate Procedure.
RAYMOND C. HEADEN, JUDGE
PATRICIA ANN BLACKMON, J., CONCURS;
EILEEN T. GALLAGHER, A.J., DISSENTS WITH SEPARATE OPINION
EILEEN T. GALLAGHER, A.J., DISSENTING:
I respectfully dissent from the majority opinion because I believe In
re Adoption of B.I. is distinguishable from the instant case. In re Adoption of B.I.
involved a natural parent’s duty to financially support the child and this court’s prior
decision was based on Father’s failure to have contact with his children. Although
R.C. 3107.07(A) provides that either lack of support or lack of contact can override
a parent’s consent to adoption, the no-contact order issued in 2006 prohibiting
Father from contacting his children was modifiable. Father could have moved the
court anytime between 2006 and 2015, to modify the order to allow him to contact
his children, but Father made no effort to ever modify the no-contact order. If he
had sought a modification of the no-contact order and the request had been denied,
then his failure to contact the children could not be held against him. But that is not
the case. He never sought a modification of the no-contact order and, therefore,
made no effort to contact his children. Therefore, I would find that Father’s consent
was not required for Grandparents to adopt the children.