Wells Fargo Bank, N.A. v. Scott

[Cite as Wells Fargo Bank, N.A. v. Scott, 2015-Ohio-3269.]
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT
MONTGOMERY COUNTY
WELLS FARGO BANK, N.A. :
: Appellate Case No. 26552
Plaintiff-Appellee :
: Trial Court Case No. 14-CV-4262
v. :
:
DAVID SCOTT, et al. : (Civil Appeal from
: Common Pleas Court)
Defendants-Appellants :
:
:
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OPINION
Rendered on the 14th day of August, 2015.
...........
BENJAMIN D. CARNAHAN, Atty. Reg. No. 0079737, and HUNTER G. CAVELL, Atty.
Reg. No. 0090567, Morris Laing Evans Brock & Kennedy, CHTD, 25700 Science Park
Drive, Suite 250, Cleveland, Ohio 44122
Attorneys for Plaintiff-Appellee
WORRELL A. REID, Atty. Reg. No. 0059620, 6718 Loop, No. 2, Dayton, Ohio 45459
Attorney for Defendant-Appellant
.............
FAIN, J.
{¶ 1} Defendant-appellant David Scott appeals from a summary judgment of
foreclosure rendered in favor of Wells Fargo Bank, N.A. We conclude that there is a
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genuine issue of material fact that requires reversal of the summary judgment.
I. Course of Proceedings
{¶ 2} In 2005, Scott executed a promissory note for $85,000 to Argent Mortgage
Company, LLC. To secure the loan, Scott executed a mortgage on residential property
in Huber Heights, Ohio, in favor of Argent. Wells Fargo brought this action against Scott
in July 2014, seeking judgment on the note and foreclosure of the mortgage. Wells
Fargo alleged in the complaint that it is a “person entitled to enforce the note,” and
attached an assignment from Argent to Wells Fargo, dated January 29, 2014. Scott
answered the complaint, admitting that he signed the note and mortgage and raising
affirmative defenses, including a challenge to the validity of the assignment of the
mortgage to Wells Fargo, and the failure of Wells Fargo to meet its obligation to send a
notice of default and provide him with the opportunity to cure the default prior to filing suit.
{¶ 3} Wells Fargo moved for summary judgment, supported by an affidavit
averring that Scott defaulted on the Note in April, 2013, and that $79,021.76 was due and
owing. The affidavit avers that “according to the records, Plaintiff is the holder of the
promissory note and mortgage.” Wells Fargo did attach to its affidavit, as Exh. C, a copy
of a notice of default, from Ocwen Loan Servicing, addressed to Scott, which was averred
to have been sent to Scott on May 7, 2013, more than a year before the filing of the
lawsuit. Neither the affidavit nor the attachment specifically identifies the method of
delivery to Scott. Scott filed a responsive affidavit, in which he averred that he never
received written notice of default and an opportunity to cure, as required by the note and
mortgage. The trial court initially overruled the motion for summary judgment,
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concluding that genuine issues of material fact existed as to whether Wells Fargo had met
the conditions precedent to enforcement of the note. Subsequently, Wells Fargo moved
to reconsider the denial of its motion for summary judgment. Wells Fargo argued that it
had presented sufficient evidence to establish that Scott had received the notice of
default, and had been given an opportunity to cure, before the foreclosure action was
filed. Wells Fargo relied on language in its note and mortgage, attached to the complaint
as Exhs. A and B, respectively. The Note, Dkt. 1, Exh. A, ¶ 8, provides as follows:
8. GIVING OF NOTICES
Unless applicable law requires a different method, any notice that
must be given to me under this Note will be given by delivering it or by
mailing it by first class mail to me at the Property Address above or at a
different address if I give the Note Holder a notice of a different address.
{¶ 4} The Mortgage, Dkt. 1, Exh. B, ¶ 15, provides in pertinent part, as follows:
All notices given by Borrower or Lender in connection with this
Security Instrument must be in writing. Any notice to Borrower in
connection with this Security Instrument shall be deemed to have been
given to Borrower when mailed by first class mail or when actually delivered
to Borrower’s notice address if sent by other means. * * *
Any notice to Lender shall be given by delivering it or by mailing it by
first class mail to Lender’s address stated herein unless Lender has
designated another address by notice to Borrower. Any notice in connection
with this Security Instrument shall not be deemed to have been given to
Lender until actually received by the Lender.
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{¶ 5} The trial court granted the motion for reconsideration, reversing its earlier
decision, specifically finding that Wells Fargo had met the conditions precedent to
foreclosure by mailing the notice of default. The motion for summary judgment was
sustained, and a judgment and decree in foreclosure was entered.
{¶ 6} Scott appeals, raising two assignments of error.
II. A Trial Court May Reconsider an Interlocutory Order
{¶ 7} Scott’s Second Assignment of Error alleges as follows:
THE JUDGMENT ENTRY AND DECREE IN FORECLOSURE WAS
IMPROPER AS A MATTER OF LAW WHERE THE SAME WAS BASED ON
A MOTION WHICH IS CONSIDERED A NULLITY UNDER OHIO LAW.
{¶ 8} “Interlocutory orders are subject to motions for reconsideration, whereas
judgments and final orders are not.” Pitts v. Ohio Dept. of Transp., 67 Ohio St. 2d 378,
379, 423 N.E.2d 1105 (1981), fn. 1. An order denying a motion for summary judgment is
interlocutory, so until a final judgment is entered, a trial court may reconsider and modify
it. Citizens Fed. Bank, F.S.B. v. Brickler, 114 Ohio App. 3d 401, 411, 683 N.E.2d 358 (2d
Dist.1996) (“Until a final judgment is entered in the case, the trial court may modify its
decision to deny the [homeowners’] motion for summary judgment. In view of that, the
court’s denial of the [homeowners’] motion for summary judgment remains an
interlocutory order.”); Barrett v. Waco Internatl., Inc., 123 Ohio App. 3d 1, 11, 702 N.E.2d
1216 (8th Dist.1997) (holding that “the trial court did not commit any error by granting [the
defendant]’s motion for reconsideration and by reconsidering its order denying [the
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defendant]’s motion for summary judgment”).
{¶ 9} In the case before us, the order overruling Wells Fargo’s motion for summary
judgment was interlocutory. Therefore, the trial court did not err by reconsidering it.
{¶ 10} Scott’s Second Assignment of Error is overruled.
III. A Genuine Issue of Material Fact Precludes Summary Judgment
{¶ 11} Scott’s First Assignment of Error alleges as follows:
THE TRIAL COURT’S ISSUANCE OF SUMMARY JUDGMENT AND
THE JUDGMENT ENTRY AND DECREE IN FORECLOSURE WERE
IMPROPER AS A MATTER OF LAW WHERE THERE WERE ISSUES OF
MATERIAL FACT FOR TRIAL.
{¶ 12} Scott raises two issues under his First Assignment of Error challenging the
granting of summary judgment in favor of Wells Fargo. First, he contends that the
mortgage assignment to Wells Fargo is invalid. Scott also contends that his affidavit
adequately rebutted Wells Fargo’s claim that he received notice of default, and therefore
a genuine issue of fact remains as to whether all of the conditions precedent to bringing
the foreclosure action were satisfied.
{¶ 13} Summary judgment is appropriate when the moving party demonstrates
that: (1) there is no genuine issue of material fact; (2) the moving party is entitled to
judgment as a matter of law; and (3) reasonable minds can come to but one conclusion
when viewing the evidence most strongly in favor of the nonmoving party, and that
conclusion is adverse to the nonmoving party. Hudson v. Petrosurance, Inc., 127 Ohio
St.3d 54, 2010-Ohio-4505, 936 N.E.2d 481, ¶ 29; Sinnott v. Aqua-Chem, Inc., 116 Ohio
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St.3d 158, 2007-Ohio-5584, 876 N.E.2d 1217, ¶ 29. When reviewing a summary
judgment, an appellate court conducts a de novo review. Grafton v. Ohio Edison Co., 77
Ohio St. 3d 102, 105, 671 N.E.2d 241 (1996). “De Novo review means that this court
uses the same standard that the trial court should have used, and we examine the
evidence to determine whether as a matter of law no genuine issues exist for trial.”
Brewer v. Cleveland City Schools Bd. of Edn., 122 Ohio App. 3d 378, 383, 701 N.E.2d
1023 (8th Dist.1997), citing Dupler v. Mansfield Journal Co., 64 Ohio St. 2d 116, 119-20,
413 N.E.2d 1187 (1980). Therefore, the trial court’s decision is not granted deference by
the reviewing appellate court. Brown v. Scioto Cty. Bd. Of Commrs., 87 Ohio App. 3d 704,
711, 622 N.E.2d 1153 (4th Dist.1993).
{¶ 14} “To properly support a motion for summary judgment in a foreclosure action,
a plaintiff must present evidentiary-quality materials showing: (1) the movant is the holder
of the note and mortgage, or is a party entitled to enforce the instrument; (2) if the movant
is not the original mortgagee, the chain of assignments and transfers; (3) the mortgagor is
in default; (4) all conditions precedent have been met; and (5) the amount of principal and
interest due.” JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. v. Chenoweth, 2d Dist. Montgomery No.
25923, 2014-Ohio-3507, ¶ 20; Nationstar Mtge., LLC v. West, Montgomery Nos. 25813,
25837, 2014-Ohio-735, ¶ 16; JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. v. Massey, 2d Dist.
Montgomery No. 25459, 2013-Ohio-5620, ¶ 20.
{¶ 15} The moving party bears the initial burden to demonstrate the absence of a
genuine issue of material fact for each of the elements of its claim. Mitseff v. Wheeler, 38
Ohio St. 3d 112, 115, 526 N.E.2d 798 (1988); Wells Fargo Bank, N.A. v. Goebel, 2d Dist.
Montgomery No. 26244, 2015-Ohio-38, ¶ 16. Only if this burden is met, the non-moving
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party then has the burden of providing sufficient evidence to prove that there is a
material issue of fact that is genuinely contested. Goebel at ¶ 17. “Throughout, the
evidence must be construed in favor of the nonmoving party.” Id. In a foreclosure
proceeding, when the lender moves for summary judgment, submitting an affidavit in
support of its motion, and then the borrower submits an affidavit rebutting an allegation
made by the lender regarding a material issue of fact, the court must view this evidence in
the light most favorable to the borrower and find that there is a genuine issue of material
fact. RBS Citizens, N.A. v. Vernyi, 9th Dist. Summit No. 26046, 2012-Ohio-2178, ¶ 13.
{¶ 16} Scott admits that he executed the note and mortgage to Argent Mortgage
Company, LLC. The document assigning the Mortgage from Argent to Wells Fargo,
attached to the complaint as Exh. C, is signed not by Argent but by its attorney-in-fact, Citi
Residential Lending, Inc. Scott contends that, under Ohio law, and specifically R.C.
1705.35, a limited liability company (LLC) cannot delegate authority to transfer property
like a mortgage. R.C. 1705.35 provides that documents providing for acquisition of
property of an LLC are valid if signed by one of the LLC members or a manager if
management was not reserved to the members. Nothing in that statute prohibits an LLC
from acting through a power of attorney. Pursuant to R.C. 1705.03, an LLC has broad
powers. Pursuant to R.C. 1337.01, an interest in property, including a mortgage, may be
transferred by a power of attorney. We have found no authority for appellant’s argument
that Argent was precluded from assigning the mortgage by and through a power of
attorney.
{¶ 17} Although the lender is required to establish standing in order to meet its
burden of proof in a foreclosure action, the borrower’s ability to challenge standing by
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attacking the assignment is limited. “[C]ourts in Ohio have held that ‘because a debtor is
not a party to the assignment of a note and mortgage, the debtor lacks standing to
challenge their validity.’ ” Bank of New York Mellon v. Clancy, 2d Dist. Montgomery No.
25823, 2014-Ohio-1975, ¶ 33-35, quoting Deutsche Bank Natl. Trust Co. v. Whiteman,
10th Dist. Franklin No. 12AP-536, 2013-Ohio-1636, ¶ 16. A different analysis may result
if the note and mortgage specifically prohibited or limited any assignment or it is
established or acknowledged that the borrower is a third party beneficiary to the
assignment, but that is not the case here. Accordingly, Scott has not demonstrated that
he has standing to challenge the validity of the mortgage assignment.
{¶ 18} Scott also contends that Wells Fargo failed to satisfy all of the conditions
precedent to foreclosure. Scott specifically stated, in his answer, that he did not receive
notice of default and was not given an opportunity to cure the default. This statement in
Scott’s answer complied with Civ.R. 9(C), which established as a valid defense the issue
of whether conditions precedent were met.
{¶ 19} “Where prior notice of default and/or acceleration is required by a provision
in a note or mortgage instrument, the provision of notice is a condition precedent subject
to Civ.R. 9(C).” First Financial Bank v. Doellman, 12th Dist. Butler No. CA2006-02-029,
2007-Ohio-222, ¶ 20. See also U.S. Bank v. Stanze, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 25554,
2013-Ohio-2474, ¶13-18. Civ.R. 9(C) pertinently provides that “[i]n pleading the
performance or occurrence of conditions precedent, it is sufficient to aver generally that
all conditions precedent have been performed or have occurred. A denial of
performance or occurrence shall be made specifically and with particularity.”
{¶ 20} In the case before us, both the note and mortgage require that a default
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notice must be given to the borrower prior to foreclosure. The mortgage states, “Lender
shall give notice to Borrower prior to acceleration following Borrower’s breach of any
covenant or agreement in this Security Instrument * * *.” Dkt. 1, Exh. B ¶ 22. Similarly,
the note, states, “If the Lender exercises the option to require immediate payment in full,
Lender shall give Borrower notice of acceleration.” Dkt. 1, Exh. A, ¶ 11. The note also
provides, “If I [Borrower] am in default, the Note Holder may send me a written notice
telling me that if I do not pay the overdue amount by a certain date, the Note Holder may
require me to pay immediately the full amount of principal which has not been paid and all
the interest that I owe on that amount.” Dkt. 1, Exh. A, ¶ 7(C).
{¶ 21} With regard to delivery of the notice, the note provides, that “[u]nless
applicable law requires a different method, any notice that must be given to me under this
Note will be given by delivering it or mailing it by first class mail to me at the Property
Address above * * *.” Dkt. 1, Exh. A, ¶ 8. (Emphasis added). The mortgage provides
that, “any notice to Borrower in connection with this Security Instrument shall be deemed
to have been given to Borrower when mailed by first class mail or when actually delivered
to Borrower’s notice address if sent by other means.” Dkt. 1, Exh. B, ¶ 15. (Emphasis
added).
{¶ 22} Wells Fargo submitted evidence, through the affidavit filed in support of its
motion for summary judgment, that it sent Scott notice of his default and gave him at least
30 days to cure the default. Dkt. 22. The affidavit states that this notice was sent to Scott
on May 7, 2013, but the affidavit does not state whether it was sent by first class mail, as
required by the contract, or by certified mail, to assure proof of delivery. Id. The notice is
dated May 7, 2013, and is addressed to Scott at the address of the mortgaged property.
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Dkt. 22, Exh. C. Scott supported his opposition to summary judgment with his own
affidavit, in which he avers that he did not receive notice of default. Dkt. 29. The issue
before us is whether Scott’s affidavit was sufficient to create a genuine issue of fact as to
whether Wells Fargo satisfied all conditions precedent to foreclosure. To determine this
issue and review the summary judgment award, we must conduct a de novo review.
Mishler v. Hale, 2014-Ohio-5805, 26 N.E.3d 1260, ¶ 19 (2d Dist.), citing Grafton v. Ohio
Edison Co., 77 Ohio St. 3d 102, 671 N.E.2d 241 (1996).
{¶ 23} The precedent established in First Financial Bank v. Doellman, 12th Dist.
No. CA2006-02-029, 2007-Ohio-222, leads us to conclude that Scott did create a genuine
issue of material fact whether a notice of default was properly sent to him because the
lender failed to establish that the letter was sent by 1st class mail, as required by the
terms of the mortgage and Scott submitted a contradictory affidavit that he did not receive
the notice. In Doellman, the notice of default was not considered proper evidence
because it was not attached and authenticated by the lender’s affidavit and the affidavit
failed to verify that the lender met the terms of the contract, which required the notice to
be sent by certified mail. Id. at ¶ 28.
{¶ 24} We acknowledge that three other appellate districts have held that the
lender meets its summary judgment burden by submitting an affidavit that it sent the
notice to the borrower, without any additional proof of whether it was properly sent or
whether it was actually delivered. However, one of the cases is factually distinguishable.
In U.S. Natl. Bank Assn. v. Martz , 11th Dist. Portage No. 2013-P-0028, 2013-Ohio-4555,
¶ 21, the borrower’s failure to comply with Civ.R. 9(C) led the court to conclude that the
question of whether conditions precedent were met was not a genuine issue of material
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fact. We agree that compliance with Civ.R. 9(C) is a threshold requirement that must be
followed before the conditions-precedent defense may be pursued.
{¶ 25} In CitiMortgage, Inc. v. Loncar, 7th Dist. Mahoning No. 11 MA 174,
2013-Ohio-2959, the court was presented with conflicting affidavits from the lender and
borrower raising the issue of whether the notice of acceleration was received. Although
the court acknowledged that the lender’s affidavit was inartfully worded, and did not
contain any factual assertion of the method of mailing or delivering the notice, the court,
nonetheless found that the conflicting affidavits did not create a genuine issue of fact. Id.
at ¶ 28. See also Bank of Am., N.A. v. Curtin, 2014-Ohio-5379, 24 N.E.3d 1217, ¶ 23
(11th Dist.); LSF6 Mercury REO Invests. Trust Series 2008-1 v. Locke, 10th Dist. Franklin
No. 11AP-757, 2012-Ohio-4499; U.S. Bank Natl. Assn. as Trustee c/o GMAC Mtge.,
L.L.C. v. Weber, 10th Dist. Franklin No. 12AP-107, 2012-Ohio-6024, ¶ 14. We disagree
with the approach taken by these cases, which focused on whether the fact that the
lender was required to prove was whether the notice was actually received, rather than
whether it was properly sent or delivered, and rejected the borrower’s affidavit to
conclude that it did not raise a genuine issue of material fact. In summary judgment
proceedings a court may not weigh the evidence or judge the credibility of sworn
statements, properly filed in support or in opposition to a summary judgment motion, and
must construe the evidence in favor of the non-moving party. “[A]t the summary
judgment stage the judge’s function is not himself to weigh the evidence and determine
the truth of the matter but to determine whether there is a genuine issue for trial.”
Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 249, 106 S. Ct. 2505, 91 L. Ed. 2d 202
(1986). “The evidence of the non-movant is to be believed, and all justifiable inferences
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are to be drawn in his favor.” Id. at 255. “[W]hen reviewing a motion for summary
judgment, a court must be careful not to weigh the evidence or judge the credibility of
witnesses. * * * Instead, it must consider all of the evidence and reasonable inferences
that can be drawn from the evidentiary materials in favor of the nonmoving party.”
Wheeler v. Johnson, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 22178, 2008-Ohio-2599, ¶ 28.
{¶ 26} When a borrower complies with Civ.R. 9(C), and properly identifies a
specific issue regarding the lender’s compliance with conditions precedent, then that
issue becomes a genuine issue that must be resolved in the foreclosure action. In the
case before us, we conclude that Scott’s affidavit, averring that he did not actually receive
a copy of the notice of default, created a genuine issue of fact as to whether all conditions
precedent had been satisfied. From Scott’s affidavit avering that he did not receive the
notice of default a reasonable inference can be drawn that the notice was not properly
sent, since first-class mail, if not returned, is ordinarily delivered to the addressee. In the
summary judgment process, when a genuine issue of fact is presented by conflicting
affidavits, the trial court must reserve its judgment on the credibility of the affiants by
setting the matter for trial. Only the trier of fact has the discretion to weigh the credibility
of the testimony to determine the material facts.
{¶ 27} In the case before us, a reasonable inference can be drawn from the facts
presented in the contradictory affidavits, when construed most strongly in Scott’s favor, to
indicate that a genuine issue of material fact exists regarding whether the notice of default
was properly sent. Accordingly, the trial court erred by rejecting the existence of a
genuine issue on whether conditions precedent were satisfied. On remand, the finder of
fact must determine, after consideration of all relevant evidence submitted by both
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parties, tested, where appropriate, by cross-examination, whether Wells Fargo did, in fact
cause notice of default to be sent to Scott as required by the Note and Mortgage.
{¶ 28} Scott’s First Assignment of Error is Sustained.
IV. Conclusion
{¶ 29} Scott’s First Assignment of Error having been sustained, and Scott’s
Second Assignment of Error having been overruled, the judgment of the trial court is
Reversed, and this cause is Remanded for further proceedings consistent with this
opinion.
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FROELICH, P.J., concurring:
{¶ 30} I concur that there is a genuine issue of material fact regarding compliance
with the terms of the note and mortgage. A contract term that allows the lender to
proceed to foreclosure without serving the borrower with the notice of default and/or
notice of acceleration, including notice of the opportunity to cure the default, defeats the
purposes of the notices and frustrates principles of equity that apply to foreclosure
actions.
{¶ 31} The notice of default and notice of acceleration provisions at issue reflect
an intent to provide Scott with an opportunity to cure the default. The mortgage provides
that the notice of acceleration shall specify “the action required to cure the default” and
“shall further inform the borrower of the right to reinstate after acceleration and the right to
assert in the foreclosure proceeding the non-existence of a default or any other defense
of Borrower to acceleration and foreclosure.” The notice of default, which Wells Fargo
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avers was sent to Scott, contains numerous disclosures directed to the borrower’s
opportunity to cure the default and the “right to reinstate the loan”, and offers to “work with
bankruptcy lawyers, foreclosure defense lawyers, housing counselors, and other
authorized representatives.” An attachment to the notice includes a warning about
foreclosure rescue scams and provides contact information for free help through HUD
Approved Housing Counselors. The notice concludes with this statement regarding the
lender’s intention:
If you have the desire to remedy this situation, we want to assist you in
trying to reach that goal. OCWEN would like to present you with some of
the alternatives that may be available to you regarding your delinquent
mortgage loan. While our primary objective is the collection of past due
amounts on your loan, we want to work with you to find the best alternative
for you to bring your mortgage loan obligation current.
{¶ 32} The document terms express the intention of the lender to allow a
meaningful opportunity to address the default before the institution of a foreclosure
action. If this information is not delivered to the borrower, the purpose of providing notice
of the opportunity to cure the default is not met.
{¶ 33} The parties’ dispute centers around the language of the notice
requirements. The note requires that notice be “given by delivering it or by mailing it by
first class mail”; the mortgage provides that notice will be “deemed to have been given to
Borrower when mailed by first class mail or when actually delivered to Borrower’s notice
address if sent by other means.” Wells Fargo and Scott submitted competing affidavits,
with Wells Fargo stating that notice was sent by first class mail and Scott stating that it
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was not received. The issue before us is whether Scott’s affidavit was sufficient to create
a genuine issue of fact as to whether Wells Fargo satisfied all conditions precedent to
foreclosure. This requires us to interpret the terms of the agreements that address how
the notice of default is to be given to the borrower.
{¶ 34} The notice provision in the note uses different terms, including “mailed,”
“delivered,” and “given.” While the term “mailed” does not necessarily imply actual
receipt, the ordinary meaning of the terms “delivered” and “given” imply that the intended
recipient actually obtains a copy of the notice. The mortgage requires the default notice
to be in writing and “deems” it to have been “given” when it is mailed to the borrower
(although it does not deem it to have been given to the lender when it is mailed by the
borrower; notice to the lender requires proof that the lender actually received the notice.)
The ordinary meaning of the verb “deemed” means “regarded as or considered in a
specific way.”1
{¶ 35} Deeming something to have occurred is no different than the legal concept
of creating a presumption. Civ.R. 4.6 uses the word “deemed” in reference to service by
regular mail, providing that “[s]ervice is deemed complete when the fact of mailing is
entered of record,” and it is well established that regular mail service creates a rebuttable
presumption of service. Griffin v. Braswell, 187 Ohio App. 3d 281, 2010-Ohio-1597, 931
N.E.2d 1131, ¶ 15 (6th Dist.). In my view, the language of the notice provisions of the
note and mortgage, read in the context of the entire agreements, means that the mailing
of a notice by first class mail creates a rebuttable presumption that notice has been given.
1
http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/deem (accessed July
1, 2015).
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{¶ 36} The notice provision of the mortgage, just as Civ.R. 4.6, does not use the
phrase “irrebuttably deemed,” or any other language that mandates that mere mailing is,
per se, sufficient. It is also significant that the terms of the note require the notice to be in
writing and delivered or mailed by first class mail, but does not contain the same
“deeming” language or any other language that may create a rebuttable or irrebuttable
presumption of service.
{¶ 37} In addition, equitable principles, particularly those involved in foreclosure
actions, support a conclusion that a borrower must receive a notice of default or notice of
acceleration prior to the institution of a foreclosure action. Foreclosure actions arise in
equity, and “when a party raises an equitable defense, it is the responsibility of the court to
weigh the equitable considerations.” Wells Fargo Bank, N.A. v. Goebel, 2d Dist.
Montgomery No. 26244, 2015-Ohio-38, ¶ 22-23. In Ohio, a mortgagor has an equitable
and statutory right of redemption, which allows the mortgagor to redeem the property in
foreclosure at any time prior to confirmation of sale. See, e.g., Wells Fargo Bank, N.A. v.
Young, 2d Dist. Darke No. 2009 CA 12, 2011-Ohio-122, ¶ 23; Hausman v. Dayton, 73
Ohio St. 3d 671, 676, 653 N.E.2d 1190 (1995), citing Women’s Fed. Sav. Bank v.
Pappadakes, 38 Ohio St. 3d 143, 146, 527 N.E.2d 792 (1988). A borrower is only able to
meet the conditions of redemption and make arrangements to address the default when
the borrower is made aware of the options available. Equitable principles provide
support for a court to interpret and apply the terms of the note in a way that promotes the
opportunity to cure a default.
{¶ 38} Contracts between lenders and consumers may be approached with some
skepticism, when one-sided rules favor the party with much greater bargaining power.
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Williams v. Aetna Fin. Co., 83 Ohio St. 3d 464, 472, 700 N.E.2d 859 (1998). For
example, in the case before us, the contract term in the mortgage regarding service of
notices is one-sided by allowing any notice to served on the borrower by simply placing it
in the mail, but requiring actual receipt by the lender for any notice that must be served on
the lender. It is not that the mortgage contract is invalid as a contract of adhesion; rather,
I am concluding that the principles of equity under the facts and circumstances of this
case dictate that a provision of the mortgage and note should be interpreted in a way to
best effectuate the rights of the parties, including the borrower’s opportunity to cure a
default.
{¶ 39} Proving notice is not an impossible burden on lenders. Lenders, as well
as all other persons who initiate litigation, are compelled to provide defendants with notice
of the complaint and summons in order to complete service of process in accordance with
the Rules of Civil Procedure. It is not overly burdensome to expect lenders to notify
borrowers in a manner similar to that established by the Civil Rules for service of process.
As a practical matter, the burden is no greater on the lender to establish compliance than
it is on the borrower to establish lack of service.
{¶ 40} Each could present affidavits or engage in discovery to establish the
pertinent facts. Proof of service of the notice could be evidenced by the testimony of the
servicing agent(s) who had verbal contact with Scott regarding his default. The lender
can use requests for admissions, take Scott’s deposition, or employ any other discovery
method to challenge the believability of his protestations of non-receipt. The lender
could explain its routine practices, how service of the notice was processed, when and
where the notice was sent, or what other verbal and written communications were made
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with the borrower regarding the default. The borrower could present facts to establish
why the notice was not received, including the dates when the borrower occupied and
vacated the residence and the last date and content of any communication made with the
lender regarding the status of the loan.
{¶ 41} The trier of fact’s responsibility to determine the factual issue of receipt of
the notice is similar to the court’s role in evaluating a Civ.R. 60(B) motion when a
defendant supports the motion with a self-serving affidavit that he or she did not receive
service of process: the court may hold a hearing to determine the affiant’s credibility.
E.g., Portfolio Recovery Assoc., L.L.C. v. Thacker, 2d Dist. Clark No. 2008 CA 119,
2009-Ohio-4406, ¶ 31; Cincinnati Ins. Co. v. Lafitte, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 21055,
2006-Ohio-1806, ¶ 7. After conducting a hearing and evaluating the testimony on the
matter, a trial court is permitted to find that the defendant’s evidence and testimony is not
sufficiently credible and that the presumption of valid service of process has not been
satisfactorily rebutted, or the court may find that there was not compliance in which case
the judgment must be vacated. See, e.g., Thacker at ¶ 31; Ohio Civ. Rights Comm. v.
First Am. Properties, Inc., 113 Ohio App. 3d 233, 238-39, 680 N.E.2d 725 (2d Dist.1996);
Lafitte at ¶ 8.
{¶ 42} I would conclude that Wells Fargo’s affidavit that service was sent created
a rebuttable presumption of service of the notice, but Scott’s affidavit, averring that he did
not receive a copy of the notice of default, sufficiently rebutted the presumption that all
conditions precedent had been satisfied. For summary judgment purposes, the burden
then shifted back to Wells Fargo to prove that it did comply with the requirements in the
note and mortgage to prevail on its summary judgment motion.
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.............
HALL, J.,dissenting:
{¶ 43} I would affirm the summary judgment granted by the trial court. Here the
notice provisions in both the Mortgage and the Note require that on default, notice must
be sent to the borrower. The Mortgage states, in paragraph 22: “Lender shall give notice
to Borrower prior to acceleration following Borrower’s breach of any covenant or
agreement in this Security Instrument * * *.” Similarly, the Note, in paragraph 7(C) states:
“If I [Borrower] am in default, the Note Holder may send me a written notice telling me that
if I do not pay the overdue amount by a certain date, the Note Holder may require me to
pay immediately the full amount of principal which has not been paid and all the interest
that I owe on that amount.” The Note further provides, in paragraph 8, that “any notice that
must be given to me under this Note will be given by delivering it or mailing it by first class
mail to me at the Property Address above * * *.” Both the Mortgage and the Note give the
borrower at least 30 days after the notice is “given” (paragraph 22 of the Mortgage) or
“mailed” (paragraph 7(C) of the Note) to cure the default. None of these provisions
requires the borrower to have received the sent notice.
{¶ 44} Wells Fargo submitted uncontradicted evidence that it sent Scott notice of
his default and gave him at least 30 days to cure. Attached to its summary-judgment
motion is a supporting affidavit, attached to which is a copy of a notice of default. The
affidavit states that this notice was sent to Scott on May 7, 2013. The notice is dated May
7, 2013, and is addressed to Scott at the address of the mortgaged property. The notice
states that Scott has until June 7, 2013, to bring his account current before the right to
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foreclosure may be sought. Scott supported his opposition to summary judgment with
only his own affidavit. In it he avers that he did not receive notice of default. But he does
not aver that notice was never sent.
{¶ 45} Wells Fargo’s evidence, that notice of default was sent to Scott is
uncontradicted, so the notice provisions in the Mortgage and Note are satisfied. An
affidavit by the borrower that he did not receive the notice under these circumstances
does not raise a genuine issue of material fact. Bank of Am., N.A. v. Staples, 7th Dist.,
Mahoning No. 14 MA 109, 2015-Ohio-2094, ¶ 67 (notice requirement required only
mailing and the lack of confirmation of delivery did not preclude summary judgment),
citing with approval Wells Fargo Bank v. Murphy, 7th Dist. Mahoning No. 13 MA 35,
2014-Ohio-2937 at ¶¶ 32–37 (an appellant's sworn statement that he did not receive
notice does not create genuine issue precluding summary judgment where bank's
affidavit stated that the notice was mailed); LSF6 Mercury REO Invests.Trust Series
2008-1 c/o Vericrest Fin., Inc. v. Locke, 10th Dist. Franklin No. 11AP-757,
2012-Ohio-4499, ¶¶ 14-16 (judgment appropriate when mortgage provided that notice of
default was complete upon mailing despite defendant’s averment that he did not receive
the notice.) Compare Bank of Am. v. Curtin, 2014-Ohio-5379, 24 N.E.3d 1217, ¶ 23 (11th
Dist.) (“In order to satisfy the notice provisions of the Note and Mortgage, * * * it is only
necessary that [the bank] demonstrate that it mailed the notice, not that [the borrower]
actually received it. As [the bank]’s evidence that notice was sent remains
uncontradicted, the notice provisions must be deemed satisfied.”).
{¶ 46} Contrary to the opinions of my colleagues, I agree with the holdings of the
Seventh, Tenth and Eleventh Districts that when evidence is presented to show a default
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notice was mailed, and the note or mortgage provide that notice is complete upon mailing,
summary judgment is appropriate when mailing is uncontradicted. An affidavit by the
borrower that he did not receive the notice may present a theoretical or hypothetical
question but it does not create a genuine issue of material fact about whether the notice
was sent. I would affirm the judgment of the trial court.
.............
Copies mailed to:
Benjamin D. Carnahan
Hunter G. Cavell
Worrell A. Reid
Nolan Thomas
Hon. Michael W. Krumholtz