State v. Aquilar

[Cite as State v. Aquilar, 2021-Ohio-841.]
COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
EIGHTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
COUNTY OF CUYAHOGA
STATE OF OHIO, :
Plaintiff-Appellee, :
No. 109283
v. :
RAFAEL AQUILAR, :
Defendant-Appellant. :
JOURNAL ENTRY AND OPINION
JUDGMENT: AFFIRMED
RELEASED AND JOURNALIZED: March 18, 2021
Criminal Appeal from the Cuyahoga County Court of Common Pleas
Case No. CR-19-640603-A
Appearances:
Michael C. O’Malley, Cuyahoga County Prosecuting
Attorney, and Denise J. Salerno, Assistant Prosecuting
Attorney, for appellee.
Cullen Sweeney, Cuyahoga County Public Defender, and
Aaron T. Baker, Assistant Public Defender, for appellant.
EILEEN A. GALLAGHER, J.:
Defendant-appellant Rafael Aquilar appeals from the judgment of the
Cuyahoga County Court of Common Pleas sentencing him to an aggregate nine-year
prison sentence after he pleaded guilty to six sex offenses involving two children.
The court ordered Aquilar to serve two of the sentences consecutively and it is that
aspect of his sentence which he challenges on appeal. We affirm.
Assignment of Error
Aquilar raises one assignment of error:
The trial court’s consecutive sentencing of Mr. Aquilar was clearly and
convincingly not supported by the record where Mr. Aquilar was a first
time criminal offender brought to court at the age of 45 with no other
convictions of any kind, nor any indication in the record that he was a
risk to re-offend.
Background
Aquilar was indicted on nine felony counts involving the sexual abuse
of two children over the course of approximately five years. He pleaded guilty to six
counts: one count of attempted rape, a second-degree felony, four counts of gross
sexual imposition, all third-degree felonies and one count of disseminating matter
harmful to juveniles, a fourth-degree felony.
The trial court imposed a seven-year term for the attempted rape
count to be served consecutively to a two-year term for one gross sexual imposition
count. The court imposed lesser and concurrent terms for the remaining four counts
that subsumed into the larger sentence.
Eight of the nine counts of the indictment and five of the six counts to
which Aquilar pleaded guilty, i.e., all but one count of gross sexual imposition,
involved the same victim, M.P. (d.o.b. 5/9/03). The crimes committed against her
began when she was approximately five years of age. The remaining count to which
Aquilar pleaded guilty involved M.P.’s younger sister B.P. (d.o.b. 11/27/07) and
occurred when B.P. was approximately five years of age.
Aquilar’s access to the girls and his ability to perpetrate this abuse
stemmed from the relationship between two families. Aquilar’s brother and his
brother’s family were very close with the victims’ family. Both families came from
Mexico and shared the same culture. They relied on each other. Their young
children were friends. M.P. would ride to school with the brother’s family.
Aquilar regularly visited his brother. It was through these visits that
Aquilar was able to gain the trust of the family and access to M.P. and B.P. All of the
children liked Aquilar. He took them shopping. At sentencing, the victims’ father
explained, “[t]his person [Aquilar] looked of good feelings and sincere. I never
imagined that he could hurt my daughter and did the same with my second
daughter, [B.P.], also abusing her.”
Nevertheless, Aquilar groomed M.P. and as he preyed on her the
abuse intensified. What began as Aquilar touching M.P. over her clothing escalated
into him forcing her to touch his penis, forcibly removing her clothes, and
attempting to penetrate her. He showed her pornography while he touched her
breasts and vagina and forced her to touch his penis. Aquilar made this abuse a
precondition for rewards and nice things that M.P. and the other children wanted
e.g., taking them to McDonald’s.
M.P. recalled an incident where she went to the other family’s house
and only Aquilar was home. Aquilar encouraged her to stay until the family returned
but she wanted to leave. Aquilar grabbed her by the arm and pulled her into a
bathroom. He touched her over and under her clothing and kissed her on the mouth.
She tried to leave. Aquilar chased her, pulled his pants down and tried to vaginally
penetrate her.
B.P. also related an incident where Aquilar took her into a garage near
a pool table. He pulled at her clothing and touched her body, over and under, her
clothing.
The abuse appears to have continued until Aquilar moved out of the
area and no longer had access to the victims.
At the sentencing hearing both girls, as well as their parents,
addressed the court and discussed the extent of the abuse as well as the lasting
impact it has had on them individually as well as collectively as a family. Both
victims suffer psychological trauma from the abuse.
M.P. read from a statement that she prepared explaining how the
abuse affected her:
I feel like the whole situation affected the way I view men. I feel like
when it comes to grown me, they’re just all the same. My childhood
was not how I wanted it to be.
The prosecutor continued to read from M.P.’s statement:
I’ve been thinking about everything that happened to me in the past
and it’s been on and off my mind at random hours. I can be in a good
mood and, once I think about it, I just stay in those thoughts. The
things you did disgust me, especially the fact that you did it to my
younger sister [B.P.].
B.P. discussed how the abuse impacted her:
Whenever I think about it, my mood changes. When I leave my room I
act normal because I don’t want anybody to know why I’m upset. I also
feel different about men. When I see men around me I feel nervous and
not safe.
Aquilar addressed the court and victims at sentencing. He asked for
forgiveness. Aquilar admitted he “made mistakes” and said that he accepted
responsibility for them. He asked the court to “find it in your heart to give me a
reasonable sentence so that I can then go on with my life.”
As the trial court did not order a presentence investigation report
following advisement from Aquilar’s counsel as to his immigration status,1 there is
no indication of a criminal record. The court explained that “[it] would not have
been beneficial or helpful because there’s not much we could have learned.”
The court was made aware that Aquilar was currently an
undocumented immigrant and was in the country illegally and, moreover, that he
had twice been deported and reentered the country after each deportation,
apparently using an alias. Moreover, his counsel indicated that following release
from prison Aquilar would face deportation again.
The trial court addressed what it did know about Aquilar’s criminal
history:
But what I look at is, and I asked about it, your deportation two times.
I think that just shows a disregard for the law that you were deported
here twice. And that is something that weighs heavily on me.
1 In lieu of a presentence investigation report the court permitted Aquilar and the
state to submit sentencing memoranda for consideration.
The court also observed that the harm Aquilar caused M.P. and B.P.
was “lifelong.” The court emphasized that Aquilar’s relationship with the victims
facilitated his crimes against them:
The fact that you had access to these children for one reason and that’s
because your brother lived next-door, they were friends with your
brother’s children, they would go over to that house. Their parents
knew your brother, they met you and you, according to the father,
seemed like a nice guy, a trustworthy guy. They gave you access to their
child, or children, because they trusted that you would take care of
them. * * * You violated that trust.
The court ordered that Aquilar serve the two-year term imposed on
the gross sexual imposition count pertaining to B.P. consecutive to the seven-year
term imposed on his attempted rape of M.P., finding:
I believe that the consecutive sentence is necessary to protect and
punish and it’s not disproportionate. And I find that the crime is so
great or unusual that a single term does not adequately reflect the
seriousness of your conduct.
Analysis
Aquilar does not dispute that the trial court made the requisite
statutory findings before imposing consecutive sentences.2 On appeal, he contends
that the record does not support those findings.
2 Although Aquilar does not dispute that the trial court made the requisite findings
we nevertheless observe that in making those findings the court need not recite the
statutory language verbatim. State v. Wilkins, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 109368, 2021-
Ohio-311, ¶ 12, quoting State v. Bonnell, 140 Ohio St.3d 209, 2014-Ohio-3177, 16 N.E.3d
659, ¶ 12 (“‘[A]s long as the reviewing court can discern that the trial court engaged in the
correct analysis and can determine that the record contains evidence to support the
findings, consecutive sentences should be upheld.’”).
To impose consecutive sentences, a trial court must find that (1)
consecutive sentences are necessary to protect the public from future crime or to
punish the offender, (2) consecutive sentences are not disproportionate to the
seriousness of the offender’s conduct and to the danger the offender poses to the
public and (3) at least one of the following applies:
(a) The offender committed one or more of the multiple offenses while
the offender was awaiting trial or sentencing, was under a sanction
imposed pursuant to section 2929.16, 2929.17, or 2929.18 of the
Revised Code, or was under post-release control for a prior offense.
(b) At least two of the multiple offenses were committed as part of one
or more courses of conduct, and the harm caused by two or more of the
multiple offenses so committed was so great or unusual that no single
prison term for any of the offenses committed as part of any of the
courses of conduct adequately reflects the seriousness of the offender’s
conduct.
(c) The offender’s history of criminal conduct demonstrates that
consecutive sentences are necessary to protect the public from future
crime by the offender.
R.C. 2929.14(C)(4).
The trial court must make the requisite findings in support of the
imposition of consecutive sentences at the sentencing hearing and incorporate those
findings into its sentencing journal entry. State v. Bonnell, 140 Ohio St.3d 209,
2014-Ohio-3177, 16 N.E.3d 659, syllabus. In so doing, “‘the [trial] court must note
that it engaged in the analysis’ and that it ‘has considered the statutory criteria and
specifie[d] which of the given bases warrants its decision.’” Bonnell at ¶ 26, quoting
State v. Edmonson, 86 Ohio St.3d 324, 326, 715 N.E.2d 131 (1999). “[A]s long as the
reviewing court can discern that the trial court engaged in the correct analysis and
can determine that the record contains evidence to support the findings, consecutive
sentences should be upheld.” Bonnell at ¶ 29. When considering whether the trial
court has made the requisite findings, an appellate court must view the trial court’s
statements on the record “in their entirety.” See, e.g., State v. Blevins, 2017-Ohio-
4444, 93 N.E.3d 246, ¶ 23, 25 (8th Dist.).
There are two ways a defendant can challenge consecutive sentences
on appeal. State v. Tidmore, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 107369, 2019-Ohio-1529, ¶ 15.
First, the defendant can argue that consecutive sentences are contrary to law
because the trial court failed to make the required R.C. 2929.14(C)(4) findings. See
R.C. 2953.08(G)(2)(b). Second, the defendant can argue that the record clearly and
convincingly does not support the findings made by the trial court under R.C.
2929.14(C)(4). See R.C. 2953.08(G)(2)(a).
Aquilar asserts that there was no basis in the record by which the trial
court could have concluded “that the public at large needed protecting from [him],”
that the consecutive sentence was “necessary to punish [him]” or that “he would be
inclined to commit such crimes again.” In framing his argument as such, however,
Aquilar misapprehends the limited scope of our review. As this court has previously
explained:
[T]he clear and convincing standard used by R.C. 2953.08(G)(2) is
written in the negative. It does not say that the trial judge must have
clear and convincing evidence to support its findings. Instead, it is the
court of appeals that must clearly and convincingly find that the record
does not support the court’s findings. In other words, the restriction is
on the appellate court, not the trial judge. This is an extremely
deferential standard of review.
State v. Venes, 2013-Ohio-1891, 992 N.E.2d 453 (8th Dist.). As directed by R.C.
2953.08(G)(2), “the appellate court’s standard of review is not whether the
sentencing court abused its discretion,” let alone a de novo review of whether
consecutive sentences were warranted in the first place. Rather, we are confined to
determining whether the record clearly and convincingly does not support the trial
court’s consecutive sentence findings. R.C. 2953.08(G)(2). “‘Clear and convincing
evidence is that measure or degree of proof * * * which will produce in the mind of
the trier of facts a firm belief or conviction as to the facts sought to be
established.’” State v. Franklin, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 107482, 2019-Ohio-3760,
¶ 29, quoting Cross v. Ledford, 161 Ohio St. 469, 120 N.E.2d 118 (1954), paragraph
three of the syllabus.
Here, we do not find that the record clearly and convincingly does not
support consecutive sentences. To the contrary, as discussed above, we find ample
support underlying the court’s consecutive sentence findings. As stated, the court
emphasized the circumstances surrounding the abuse that it found particularly
striking. Aquilar was a known and trusted person to the victims and their family.
He exploited that relationship to prey upon the girls and perpetrate the abuse.
Moreover, both girls were five years old at the time of the abuse, although Aquilar
continued to abuse M.P. for many years. The victims and their family further
detailed the harm that Aquilar has caused them, including how it continues to do so
to this day. The court described it as “lifelong.” Moreover, the record indicates that
the abuse stopped only after Aquilar moved out of the area and the victims were no
longer available to him.
Nevertheless, Aquilar claims, in the absence of any support in the
record, that he has no criminal history and that he presents no risk of recidivism. In
so doing, he argues this case is similar to State v. Regalo, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No.
108430, 2020-Ohio-917, a case that also involved sexual crimes against children, in
which this court vacated an order of consecutive sentences. In Regalo, we found no
support in the record for the trial court’s finding that consecutive sentences were
necessary to protect the public from future crime and were not disproportionate the
danger the defendant posed to the public. Id. at ¶ 18-19. In that case, the record
affirmatively demonstrated by way of a presentence investigation report that, aside
from some traffic convictions, the defendant had “no criminal record” and further
was found to be a low recidivism risk. Id. at ¶ 19.
We find that Regalo is distinguishable. Here, there was no
presentence investigation report and the record is otherwise devoid of any
indication that consecutive sentences were not required to protect the public from
future crime and were not disproportionate to the danger Aquilar poses to the
public. Regardless of whether Aquilar’s full criminal history was known to the court,
what is clear is that at sentencing, as well as at the time of the offenses, Aquilar did
not have legal status in this country. Moreover, he had been deported from the
country twice in the past. As to recidivism, Aquilar was never determined to be a
low risk. To the contrary, the fact is that he perpetrated the abuse for approximately
five years and that it stopped only after he moved out of the area seem to indicate
the opposite. Simply put, and unlike Regalo, in this case we do not clearly and
convincingly find that the record fails to support the trial court’s findings that the
consecutive sentence was necessary to protect the public from future crime and was
not disproportionate to the danger Aquilar poses to the public.
We overrule the assignment of error.
Judgment affirmed.
It is ordered that appellee recover from appellant costs herein taxed.
The court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal.
A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to Rule 27
of the Rules of Appellate Procedure.
EILEEN A. GALLAGHER, JUDGE
SEAN C. GALLAGHER, P.J., and
LARRY A. JONES, SR., J., CONCUR