State v. Kelley

[Cite as State v. Kelley, 2012-Ohio-1095.]
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS FOR CLARK COUNTY, OHIO
STATE OF OHIO :
Plaintiff-Appellee : C.A.
CASE NO. 2011 CA 37
v. :
T.C. NO. 10CR831
TYRONE KELLEY : (Criminal appeal from
Common Pleas Court)
Defendant-Appellant :
:
..........
OPINION
Rendered on the 16th day of March , 2012.
..........
LISA M. FANNIN, Atty. Reg. No. 0082337, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, 50 E. Columbia
Street, 4th Floor, P. O. Box 1608, Springfield, Ohio 45501
Attorney for Plaintiff-Appellee
ADAM JAMES STOUT, Atty. Reg. No. 0080334, 2533 Far Hills Avenue, Dayton, Ohio 45419
Attorney for Defendant-Appellant
..........
DONOVAN, J.
{¶ 1} This matter is before the Court on the Notice of Appeal of Tyrone Kelley, filed May
2
16, 2011.
{¶ 2} On December 13, 2010, Kelley was indicted on one count of burglary, in violation
of R.C. 2911.12(A)(4), a felony of the fourth degree. On February 15, 2011, Kelley filed a notice
of alibi, which alleged that he was at the home of Yumashita Murray at the time of the offense.
Kelley was convicted by jury of the indicted charge, and he was sentenced to a one year term of
imprisonment.
{¶ 3} At trial, Katherine Rieske testified that at the time of the offense, she resided at
1018 West Columbia Street in Springfield, across the street from the home of the victims, Hansel
and Joan Kirkland, who resided at 1015 West Columbia Street. Rieske testified that on August 1,
2010, at approximately 9:45 a.m., she was sitting on her front porch smoking a cigarette. She
observed “a black male coming from the back of [Kirkland’s] home down the side of the fence * *
*.” Rieske continued
I noticed him bending down to one of their basement windows. I saw him
remove a screen, set it to the side. He stuck his body down in, I was assuming, to
see if he could maybe fit through the window.
And at that point in time, I knew he wasn’t supposed to be there, and I yelled
at him, and he came up. And as he came up, he turned and looked directly at me,
and he took off running back from the direction where he came from.
{¶ 4} Rieske stated that from her perspective she believed that the suspect was “about
six-foot, six-one, about 185 to 190 pounds” and in his late thirties or early forties. She described
him as dark-skinned and thin, and she testified that he wore black pants and “a very nice, maybe
football, baseball jersey. It had yellow and black on it.” Rieske stated that he also wore a yellow
3
and black ball cap. According to Rieske, “* * * When he came back up from what I assumed was
trying to see if he could fit through the window, I did not see the hat anymore. But when the police
came, they didn’t find the hat either, so I’m assuming that he had picked up the hat.”
{¶ 5} Rieske stated, “At first when I saw him bending down, the air conditioner was in the
way; and as I saw him removing the screen, he kind of came back up. And as he then stood up, I
yelled and said, ‘Hey, what are you doing?’ And that’s when he began to take off running.”
Rieske stated that she yelled for her boyfriend, who was inside her home, and they tried to follow
the suspect but could not locate him. Rieske testified that she had never seen the suspect before,
and she was unable to identify him in a photo spread. After observing Kelley in a standing position
in the courtroom, Rieske stated that his appearance was consistent with that of the suspect she
observed in the Kirkland’s yard.
{¶ 6} On cross-examination, Rieske stated that she has bipolar disorder and ADHD, and a
prior conviction for misdemeanor theft. She was then asked the following series of questions
regarding the photo spread she was shown:
Q. And you see in the photo up in the top, right-hand corner that’s
identified as number three, correct?
A. Yes, sir.
Q. When you look at that photo there and you look at the individual seated
back here, it’s the same person, right?
A. I would say yes.
Q. Not only is it the same person, but you can see that Mr. Kelley has a
pretty prominent bulge on the left side of his face?
4
A. Yes.
Q. Not on the photo, but as he sits in the courtroom this afternoon, you can
see that’s pretty prominent on the left side of his face?
***
A. Yes, I see the knot on his face.
{¶ 7} Officer Jerry Klark, of the Springfield Police Division, testified that he and Officer
Jerry Bowen were dispatched to the Kirklands’ home on the date of the incident. Klark stated that
he examined the window at issue, and he stated, the “screen was removed from the window. The
window was pushed in.” When asked if the window was damaged, Klark responded, “ * * * I
believe I took photos of it, but I can’t quite recall exactly. I believe part of the framing of the
window, when you push it in, was broken on it.” When asked about the way the window opens,
Klark stated, it “only goes in.”
{¶ 8} Klark testified that he photographed the scene, and he identified the photographs that
he took. After he took the photos, Klark testified that he obtained six sets of latent fingerprints
“from the window and the screen.”
{¶ 9} On cross-examination, the following exchange occurred regarding Klark’s
photographs:
Q. * * * The State’s Exhibit # 2 that you looked at, a couple things I want to
have you point out to the jury. One, directly in front of that window is an
air-conditioner unit; is that correct?
A. Right.
Q. If you’re standing on Columbia Avenue, if you’re looking from
5
Columbia Avenue back towards the back of the house, that air-conditioner unit
would be between whoever is standing on Columbia Avenue and the window,
correct?
A. Yes.
Q. On the other picture that’s on the bottom there that shows a window, that
doesn’t show damage to the window, correct?
A. Well, it’s hard to tell. This is back in August. I can’t recall where the
damage was at. You probably have to ask the owner for that.
Q. But my question is, that picture doesn’t show any damage to the
window, right?
A. Right. It’s just pushed in.
{¶ 10} Regarding the fingerprints Klark obtained, he described the process he employs to
lift the prints, and he indicated that he retrieved the prints from a “screen and window frame.”
{¶ 11} On re-direct examination, the following exchange occurred regarding the photos in
State’s Exhibit # 1:
Q. * * * the point of reference from 1018 West Columbia across the street,
does that give you a better angle of the window than if you were straight ahead from
the house? * * *
A. You should be able to see. I mean, this is 1018 here, and this is the side
of the house. So you can be standing on that porch and see that whole length of the
house.
{¶ 12} Officer Bowen testified that when he responded to the scene, he “found a window
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that had been pushed down into the house. The screen was removed and the window was in.”
Bowen compiled a police report after speaking with Rieske.
{¶ 13} Mark Parsons, another Springfield police officer with 27 years experience, described
his duties in part as “fingerprint examiner and also the senior AFIS operator.”
He stated that he has “been through the basic police academy and crime scene schools, fingerprint
training classes with the FBI, and other training throughout the years with our professional
organizations, International Association of Identification and others.” Parsons testified that he is
trained to use the “ACEV method” of fingerprinting, an acronym in which “A” stands for analyze;
“C” stands for compare; “E” stands for evaluate; and “V is the verifier, where we have another
examiner verify our work.” According to Parsons, “‘AFIS’ is another acronym. It stands for
Automated Fingerprint Identification System.” Parsons testified, AFIS “has a database of
fingerprints in it, and it actually compares patterns of fingerprints. It gives us scores and helps us
identify known prints.” The database is limited to known prints on file in Springfield and
Clark County. The trial court recognized Parsons as an expert on fingerprint analysis.
{¶ 14} Parsons testified that he analyzed the prints obtained by Klark from the crime scene.
According to Parsons, he determined that two out of the six cards that Klark submitted contained
sufficient partial prints, and he scanned them into the AFIS system. Parsons testified he “got
reasonably high scores on both of those searches and then proceeded to the next step of comparing
the list of candidates that was produced from the search.” Kelley was identified as a candidate, and
Parsons retrieved his ten-print fingerprint card on file and did “a direct comparison of the actual
latent tape lift to the prints on the card.” Parsons determined that the fingerprints at the scene came
from the same person whose fingerprints were on the ten-print card identified as Kelley’s. Parsons
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relayed his finding to Detective Jacobs.
{¶ 15} Parsons further testified that Kelley provided another set of fingerprints on
September 29, 2010. Parsons stated that he also compared those prints to the prints lifted from the
scene herein, and he stated that they were a match. Parsons concluded, based “on my opinion and
the name on this card, that Tyrone Kelley is the one that left the prints at the scene.” Parsons
further testified that the prints belong to Kelley and no other person.
{¶ 16} On cross-examination, Parsons indicated that he examined all six sets of prints “to
see if they have value enough for the AFIS system to actually conduct a search.” According to
Parsons, he only submitted two of the six cards to the AFIS system because the other four cards,
based upon his experience, did not exhibit enough “ridge detail” for the AFIS system to identify the
prints. Parsons stated that the AFIS system identified multiple candidates from the cards he
submitted. Out of those candidates, Parsons only compared Kelley’s prints on file to the prints
from the scene, because when “we start our comparison, we obviously start with the highest score
and work our way down.”
{¶ 17} On redirect examination, Parsons was asked if his work was reviewed by a witness
for the defense, and counsel for Kelley objected. A lengthy bench conference followed, in the
absence of the jury, in which counsel for Kelley argued that any testimony by Parsons regarding
what he was told by Bivens would be hearsay. The following exchange occurred:
MR. CAREY: * * * The defendant asked for funds to retain an expert. I
didn’t know who this expert was, but he presented himself to the police station on
behalf of Mr. Marshall.
***
8
The fact that he did this analysis is relevant. The defense did have an
expert. They did have a witness who reviewed this.
I don’t need to ask what was told or any hearsay questions, but it’s important
for the jury to know while Mr. Marshall is essentially trying to discredit the work
done by Officer Parsons, that there was someone for the defense who reviewed this
work. That’s what’s relevant. And it doesn’t contain hearsay.
MR. MARSHALL: Of course it does. The only way this is going to get
before the jury who the person was is if the person came in and told Officer Parsons
who he was, and that he was there and what his purpose for being there was. * * *
{¶ 18} When trial resumed, the following exchange occurred:
MR. CAREY: * * * after considering this matter over the evening, the
State would propose to rephrase the last question that was asked of the witness,
Officer Mark Parsons, and change that to: ‘Did you allow * * * - - any other
persons to review your work?’
And then to ask who reviewed his work. There would be no hearsay
involved. There would only be the facts that he’s aware of.
THE COURT: Any objection to that?
MR. MARSHALL: Yes, Judge. First of all, it does involve hearsay because
the only way Officer Parsons would know who reviewed the work is if that person
told him who he was. * * *
***
* * * And more importantly, I guess, it’s not relevant. And relevancy goes
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to two things; the probative value, does it tend to prove a fact in issue; and the
prejudicial effect.
This may have a prejudicial effect because the only - - * * * reasonable
inference the jury is going to be able to make is that as a result of all this, is that a
defense expert reviewed the work; we didn’t call him to testify. So he must have
came to the conclusion that Officer Parsons’ work was done correctly, and he got the
same results that Officer Parsons got.
Obviously, that would be highly prejudicial to my client, but it doesn’t prove
anything. * * *
Now, I said they are going to make an inference * * * but there is no
probative value to the evidence if they are not asking what the results of the test
were. And they don’t have that information * * * .
MR. CAREY: * * * the defense, I believe, opened the door for this by
questioning Mark Parsons’ analysis. The fact that this was based upon his opinion
as to which prints and on the list of hits that should be reviewed, I believe that that is
great probative value for the jury just the fact that his work was reviewed not by one
person, but by two. One of them was an independent certified latent print
examiner.
And there would be no reference to the defendant. Just the fact that his
work was reviewed first by a supervisor, Jeff Steinmetz, and second, by an
independent certified latent print examiner. This does have probative value to the
jury * * .
10
MR. MARSHALL: Well, that’s the first that that’s come to light now, that
we’re going to have him testify that his work was reviewed by Jeff Steinmetz. * * *
That should come from Steinmetz, not from Mark Parsons [for purposes of
cross-examination].
***
What did you say with regard to Bivens? Oh, he said he’s going to ask
Parsons to testify that it was a certified latent print examiner. Well, the only way
Parsons would know that is if he asked Bivens. And again, we get into the hearsay
issue.
***
THE COURT: I’m going to allow the State to ask Officer
Parsons if his work was reviewed by Officer Steinmetz and an independent certified
latent print examiner, but he won’t be able to testify as to what, if any findings, they
may have had.
If either party wants the findings of Paul Bivens or Officer Steinmetz to be
presented to the jury, they would have to call those individuals to testify.
***
MR. MARSHALL: Judge, * * * . One, with regard to the certified latent
print examiner issue, I would just reinstate my objections for the reasons I stated
before.
With regard to Officer Steinmetz, of course, today is the first day I’ve
learned of him as a potential witness. I would object to him being - - That being
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commented on at all, because it’s my client’s constitutional right to cross-examine
witnesses, since Officer Steinmetz is not being called as a witness.
***
MR. CAREY: He’s not going to be testifying, but his name does appear on
Officer Parsons’ report as having reviewed it.
THE COURT: So I don’t believe that’s an issue of confrontation. If the
defense wants to call Officer Steinmetz, they can. It’s just Officer Parsons
indicating that his work was reviewed by Officer Steinmetz. He’s not being
permitted to testify as to what, if any, finding Officer Steinmetz made.
{¶ 19} When the jurors returned to the courtroom, the following exchange occurred
after Parsons was recalled to the stand:
BY MR. CAREY:
Q. Officer Parsons, I believe you’re still under oath from yesterday, and
I’m going to continue with the questions that I was asking you on my rebuttal.
Did you allow any other persons to review your work in this case.
A. Yes, I did.
Q. Who reviewed your work?
A. Officer Steinmetz did first as the verification part of the AFIS method,
and Paul Bivens also reviewed my work.
Q. Okay, and who is Paul Bivens?
MR. MARSHALL: I object, Judge.
THE COURT: Overruled.
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THE WITNESS: Private consultant, a certified latent print examiner.
The record reflects that there was no further questioning regarding the review of Parsons’ work on
re-direct examination.
{¶ 20} On re-cross examination, the following exchange occurred:
Q. * * * Now, Officer Steinmetz, he’s in your office also?
A. Yes, sir.
Q. * * * Another fingerprint examiner might look at it and have a different
opinion, right? Is that possible?
A. Possibly, if I made a mistake on it.
Q. * * * You said that Officer Steinmetz reviewed you’re
(sic) AFIS work, right?
A. No. He reviewed my final results of my identification.
Q. * * * I thought you said he reviewed your AFIS work. He did not review
your AFIS work?
A. No. He actually does a blind verification. Once I come up with my
identification, he’s presented with my folder, and he’s given the latent tape lift and
then the card of the suspect. He does not know which finger I matched it to or
found that it matches.
He just works off of that and comes up with, hopefully, comes up with the
same conclusion that I do. And that’s what he did.
***
Q. * * * Now, so he didn’t go back and look at this AFIS information that
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you had printed out then. Is that what you’re saying?
A. No. That really has no bearing on it.
Q. And Mr. Bivens wasn’t given this AFIS information either, correct?
A. Once again, it has no bearing on the identification.
Q. * * * So if Mr. Bivens wasn’t given the AFIS information and Officer
Steinmetz was not given the AFIS information, then neither of them would have
known of the * * * other potential suspects, correct?
A. There’s always other suspects.
{¶ 21} Next, Mary Harris, a police service clerk, testified that she fingerprints and
photographs people that are processed into the Springfield jail, and she stated that she
fingerprinted Kelley on September 29, 2010.
{¶ 22} Detective Robert Jacobs testified that he began investigating the burglary the day
after it occurred. Jacobs stated that the information he received from Rieske regarding the
suspect’s age, height, weight and build were consistent with Kelley’s characteristics. On cross
examination, he indicated that he did not know Kelley’s exact height, weight and age.
{¶ 23} The following exchange occurred on redirect examination:
Q. Detective Jacobs, were you standing in the same spot that Katherine
Rieske said that she was standing or sitting when she observed these events across
the street?
A. Yes, I was.
Q. And from that perspective, having seen it for yourself, would you have
been able to see from there that a suspect was trying to get in through that basement
14
window?
A. I would have been able to see somebody. I mean, my eyes aren’t good
enough to distinguish who it may have been, but I would have seen that, yes.
Q. Again, my question is, you would have been able to see that there is
actually someone going in through that window from that perspective?
A. Yes, I think so.
{¶ 24} Defense counsel’s objection was overruled. The following exchange occurred on
recross-examination:
Q. * * * In your line of sight, was there an air-conditioning unit?
A. You could see at the time that there was something toward the front of it.
But from her angle, you could see beyond it.
Q. Did you hear Ms. Rieske talk about the air-conditioning unit?
***
A. Yes.
Q. Did you hear Ms. Rieske say that the individual went down behind the
air-conditioning unit?
A. Yes.
Q. Did you hear Ms. Rieske say that she assumed someone was trying to
see if they could fit through the window?
A. I’m not sure of those exact words, but yes, I do remember her talking
about it.
{¶ 25} Hansel Kirkland testified that he was not at home at 9:45 on the morning of the
15
incident. He testified, that he and his wife “left about ten minutes of 10 to go to church,” for a
10:00 service, and that he normally leaves at that time for church. Hansel testified that the couple
returned around noon, and someone had left a note on their door “that somebody tried to break in
the basement winder (sic).” Upon inspecting the window, Hansel testified that it was “all messed
up,” in that the screen had been removed, and the “[w]inder (sic) was out off the form where, you
know, where it’s build in.” (Sic). Hansel stated that he fixed the window himself. Hansel stated
that he believed the window was unlocked, and he stated that the window opens “[f]rom the inside.”
According to Hansel, it’s “got two handles on it and you pull it in.” Hansel further testified that he
did not know Kelley.
{¶ 26} On cross-examination, Hansel testified that the window was pushed inward and
“knocked out of the socket there.” The following exchange also occurred regarding the couple’s
routine on Sundays:
Q. * * * You go to church on Sundays?
A. Yes.
Q. Do you go to church every Sunday?
A. Not every Sunday, no.
Q. Just about every Sunday?
A. Just about every Sunday, but I’ve been missing a few here lately. * * *
Q. Well, that’s after this incident occurred. Let’s go back to August the
1st. Prior to that date, had you been going to church every Sunday?
A. I go pretty near every Sunday.
Q. And when you go to church, do you always go to the 10:00 service?
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A. Yes.
Q. And so do you always leave around 9:50 in the morning or thereabouts?
A. Well, maybe a few minutes later or earlier.
Q. And do you always come back around noon that day?
A. Yes, unless we’d go out to eat.
Hansel further testified that his wife accompanies him to church every Sunday as set forth above,
and that no one else resides in the home.
{¶ 27} Joan Kirkland testified that at 9:45 a.m. on the date of the incident, she and Hansel
were on their way to church, and that they normally go to church at that time. She stated that when
they returned from church that day, they found a note on their back door stating that the police had
been there, and that someone had tried to break into their basement window. When she later
inspected the window, after Hansel had done so, she stated that it was damaged in that “it was kind
of like sprung and the screen was out of it.” Joan testified that the window was pushed inside the
house.
{¶ 28} Joan testified that she does not know Kelley. When asked if she had ever looked at
her house from the perspective of Rieske’s porch, the following exchange occurred:
A. I used to know the people that used to live there; and I’ve been over on
that porch before, and I can look directly right across the street to our house.
Q. And you have taken that view from the porch?
A. Yes, I have.
Q. And from that porch, can you see your basement window on the left side
of your house?
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A. I would say yes, yeah.
{¶ 29} On cross-examination, the following exchange occurred regarding the couple’s
Sunday routine:
Q. You and Mr. Kirkland go to church on a regular basis?
A. Yes, we do.
Q. So had you been going to church every Sunday prior to August the 1st,
2010?
A. Yes, we did, pretty much so.
Q. As best you can remember, you had gone every Sunday?
A. Yes.
Q. And had been going every Sunday for several months, would that be a
fair statement?
A. Yes.
Q. And would you always leave the home around 9:45 in the morning?
A. Approximately, yes.
Q. And on this particular day, you returned around noon; is that correct?
A. That’s correct.
Q. * * * And would that be about the time you returned home every time
from church?
A. Unless we would go out to eat, which we didn’t always do that, but we
would return home about that time, around 12:00.
{¶ 30} Joan’s cross-examination continued as follows regarding the window:
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Q. You made some reference to the window at the house, the basement
window, that you had it open?
A. We had it open. It goes back on the inside of the house.
***
A. We opened it in the summer.
***
Q. Was the window open when you left for church?
A. Yes, it was.
Q. Do you know whether or not that window had been damaged at some
prior time?
A. Not before this incident took effect, no. It was practically a new
window. It hadn’t been in too many years.
{¶ 31} After the State’s exhibits were admitted, Kelley moved for acquittal, arguing that
the state filed to prove that he trespassed into the Kirklands’ home, and that the State failed to prove
that someone was present or likely to be present at the Kirklands’ home at the time of the offense.
The trial court overruled the motion, noting that the situation is similar to that in State v. Kilby, 50
Ohio St. 2d 21, 361 N.E.2d 1336 (1977). The court reasoned as follows:
* * * There is the issue that the victims routinely went to church. I think
that makes the argument a little stronger for the defense that perhaps the victims
weren’t likely to be present. But given the time that the victims said they leave and
the time of the alleged burglary, it seems to the court that the State has met its burden
with respect to a Rule 29 motion, so I think that should go to the jury.
19
{¶ 32} The court further noted, regarding whether or not Kelley trespassed within the
Kirklands’ home, that Rieske testified that Kelley “stuck his body down in,” and the court
concluded, “that’s sufficient for a jury to possibly find that he did break the plane. Whether he
broke the plane or not, the Court is going to give an instruction to the jury on an attempted
burglary.”
{¶ 33} Kelley called Yumashita Murry to establish his alibi. She testified that Kelley is
the father her child, and that he was at her home at 9:45 August 1, 2010 “because that weekend I
was sick, and he had to come over and take care of my daughter.” According to Murry, she suffers
from diabetes, and “about that time, it took a toll on me to where it put me down.” Murry stated
that Kelley came to her home on the Friday before the incident around noon, and he stayed there
all weekend, including all day Sunday. When asked how she remembered that she was ill on that
particular weekend, Murry stated that she was to begin classes on Monday, August 2, 2010, in a
jobs program called the Teams Program, and that the date of her first class served as a reference
point in her memory. Murry denied speaking with Detective Jacobs regarding Kelley’s alibi.
{¶ 34} In closing argument, Kelley argued in part as follows regarding the fingerprint
identification:
Now, here’s my concern about you relying on this fingerprint identification.
The officer said that - - first of all, he said it’s been reviewed by two different people.
Well, fine. What he didn’t do, he didn’t give the reviewers pertinent information.
He didn’t give them the AFIS printouts, and more importantly he didn’t give
them the other suspects that came out of the AFIS system.
***
20
That should be a concern to you when you are saying okay how much are we
willing to rely on this fingerprint. * * *
{¶ 35} Kelley asserts two assignments of error. His first assignment of error is as
follows:
“APPELLANT’S CONVICTION OF THE CHARGE OF BURGLARY IS AGAINST
THE MANIFEST WEIGHT OF THE EVIDENCE AND AGAINST THE SUFFICIENCY OF
THE EVIDENCE.”
{¶ 36} According to Kelley, there was no evidence that the Kirklands were “present
or likely to be present” at the time of the offense; the evidence that Kelley trespassed into the
Kirklands’ home “at most could only support the lesser included charge of attempted burglary”; and
Kelley’s identity was not established since Rieske did not identify him in the photo spread despite
the “prominent bulge” on his face, and since additional suspects were identified by AFIS but not
investigated, and finally due to Kelley’s alibi.
{¶ 37} As this Court has previously stated:
When an appellate court analyzes a conviction under the manifest weight of
the evidence standard it must review the entire record, weigh all of the evidence and
all the reasonable inferences, consider the credibility of the witnesses and determine
whether in resolving conflicts in the evidence, the fact finder clearly lost its way and
created such a manifest miscarriage of justice that the conviction must be reversed
and a new trial ordered. (Internal citations omitted). Only in exceptional cases,
where the evidence “weighs heavily against the conviction,” should an appellate
court overturn the trial court’s judgment. State v. Dossett, 2d Dist. Montgomery
21
No. 20997, 2006-Ohio-3367, 2006 WL 1793245, ¶ 32.
{¶ 38} The credibility of the witnesses and the weight to be given to their testimony are
matters for the trier of facts to resolve. State v. DeHass, 10 Ohio St. 2d 230, 231, 227 N.E.2d 212
(1997).
Because the factfinder * * * has the opportunity to see and hear the
witnesses, the cautious exercise of the discretionary power of a court of appeals to
find that a judgment is against the manifest weight of the evidence requires that
substantial deference be extended to the factfinder’s determinations of credibility.
The decision whether, and to what extent, to credit the testimony of particular
witnesses is within the peculiar competence of the factfinder, who has seen and
heard the witness. State v. Lawson, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 16288, 1997 WL
476684 (Aug. 22, 1997).
This court will not substitute its judgment for that of the trier of facts on the issue of witness
credibility unless it is patently apparent that the trier of fact lost its way in arriving at its verdict.
State v. Bradley, 2d Dist. Champaign No. 97-CA-03, 1997 WL 691510 (Oct. 24, 1997).
{¶ 39} Further, the Supreme Court has noted:
In reviewing a claim of insufficient evidence, “[t]he relevant inquiry is
whether, after reviewing the evidence in a light most favorable to the prosecution,
any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime proven
beyond a reasonable doubt.” State v. Jenks, 61 Ohio St. 3d 259, 574 N.E.2d 492
(1991), paragraph two of the syllabus, following Jackson v. Virginia (1979), 443
U.S. 307, 99 S. Ct. 2781, 61 L. Ed. 2d 560; see, also, State v. Thompkins (1997), 78
22
Ohio St. 3d 380, 386, 678 N.E.2d 541. State v. McKnight, 107 Ohio St. 3d 101, 112,
2005-Ohio-6046, 837 N.E.2d 315, ¶ 70.
1. Likely to be Present
{¶ 40} The version of R.C. 2911.12 in effect at the time of the offense provided in relevant
part: “(A) No person, by force, stealth, or deception, shall do any of the following:
* * * (4) Trespass in a permanent or temporary habitation of any person when any person other than
an accomplice of the offender is present or likely to be present.”
{¶ 41} Kelley directs our attention to State v. Frock, 2d Dist. Clark No. 2004 CA 76,
2006-Ohio-1254, 2006 WL 677715. Therein we discussed whether a person is “likely” to be
present as follows:
“Although the term ‘likely’ connotes something more than a mere
possibility, it also connotes something less than a probability or reasonable
certainty. A person is likely to be present when a consideration of all the
circumstances would seem to justify a logical expectation that a person could be
present.” State v. Green (1984), 18 Ohio App. 3d 69, 72, 480 N.E.2d 1128. In
determining whether persons were present or likely to be present * * * “the
defendant’s knowledge concerning habitation is not material. The issue is not
whether the burglar subjectively believed that persons were likely to be there, but
whether it was objectively likely.” State v. Brown (Apr. 28, 2000), Hamilton App.
No. C-980907. Merely showing that people dwelled in the residence is
insufficient; the state must adduce specific evidence that the people were present or
likely to be present at the time of the burglary. State v. Fowler (1983), 4 Ohio St. 3d
23
16, 18, 445 N.E.2d 1119.
The Supreme Court has held that the “likely to be present” element is
satisfied where the structure is a permanent dwelling house which is regularly
inhabited, the occupants were in and out of the house on the day in question, and the
occupants were temporarily absent when the burglary occurred. State v. Kilby
(1977), 50 Ohio St. 2d 21, 23, 361 N.E.2d 1336. See, also, Fowler, 4 Ohio St. 3d at
19, 445 N.E.2d 1119; State v. Baker, Butler App. No. CA2003-01-16,
2003-Ohio-5986. On the other hand, courts have found insufficient evidence that
the occupants were likely to be present when they were absent for an extended
period, such as a vacation, and no one else was regularly checking on the house.
(Citations omitted). Similarly, if the occupants of a house are gone for the entire
work day, they are not “likely to be present” during the day. (Citation omitted).
Frock, ¶ 20-21.
{¶ 42} In Frock, the victim testified that on the date of the burglary, she went to work at 7:15
a.m. and returned at 2:00 p.m., when she discovered the break-in. She testified, “[e]very day I go
[home] around that time to let my dog out to go to the bathroom.” Id., ¶ 22. A mail carrier
testified that she observed the burglars leaving the residence between 1:00 and 1:30. Id. This
Court determined:
The evidence suggests that the burglary occurred between 1:00 and 1:30, and
[the victim] testified that she routinely returned home “around 2" to let her dog out.
As such, the evidence does not support the conclusion that someone was likely to be
home between 1:00 and 1:30. The evidence, instead, demonstrated that no one was
24
likely to be present in the house between the hours of 1:00 and 1:30 p.m. * * * Id., ¶
23.
{¶ 43} Herein, Rieske testified that she was smoking a cigarette on her porch at about 9:45
a.m. when she observed Kelley in the Kirklands’ yard. Hansel testified both that he and his wife
were not home at 9:45, and that they “left about ten minutes of 10" for church. On
cross-examination, he stated that he and his wife always leave for church “maybe a few minutes
later or earlier” than 9:50 a.m. Joan testified that she and Hansel were on their way to church on
the date of the offense at 9:45, and on cross-examination she stated that they normally go to church
at “approximately” that time.
{¶ 44} We conclude that consideration of all of the circumstances justifies a logical
expectation that the Kirklands could have been present at 9:45 a.m., the estimated time of the
burglary. The burglary occurred within the approximate time period in which they typically
departed for church. In other words, pursuant to their usual Sunday schedule, the Kirklands could
have logically been home until ten minutes before ten or a few minutes later, and there was
accordingly more than a mere possibility of their presence at home at approximately 9:45 a.m.
Furthermore, the Kirklands testified that their attendance at church was not perfect. Having
considered all of the evidence and the reasonable inferences, we cannot conclude that the jury lost
its way in determining that the Kirklands were likely to be present at the time of the offense. We
further conclude that sufficient evidence supports the finding that the Kirklands were likely to be
present when the offense occurred.
2. Trespass
{¶ 45} R.C. 2911.21 defines trespass as follows: “(A) No person, without privilege to do
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so, shall * * * (1) Knowingly enter or remain on the land or premises of another.”
{¶ 46} Rieske testified that Kelley, after he removed the screen to the window, “stuck his
body down in.” Klark and Jacobs testified that from Rieske’s perspective on her porch, she could
see beyond the air conditioner to the basement window. Klark testified that the window was
“pushed in.” Hansel testified that the window itself was damaged in that it was “knocked out of
the socket there,” and that he fixed it. Joan stated that the window was “kind of like sprung.”
{¶ 47} Having considered all of the evidence, we cannot conclude that it weighs against
Kelley’s conviction, or that his conviction is not supported by sufficient evidence. Construing the
evidence most strongly in favor of the prosecution, it inferentially establishes that Kelley broke the
plane of the structure of the Kirklands’ home and accordingly trespassed therein. In other words,
the trespass element of burglary was adequately established. Finally, we note that Kelley’s
reliance upon two cases from the Ninth District is misplaced. In State v. Anderson, 9th Dist.
Summit No. 10533, 1982 WL 5085 (July 7, 1982), the “would be intruder was unable to gain
entrance” and was accordingly convicted of attempted burglary. In State v. Sams, 9th Dist.
Summit No. 20063, 2000 WL 1729475 (Nov. 22, 2000), Sams’ accomplice “attempted to pry the
door off its track,” and “succeeded in opening the door a few inches,” before fleeing, and his
conviction for attempted burglary was affirmed. Here, a screen was removed, the interior window
frame was damaged according to the residents, and the perpetrator’s tall frame disappeared from
sight, supporting a conclusion that the structure’s plane was broken. Significantly, the factfinder
herein, a jury of 12, rejected a finding on attempted burglary.
3. Identity
{¶ 48} Regarding Rieske’s failure to identify Kelley in the photo spread, we note most
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importantly that Kelley’s fingerprints were obtained at the scene. Further, Jacobs testified that the
information he received from Rieske regarding Kelley’s age, height, weight and build were
consistent with Kelley’s characteristics. While Kelley apparently had “a pretty prominent bulge
on the left side of his face” at trial, there is nothing to suggest that
the bulge was present when he committed the offense, and it is not visible in his photo.
{¶ 49} While multiple candidates were identified by the AFIS system, Parsons testified that
the system always provides multiple candidates. Parsons, with 27 years of experience, testified
that he only performed a direct comparison of Kelley’s prints to those obtained at the scene because
Kelley’s prints had the “highest score.” That comparison led Parsons to conclude that the prints
from the scene belonged to Kelley to the exclusion of anyone else. The prints from the scene also
matched the set of prints provided by Kelly in September, 2010.
{¶ 50} Regarding Kelley’s alleged alibi, the jury, as it was free to do, clearly found
Murry’s testimony not credible, and we defer to the fact finder’s assessment of credibility.
{¶ 51} Having considered the evidence and all reasonable inferences, we cannot conclude
that the jury created a manifest miscarriage of justice such that a new trial is warranted. Further,
construing the evidence most strongly in favor of the State, we conclude that Kelley’s identity was
established beyond a reasonable doubt.
{¶ 52} Since Kelley’s conviction for burglary, for the reasons set forth above, is not
against the manifest weight of the evidence, and since his conviction is supported by sufficient
evidence, Kelley’s first assigned error is overruled.
{¶ 53} Kelley’s second assigned error is as follows:
“APPELLANT WAS PREJUDICED BY INTRODUCTION OF INADMISSIBLE
27
HEARSAY TESTIMONY.”
{¶ 54} According to Kelley, “merely allowing Officer Parsons to testify that his results
(which matched the fingerprints found on the screen window to Mr. Kelley) were ‘verified’ by
Officer Steinmetz unfairly prejudice[s] the Defendant, because even without Officer Steinmetz[’s]
actual testimony such a reference would improperly bolster Officer Parsons’ credibility by overly
(sic) suggesting that Officer Parsons’ results were correct. Further, the use of the word ‘verify’
suggests Officer Steinmetz’s review of Officer Parsons’ work was accurate.” Kelley asserts that
Parsons’ reference to Steinmetz’s verification of Parsons’ work introduced inadmissible hearsay
such that his “right to confront Officer Steinmetz was violated.”
{¶ 55} The State responds that Kelley did not object to Parsons’ characterization of
Steinmetz’s review of his work as a “verification,” and that he has accordingly waived all but plain
error. The State further asserts that Kelley “explored in greater detail what exactly the review
completed by Officer Steinmetz consisted of” on cross-examination, and that he accordingly
invited any error that resulted. Further, the State notes that Kelley argued in closing that the jury
should discredit the review “because the reviewers did not have enough information.” Finally, the
State asserts that if inadmissible hearsay were admitted, the error is harmless.
{¶ 56} Hearsay is “a statement, other than one made by the declarant while testifying at trial
or hearing, offered in evidence to prove the truth of the matter asserted.” Evid.R. 801(C). An out
of court statement may consist of an oral or written assertion or nonverbal conduct. Evid.R.
801(A). “Hearsay is not admissible” except as provided by the U.S. or Ohio Constitutions, by
statute or court rule. Evid.R. 802.
{¶ 57} “Defense counsel’s failure to object waives all but plain error. (Internal citation
28
omitted). Counsel’s failure to object ‘constitutes a waiver of any claim of error relative thereto,
unless, but for the error, the outcome of the trial clearly could have been otherwise.’” State v.
Boykin, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 19896, 2004-Ohio-1701, 2004 WL 690799, ¶ 18.
{¶ 58} The Sixth Amendment’s Confrontation Clause provides, “In all criminal
prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right * * * to be confronted with the witnesses against
him.” “The United States Supreme Court has held that the right to confrontation is violated when
an out-of-court statement that is testimonial in nature is admitted into evidence without the
defendants having had the opportunity to cross-examine the declarant. Crawford v. Washington
(2004) 541 U.S. 36, 68, 124 S. Ct. 1354, 158 L. Ed. 2d 177.” State v. Syx, 190 Ohio App. 3d 845,
2010-Ohio-5880, 944 N.E.2d 722, ¶ 23. The Crawford Court stated that “the core class of
testimonial statements includes statements ‘that were made under circumstances which would lead
an objective witness reasonably to believe that the statement would be available for use at a later
trial.’ Id. at 52.” Syx, id.
“Despite the importance of this right, a violation of the Confrontation Clause can be harmless if ‘it
is clear beyond reasonable doubt that the admission of these hearsay statements did not prejudice’
the defendant. (Citation omitted).” Matter of Umoh, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 16912, 1998 WL
737983 (Oct. 23, 1998). The factors to be considered in determining if error is harmless include
“‘the importance of the witness’ testimony in the prosecution’s case, whether the testimony was
cumulative, the presence or absence of evidence corroborating or contradicting the testimony of the
witness on material points, the extent of cross-examination otherwise permitted, and, of course, the
overall strength of the prosecution’s case.’ (Citation omitted).” Id.
{¶ 59} The trial court ruled that Parsons could testify only to the fact that his work was
29
reviewed, and by whom, and that he could not testify as to the results of those reviews. Parsons
testified that Steinmetz reviewed his work “as the verification part of the AFIS method,” and
Kelley, as the State asserts, did not object to that testimony. The trial court should have excluded
the testimony regarding review/verification by two additional experts, Steinmetz as well as Bivens,
who was retained by Kelley. The testimony clearly implied Parsons’ results were verified by the
experts, and the Confrontation Clause was implicated. Unfortunately, defense counsel
exacerbated this error by eliciting on cross the fact that Steinmetz reached the same conclusion as
Parsons. Nevertheless, any error is harmless beyond a reasonable doubt when the overall strength
of the State’s case is considered. Parsons, an expert with 27 years of experience described in detail
the process he used to identify Kelley’s fingerprints, and not only did he match the prints from the
scene to the card on file containing Kelley’s prints, he also independently matched the prints from
the scene to the set of prints Kelley provided in September, 2010. Kelley’s physical characteristics
were consistent with Rieske’s description of the suspect she observed. The only evidence
contradicting the State’s evidence was Murry’s testimony, which the jury did not credit.
{¶ 60} There being no merit to Kelley’s second assigned error, it is overruled. The
judgment of the trial court is affirmed.
..........
FROELICH, J. and HALL, J ., concur.
Copies mailed to:
Lisa M. Fannin
Adam James Stout
Hon. Douglas M. Rastatter