In re D.A.

[Cite as In re D.A., 2014-Ohio-1677.]
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS
ELEVENTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
TRUMBULL COUNTY, OHIO
IN THE MATTER OF: : OPINION
D.A., JR., :
DELINQUENT CHILD CASE NO. 2013-T-0059
Appeal from the Trumbull County Court of Common Pleas, Juvenile Division, Case No.
2012 JD 942.
Judgment: Reversed and remanded.
Dennis Watkins, Trumbull County Prosecutor, and LuWayne Annos, Assistant
Prosecutor, Administration Building, Fourth Floor, 160 High Street, N.W., Warren, OH
44481-1092 (For Appellee).
Timothy Young, Ohio Public Defender, and Brooke M. Burns, Assistant State Public
Defender, 250 East Broad Street, Suite 1400, Columbus, OH 43215-9308 (For
Appellant).
THOMAS R. WRIGHT, J.
{¶1} This appeal is from the sentencing judgment in a juvenile case before the
Trumbull County Court of Common Pleas, Juvenile Division. After accepting a plea of
“true” to five felony sexual offenses, the trial court committed appellant, D.A., Jr., to two
years of confinement and classified him as a Tier III sexual offender. In challenging the
latter aspect of his sentence, appellant contends that the trial court erred in not following
mandatory statutory procedure prior to determining whether he should be designated as
a sexual offender. For the following reasons, the reversal of the Tier III classification is
warranted.
{¶2} In November 2012, a complaint was filed against appellant, charging him
with five counts of rape and five counts of gross sexual imposition. During the period in
which the alleged offenses were committed, appellant was 15 years old, and all of his
victims were younger than him. Prior to the institution of this case, appellant had never
been charged with a criminal offense.
{¶3} After the complaint was pending for four months, the state gave notice of
its intent to request a “serious youthful offender” sentence against appellant, and also
moved the trial court to transfer the action to the general division of the common pleas
court. However, before the trial court could proceed on the transfer motion, the parties
were able to negotiate a plea bargain, under which appellant agreed to change his plea
to “true” as to the five counts of rape. For consideration, the state agreed to dismiss the
remaining five counts, and to make a joint recommendation regarding the length of his
commitment/sentence.
{¶4} An oral hearing on the plea bargain was held on May 3, 2013. Upon being
informed of the terms of the agreement, the trial court engaged in a thorough Juv.R. 29
colloquy with appellant. At the end of this discussion, the trial court accepted the new
plea and immediately went forward with sentencing:
{¶5} “THE COURT: So you wish to change your plea to a plea of True?
{¶6} “[D.A.]: Yes, ma’am.
{¶7} “THE COURT: Is that correct?
{¶8} “[D.A.]: Yes, ma’am.
{¶9} “THE COURT: So the Court will change the child’s plea from Not True to
True to Counts 6 and 7. Counts 1 through 5 will be dismissed.
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{¶10} “The child will be sentenced for 1 year to D.Y.S. on Counts 6 and 7.
Those are to run consecutively to each other. And the child will be sentenced to 1 year
at D.Y.S. on Counts 8, 9 and 10. And those are to run concurrently with Counts 6 and
7.
{¶11} “Is that your understanding? That means a total sentence of 2 years?
{¶12} “[D.A.]: Yes, ma’am.
{¶13} “THE COURT: “The child shall also be classified as Tier III sex offender.
And the child will also have to complete sex offender treatment at the Department of
Youth Services.”
{¶14} During the remainder of the hearing, the juvenile court informed appellant
of the legal requirements he would need to follow in the future as a consequence of his
designation as a Tier III sex offender.
{¶15} On the same date as the hearing, the trial court rendered its final judgment
imposing the two-year commitment/sentence and classifying appellant as a Tier III sex
offender. In appealing this judgment, appellant asserts four assignments for review:
{¶16} “[1.] The Trumbull County Juvenile Court erred when it classified [D.A.] as
a tier III juvenile offender registrant on May 3, 2013, because it did not make that
determination upon his release from a secured facility.
{¶17} “[2.] The Trumbull County Juvenile Court committed plain error when it
classified [D.A.] as a tier III juvenile offender registrant because it did not comply with
the requirements of R.C. 2152.83.
{¶18} “[3.] [D.A.] was denied the effective assistance of counsel because
counsel failed to advocate against classification, or assist the court with properly
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applying the law.
{¶19} “[4.] [D.A.’s] classification as a tier III juvenile offender registrant violates
due process because it extends a punitive sanction beyond the age jurisdiction of the
juvenile court without giving him full due process protections.”
{¶20} Under his first assignment, appellant maintains that his classification as a
Tier III sex offender must be vacated because the trial court did not have the authority to
make that specific decision as part of its commitment order on the rape charges. Citing
R.C. 2152.83(B)(1), he argues that, since he was order to serve a two-year commitment
with the department of youth services, the trial court could not make any final decision
as to his sex offender classification until after he has served the two years.
{¶21} The procedure for the classification of juvenile sex offender is set forth in
R.C. Chapters 2152 and 2950. Once a juvenile had been adjudicated a delinquent as a
result of the commission of a sex offense, the juvenile court is required to follow a two-
step process:
{¶22} “First, the court must determine whether the juvenile sex offender should
be designated as a juvenile offender registrant (“JOR”), and therefore, subject to
classification and the attendant registration requirements.
{¶23} “Second, once the juvenile offender is designated as a JOR, the statutory
scheme requires the juvenile court to conduct a hearing to determine the tier in which to
classify the juvenile offender. R.C. 2152.831(A); R.C. 2152.83(A)(2).” In re N.Z., 11th
Dist. Lake Nos. 2010-L-023, 2010-L-035, & 2010-L-041, 2011-Ohio-6845, ¶91-92.
{¶24} In regard to the first step of the classification process, the designation of a
juvenile sex offender as a JOR is sometimes mandatory. For example, if the juvenile
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offender is 14 or older and was previously found delinquent for committing a sexually
oriented offense, the JOR designation is mandatory. See R.C. 2152.82(A). However,
there are some instances in which the designation of a juvenile offender as a JOR lies
within the juvenile court’s discretion.
{¶25} In this case, appellant was 15 years old when he committed the underlying
rape offenses, was not subject to a mandatory JOR designation due to a prior finding of
delinquency based upon the commission of a sexually oriented offense, and was not
subject to an automatic JOR designation under R.C. 2152.86. As a result, the decision
to designate appellant as a JOR was purely discretionary for the trial court. Id. at ¶101,
citing R.C. 2152.83(B)(1). Furthermore, R.C. 2152.83(D) delineates six factors that the
juvenile court “must” consider in making the initial JOR determination. Id. at ¶102.
{¶26} In relation to the question of when the JOR determination should be made,
R.C. 2152.83(B)(1) provides, in pertinent part:
{¶27} “The court that adjudicates a child a delinquent child, on the judge’s own
motion, may conduct at the time of disposition of the child or, if the court commits the
child for the delinquent act to the custody of a secure facility, may conduct at the time of
the child’s release from the secured facility a hearing for the purposes described in
division (B)(2) of this section * * *.”
{¶28} Citing the “or, if” language in the foregoing quote, appellant submits that if
the juvenile offender is committed to the custody of a secured facility at the same time
he is found to be delinquent, the juvenile court cannot hold its hearing on the JOR issue
until the offender has completed the commitment. However, in considering this specific
issue in prior cases, this court has expressly rejected appellant’s narrow interpretation
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and concluded that the statute gives the juvenile court the discretion to go forward on
the JOR issue at any time, including when the disposition hearing is held immediately
after delinquency is found. See In re B.D., 11th Dist. Portage No. 2011-P-0078, 2012-
Ohio-4463, ¶14; In re N.Z., 2011-Ohio-6845, ¶108. In summarizing our analysis of the
statute, we have stated:
{¶29} “Contrary to B.K.’s interpretation of R.C. 2152.83, this court has previously
held that ‘the language contained in subsequent subsections of R.C. 2152.83 suggests
the hearing prescribed in R.C. 2152.83(B) may occur at any time during the disposition.’
In re Thrower, 11th Dist. No. 2008-G-2813, 2009-Ohio-1314, at ¶28 (emphasis added).
Further, this court held that ‘“disposition” as used in R.C. 2152.83(B)(1) refers to the
entire disposition period.’ Id. at ¶27.” In re B.W.K., Jr., 11th Dist. Postage No. 2009-P-
0058, 2010-Ohio-3050, ¶13.
{¶30} While acknowledging the existence of this precedent, appellant urges this
court to overrule our prior holding and adopt the decision of the Fifth Appellate District in
In re B.G., 5th Dist. Ashland No. 2011-COA-012, 2011-Ohio-5898. In B.G., the juvenile
court’s decision to designate the child a juvenile offender registrant (“JOR”) was made
before the child served his term of commitment. After quoting the controlling language
in R.C. 2152.83(B), the Fifth District noted that prior appellate decisions had construed
the statute to allow a juvenile court to make the JOR determination at either the time of
the child’s final disposition or upon the child’s release from commitment. Id. at ¶31. In
ultimately holding that the JOR determination can only be made at the conclusion of the
child’s commitment, the Fifth District rejected the proposition that the timing of the ruling
lies within the juvenile court’s sound discretion:
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{¶31} “We find this is not what the Legislature intended. The statute should be
construed as permitting the court to classify the child at disposition unless the child is
sent to a secure facility, in which case it may classify the child upon release. The use of
the word “may” indicates the court has discretion to decide whether, not when, to
classify the child. The court may determine no hearing is necessary, or may hold a
hearing but decline to classify the child, based upon the individual circumstances of the
case.” Id. at ¶32.
{¶32} Citing the first sentence in the foregoing paragraph, the Second Appellate
District has expressly rejected the Fifth District’s analysis of R.C. 2152.83(B). In In re
I.A., 2nd Dist. Montgomery No. 25078, 2012-Ohio-4973, the Second District held that it
was improper for the Fifth District to attempt to determine what the General Assembly
may have “intended” when the wording of R.C. 2152.83(B) is unambiguous. Id. at ¶15.
Specifically, the Second District concluded that, under the plain language of the statute,
a juvenile court is granted the discretion to conduct a hearing and rule upon the JOR
issue either at final disposition or when the “committed” child is released. Id. Under this
analysis, even if the Fifth District in B.G. was correct in discerning the legislature’s intent
as to the timing of the JOR ruling, the plain and unambiguous language of the statute is
still controlling.
{¶33} Upon reviewing the respective analyses of the two districts, this court finds
the logic of the Second Appellate District in I.A. to be more persuasive. Accordingly, we
uphold our prior holding that a juvenile court has the authority under R.C. 2152.83(B) to
go forward and decide the JOR issue either when there is a final disposition in the case
or when the child has served the term of his commitment. Here, to the extent that the
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trial court chose to proceed on the “classification” issue at the same hearing it accepted
appellant’s “true” plea and imposed a two-year term of commitment, the trial court did
not violate the “timing” requirements of R.C. 2152.83(B). Appellant’s first assignment is
without merit.
{¶34} Under his next assignment, appellant contends that, even if the trial court
was allowed to consider the “classification” issue as part of the dispositional hearing, it
did not comply with certain statutory requirements that must be satisfied before he can
be designated as a Tier III sex offender. First, he submits that the record is void of any
indication that, prior to making the “classification” determination, the trial court exercised
its discretion in deciding whether he should be classified as a juvenile offender
registrant (“JOR”). Second, he further asserts that there is no indication the trial court
considered the listed factors in R.C. 2152.83(D), as they pertained to the JOR
determination.
{¶35} In responding to this assignment, the state concedes that appellant’s two
arguments have merit. Specifically, the state agrees that, prior to classifying appellant
as a Tier III sex offender, the trial court failed to follow the step-by-step requirements of
R.C. Chapter 2152.
{¶36} As noted above, once a juvenile has been adjudicated a delinquent based
upon his commission of a sexually oriented offense, the juvenile court is obligated to
engage in a two-step analysis for purposes of deciding whether the delinquent should
be classified as a juvenile sex offender. Initially, the juvenile court must determine if the
delinquent should be designated as a juvenile offender registrant. Unless the “JOR”
designation is mandatory under a specific statutory provision, the JOR decision is
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discretionary, but the trial court is required to base its ruling upon the six factors set
forth in R.C. 2152.83(D). In turn, if the delinquent is designated as a JOR, the juvenile
court is required under R.C. 2152.831(A) and R.C. 2152.83(B)(2)(b) to hold a hearing
for purposes of deciding how to classify him under the three-tier classification system for
sexual offenders.
{¶37} In this case, since appellant was 15 years old when he committed the five
underlying sex offenses, and had no prior juvenile “conviction” for a separate sex crime,
his classification as a JOR was not mandatory. In re N.Z., 2011-Ohio-6845, at ¶101,
citing R.C. 2152.83(B)(1). Hence, the trial court was required to make a separate
discretionary assessment regarding whether appellant should be designated as a JOR ,
predicated upon the six statutory factors.
{¶38} As noted above, immediately after accepting the “true” plea and ordering
appellant’s commitment for two years, the trial court designated appellant as a Tier III
sex offender. Prior to rendering this pronouncement, the trial court made no reference
to the JOR issue or any of the six factors which, pursuant to R.C. 2152.83(D), must be
considered in deciding the discretionary designation. Moreover, appellant was not
afforded a meaningful opportunity to address the relevant factors with the court prior to
its decision. The trial court also failed to hold a hearing as to the “sex offender
classification” level, thereby denying appellant an opportunity to address the appropriate
“Tier” classification. It appears as if the trial court considered the JOR designation and
the Tier III classification as mandatory.
{¶39} In a similar situation in which the juvenile court conducted a hearing on the
delinquent’s “registration” requirements without ever addressing the JOR question, the
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Fourth Appellate District concluded that “[w]hen a court fails to exercise discretion in a
mistaken belief it does not exist, that failure amounts to an abuse of discretion.” In re
T.F., 4th Dist. Highland No. 09CA37, 2010-Ohio-4773, ¶16. In this case, regardless of
the reason why the trial court did not consider the JOR issue and the governing
statutory factors, the lack of compliance with the statutory procedure results in an
abuse of discretion.
{¶40} Therefore, since the failure to satisfy both steps of the juvenile
classification procedure is an obvious error which adversely affected a substantial right
of appellant, appellant’s classification as a Tier III sex offender must be vacated, and
the case remanded for a new hearing on both steps of the classification procedure.
Appellant’s second assignment of error is well-taken.
{¶41} Under his third assignment, appellant argues that he was denied effective
assistance of trial counsel because his attorney failed to inform the trial court that it had
the discretion to not designate appellant as a juvenile offender registrant and, hence,
render him ineligible for sex offender classification. In light of our conclusion under the
second assignment that this case must be remanded so that the trial court fully consider
the JOR issue and hold any additional hearing it deems necessary, any determination
as to the propriety of trial counsel representation would not affect the outcome of this
appeal. Accordingly, pursuant to App.R. 12(A)(1)(c), the merits of the third assignment
are moot.
{¶42} Under his final assignment, appellant contends that the trial court acted
beyond the scope of its jurisdiction in attempting to impose registration requirements on
him that would remain in effect after he becomes 21 years old. He maintains that, as a
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juvenile court of limited jurisdiction, the trial court lacks the authority to impose a penalty
that will still affect him as an adult.
{¶43} In light of our disposition of appellant’s second assignment, the trial court’s
decision to classify him as a Tier III sex offender is vacated. Upon remand, the trial
court must hold a new hearing on the “JOR” issue and, if necessary, on the “sex
offender classification” issue. Accordingly, this assignment is moot. This court will not
address any arguments raised by appellant or the state in relation to the constitutional
issue. However, upon remand, should the trial court issue a ruling imposing registration
requirements extending past appellant’s twenty-first birthday, he can raise his
constitutionality argument at the trial level.
{¶44} Pursuant to the foregoing analysis, appellant’s second assignment of error
has merit. The judgment of the Trumbull County Court of Common Pleas, Juvenile
Division, is reversed, and the case is hereby remanded for further proceedings
consistent with this opinion. Specifically, the trial court’s decision to classify appellant
as a Tier III sexual offender is vacated. Upon remand, the trial court shall conduct a
hearing and make all necessary findings concerning the following two issues: (1)
whether D.A., Jr. should be designated a juvenile offender registrant; and (2), if D.A., Jr.
is found to be a juvenile offender registrant, classify him as either a Tier I, Tier II, or Tier
III sexual offender. In making the required determinations, the trial court shall consider
all pertinent factors set forth in the governing statutes.
TIMOTHY P. CANNON, P.J., concurs,
COLLEEN MARY O’TOOLE, J., concurs in judgment only.
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