Bernard v. Unemp. Comp. Rev. Comm.

[Cite as Bernard v. Unemp. Comp. Rev. Comm., 2012-Ohio-958.]
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT
MIAMI COUNTY
CLAUDIA BERNARD :
: Appellate Case No. 2011-CA-16
Plaintiff-Appellant :
: Trial Court Case No. 11-72
v. :
:
UNEMPLOYMENT COMPENSATION : (Civil Appeal from
REVIEW COMMISSION, et al. : (Common Pleas Court)
:
Defendant-Appellants :
:
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OPINION
Rendered on the 9th day of March, 2011.
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ROBERT L. GUEHL, Atty. Reg. #0005491, Burton Law, LLC, 5540 Far Hills Avenue,
Dayton, Ohio 45429
Attorney for Plaintiff-Appellant, Claudia Bernard
MICHAEL DeWINE, by ROBERT A. JARVIS, Atty. Reg. #0069752, Ohio Attorney
General’s Office, 1600 Carew Tower, 441 Vine Street, Cincinnati, Ohio 45202-2809
Attorney for Defendant-Appellee, Director, Ohio Dept. of Job and Family Services
W. ROGER FRY, Atty. Reg. #0009819, and WILLIAM H. FRY, Atty. Reg. #0079108,
Rendigs, Fry, Kiely & Dennis, LLP, One West Fourth Street, Suite 900, Cincinnati, Ohio
45202-3688
Attorneys for Defendant-Appellee, Wakeman Educational Foundation
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2
HALL, J.
{¶ 1} The issue presented here is whether the amount of pretax pay that an employee
elects to place in a flexible spending account (FSA) for qualifying medical expenses
constitutes “remuneration” under Ohio’s unemployment compensation law. It is the Ohio
Department of Job and Family Services’s (ODJFS) position that it does not. Because the
ODJFS is the agency charged with implementing and administering this law and because its
interpretation is reasonable, we defer to it and affirm.
I.
{¶ 2} Appellant Claudia Bernard worked as a caretaker for The Barry and Patricia
Wakeman Educational Foundation until she was discharged in late 2009. In January 2010,
Bernard applied to the ODJFS for unemployment benefits based on her employment with the
Foundation during 2009. The ODJFS denied Bernard’s application on the basis she was not
eligible. Bernard appealed, and the ODJFS affirmed its decision.
{¶ 3} Bernard then appealed the ODJFS’s decision to the Unemployment
Compensation Review Commission (UCRC), which is independent of the ODJFS and reviews
its unemployment compensation decisions. After a hearing, a UCRC hearing officer affirmed
the ODJFS’s decision. For a benefits application to be valid, Ohio’s unemployment
compensation law requires that the applicant be currently unemployed, that the applicant was
employed during at least 20 weeks within the applicant’s base period, and that the applicant’s
average weekly wage during those weeks was at least 27.5% of the statewide average weekly
wage during the same period. See R.C. 4141.01(R)(1). The hearing officer determined that
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Bernard’s average weekly wage during her base period (January 1, 2009 to December 31,
2009) did not meet the statutorily required minimum. Bernard’s average weekly wage needed
to be at least $213, but the officer determined that it was only $125. “Average weekly wage”
is defined by the unemployment compensation law as “the amount obtained by dividing an
individual’s total remuneration for all qualifying weeks during the base period by the number
of such qualifying weeks.” R.C. 4141.01(O)(2). The law’s definition of “remuneration” is “all
compensation for personal services, including commissions and bonuses and the cash value of
all compensation in any medium other than cash.” R.C. 4141.01(H)(1). The hearing officer
found that, in 2009, Bernard received $17,320 in compensation. Of that amount, she received
$6,520 in cash, and she elected to place $900 each month ($10,800 total) in a flexible
spending account for medical expenses, under a cafeteria plan set up for her by the
Foundation.
{¶ 4} Cafeteria plans “are benefit plans under which all participants are employees
who can choose from among cash and certain qualified benefits.” Pub. 15-A, Employer’s
Supplemental Tax Guide (Revised January 2001). Such plans are governed by section 125 of
the Internal Revenue Code. “Flexible spending accounts (FSAs) are employer-established
benefit plans that reimburse employees for specified expenses as they are incurred. * * * FSAs
and cafeteria plans are closely related, but not all cafeteria plans have FSAs and not all FSAs
are part of cafeteria plans. FSA reimbursements funded through salary reduction agreements
(the most common arrangement) are exempt from income and employment taxes under
cafeteria plan provisions because employees have a choice between cash (their regular salary)
and a nontaxable benefit.” Report for Congress by the Congressional Review Service, Tax
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Benefits for Health Insurance and Expenses: Overview of Current Law and Legislation, at 6
(Feb. 3, 2010). The plan set up for Bernard by the Foundation was intended to qualify as a
section 125 cafeteria plan. Bernard paid for this benefit with pretax pay–the Foundation
contributed nothing. So instead of receiving $900 each month in cash, this amount was put
into the FSA. The benefit to Bernard of this arrangement was that she did not need to pay
federal income or employment taxes on FSA amounts, nor did she pay taxes on the payments
that she received from the FSA as reimbursements for qualified medical expenses.
{¶ 5} The hearing officer determined that Bernard’s total remuneration in 2009 was
the $6,520 in cash compensation. The officer determined that the amount that went into the
FSA was not “remuneration.” The Ohio unemployment compensation law expressly excludes
from the definition of remuneration “payments as provided in divisions (b)(2) to (b)(16) of
section 3306 of the ‘Federal Unemployment Tax Act,’ 84 Stat. 713, 26 U.S.C.A. 3301 to
3311, as amended.’” R.C. 4141.01(H)(1)(a). Division (b) of section 3306 defines “wages” as
“all remuneration for employment, including the cash value of all remuneration (including
benefits) paid in any medium other than cash.” But, certain remuneration is expressly
excluded from the definition. It is some of these (those in (b)(2) to (b)(16)) to which the Ohio
law is referring. Pertinent among them is the one described in division (b)(5)(G), which
excludes “any payment made to, or on behalf of, an employee or his beneficiary * * * under a
cafeteria plan (within the meaning of section 125) if such payment would not be treated as
wages without regard to such plan and it is reasonable to believe that (if section 125 applied
for purposes of this section) section 125 would not treat any wages as constructively
received.”
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{¶ 6} With the amount that went into Bernard’s FSA, her average weekly wage in
2009 was roughly $333, well over the required statutory minimum of $213. But without that
amount, the average drops to $125, rendering her application invalid. So Bernard asked for
review of her application by the full UCRC, but the UCRC declined to do so. Having
exhausted her administrative remedies, Bernard appealed the hearing officer’s decision to the
Miami County Court of Common Pleas, arguing that the FSA amounts are “remuneration”
under Ohio’s unemployment compensation law. In July 2011, after a hearing, the trial court
affirmed the hearing officer’s decision.
{¶ 7} Bernard’s appeal of the decision is now before this Court. The primary issue
raised in the sole assignment of error is one of statutory construction: whether the amount that
went into her FSA is “remuneration.” We review not the trial court’s decision but the
UCRC’s. See Tzangeos, Plakas, & Mannos v. Ohio Bur. of Emp. Serv., 73 Ohio St.3d 694,
697, 1995-Ohio-206, citing R.C. 4141.282(H). We may reverse its decision “only if it is
unlawful, unreasonable, or against the manifest weight of the evidence.” Id. Here, though,
because no material facts are disputed by the parties and the issue presented is a question of
law, our review focuses on the lawfulness of the UCRC’s interpretation of the Ohio
unemployment compensation law. See Fegatelli v. Ohio Bur. of Emp. Serv., 146 Ohio App.3d
275, 277 (2001).
II.
{¶ 8} Appellant’s argument concerns section 3306(b)(5)(G) of the Federal
Unemployment Tax Act (FUTA). Specifically, the argument centers on the first qualification
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to payments made under a cafeteria plan–“if such payment would not be treated as wages
without regard to such plan.” Appellant asserts that if the $900 had not gone into the FSA each
month, it would have gone into her pocket as “wages,” that is, “remuneration for
employment,” 26 U.S.C. 3306(b). This is not necessarily true. Division (b)(5)(G) describes
payments “made to, or on behalf of, an employee or his beneficiary,” section (b)(5), “under a
cafeteria plan,” (emphasis added) section (b)(5)(G). In other words, these are payments made
from a cafeteria plan to an employee (or on behalf of the employee to his beneficiary) not
payments to a cafeteria plan. This becomes clear when other subdivisions under division
(b)(5) are considered that describe payments made not only “under” but “under or to.” See,
e.g., Section 3306(b)(5)(B); 3306(b)(5)(D) (“under or to an annuity contract”); see, also,
Section 3306(b)(5)(C) (describing payments, similar to division (b)(5)(G), “under a simplified
employee pension”). While it is true that if Bernard had not elected to put $900 each month
into the FSA, she would have received it as cash compensation, it is not technically correct to
say that the payments Bernard received from the FSA were compensation. The payments that
Bernard received from the FSA were to reimburse her for medical expenses.
{¶ 9} Still, it may reasonably be argued that reimbursements were, in essence,
compensation–after all, it was Bernard’s pay that went into the FSA each month. The
question, then, is whether the exclusion of such amounts from the definition of
“remuneration” was what the legislature intended. See Proctor v. Kardassilaris, 115 Ohio
St.3d 71, 2007-Ohio-4838, at ¶12 (“When analyzing a statute, our primary goal is to apply the
legislative intent manifested in the words of the statute.”). When discerning the legislative
intent of a law found within a legislative scheme, a court may rely on the expertise of the state
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agency to which the legislature has delegated the scheme’s enforcement. Elyria Foundry Co.
v. Pub. Util. Comm., 118 Ohio St.3d 269, 2008-Ohio-2230, at ¶13. Furthermore, a reviewing
court should “give due deference to the director’s ‘reasonable interpretation of the legislative
scheme’ governing his agency.” Sandusky Dock Corp. v. Jones, 106 Ohio St.3d 274,
2005-Ohio-4982, at ¶8, quoting Northwestern Ohio Bldg. & Constr. Trades Council v.
Conrad, 92 Ohio St.3d 282, 287 (2001); McLean, at 92 (“It is well-settled that courts, when
interpreting statutes, must give due deference to an administrative interpretation formulated by
an agency.”), quoted in Maitland v. Ford Motor Co., 103 Ohio St.3d 463, 2004-Ohio-5717, at
¶26. The legislature has placed the responsibility to oversee and administer Ohio’s
unemployment compensation system with the ODJFS. See 2010 Ohio Atty.Gen.Ops. No.
2010-029. And its interpretation of “remuneration” under this legislative scheme is
reasonable.
{¶ 10} The Internal Revenue Service (IRS) interprets section 3306(b)(5)(G) as
excluding the amounts that an employee elects to place in an FSA for medical expenses under
an employer’s section 125 cafeteria plan. Neither the employer nor the employee pays FUTA
taxes on such amounts–in fact, these amounts are subject to no employment taxes or income
taxes. In Private Letter Rulings, the IRS has analyzed the federal tax consequences of an
employer’s providing a medical reimbursement benefit to employees through a section 125
cafeteria plan under which each employee would elect to reduce her salary to pay for the
benefit. The IRS has concluded that generally, in addition to not being subject to federal
income tax, none of the amounts by which an employee elects to reduce her compensation to
pay for the medical expense reimbursement benefit, or the amounts available under the plan,
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are “wages” for purposes of FUTA taxes. PLR 90-34-078 (Aug. 24, 1990); PLR 89-17-081
(April 28, 1989) (concluding that, “with respect to the federal employment taxes, provided the
benefits under the Plan meet the requirements of [certain] sections * * * of the Code, amounts
paid to, or on behalf of, a participant or the participant’s dependents or beneficiaries under the
Plan are not ‘wages’ for purposes of either section 3121 [the Federal Insurance Contribution
Act (FICA)] or section 3306 of the Code.” The IRS has expressed the same view in a Chief
Counsel Advice memorandum: “Generally, qualified benefits under a cafeteria plan are not
subject to FICA, FUTA, Medicare tax, or income tax withholding.” C.C.A. 2001-17-038
(April 27, 2001). “Employers may also offer flexible spending accounts to employees under a
cafeteria plan that provides coverage under which specified, incurred expenses may be
reimbursed. These include health flexible spending accounts for expenses not reimbursed
under any other health plan.” Id. The memo explains that “employer contributions to the
cafeteria plan are usually made pursuant to salary reduction agreements between the employer
and the employee in which the employee agrees to contribute a portion of his or her salary on a
pre-tax basis to pay for the qualified benefits. Salary reduction contributions are not actually or
constructively received by the participant. Therefore, those contributions are not considered
wages for federal income tax purposes.” Id. Citing section 3121(a)(5)(G) and 3306(b)(5)(G),
the memo also says that “those sums generally are not subject to FICA and FUTA.” Id.Finally, two IRS tax guides say the same. See Pub. 15-A, Employer’s Supplemental Tax Guide
(Revised January 2001) (“Generally, qualified benefits under a cafeteria plan are not subject to
social security, Medicare, and FUTA taxes, or income tax withholding.”); IRS Pub. 969
(January 14, 2011) (“You contribute to your FSA by electing an amount to be voluntarily
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withheld from your pay by your employer. This is sometimes called a salary reduction
agreement. * * * You do not pay federal income tax or employment taxes on the salary you
contribute * * * to the FSA.”).
{¶ 11} According to the IRS, then, an employee’s contributions to an FSA are not
subject to federal unemployment compensation taxes. Nor are they subject to Ohio
unemployment compensation taxes. Under the Ohio unemployment compensation law, an
employer’s tax liability is based on its average annual payroll. See R.C. 4141.25. The law
defines “annual payroll,” in part, as “the total amount of wages subject to contributions.” R.C.
4141.01(J). And it defines “wages,” in part, as “remuneration paid to an employee * * * with
respect to employment.” R.C. 4141.01(G)(1). As discussed above, Ohio excludes from the
definition of “remuneration” payments under section 3306(b)(2)-(16). See R.C.
4141.01(H)(1)(a). Therefore, since section 3306(b)(5)(G) excludes an employee’s FSA
contributions from unemployment compensation taxes, they are also excluded from Ohio
unemployment compensation taxes. This means that neither the federal or the state
unemployment compensation system sets aside money to compensate unemployed individuals
for their FSA contributions. It makes logical sense that if money placed in the cafeteria plan is
not subject to unemployment tax, then that amount should not be considered for calculating
whether the employee is eligible for unemployment benefits.
{¶ 12} Because the ODJFS’s interpretation of Ohio’s unemployment compensation
law is reasonable, we defer to it. We hold that the UCRC’s decision, and the decision of the
trial court which is based on the same interpretation, is not unlawful or unreasonable.
{¶ 13} The sole assignment of error is overruled.
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{¶ 14} The UCRC’s decision is affirmed.
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GRADY, P.J., concurs.
FAIN, J., dissenting:
{¶ 15} Judge Hall’s opinion for the court lays out the intricacies of the interpretation
of the statute with reference to the circumstances of this case with admirable skill, and I
cannot usefully add to that exposition. It is apparent, though, that the proper interpretation of
the statutory definition of remuneration as it applies to the flexible spending account in this
case is anything but clear and unambiguous.
{¶ 16} The principle that a court should give deference to an administrative agency’s
interpretation of the legislative enactment that it is charged to administer is a general principle
of statutory interpretation employed by courts. Northwestern Ohio Bldg. & Constr. Trades
Council v. Conrad, 92 Ohio St.3d 282, 287, 2001-Ohio-190, 750 N.E.2d 130. This principle
finds statutory support in R.C. 1.49(F).
{¶ 17} The principle that Ohio’s Unemployment Compensation Law shall be
construed liberally in favor of the applicant is a specific rule of construction set forth in the
Unemployment Compensation Law, itself, at R.C. 4141.46. Vespremi v. Giles, 68 Ohio
App.2d 91, 93, 427 N.E.2d 30 (1st Dist. 1980).
{¶ 18} It is another principle of statutory construction that a special or local provision
shall prevail as an exception to a general provision, where the two provisions are in conflict.
This principle is codified at R.C. 1.51.
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{¶ 19} Given the specific legislative commandment, in R.C. 4141.46, that the Ohio
Unemployment Compensation Law should be liberally construed in favor of applicants for
compensation, I would construe the statute in Bernard’s favor and find her eligible to receive
benefits. She earned the moneys that were paid into a flexible spending account for her
benefit, through her labor in her employer’s behalf. To me, interpreting those moneys as
remuneration for purposes of determining her eligibility does not unduly stretch the bounds of
the requisite liberal construction of the statute; in my view, that interpretation lies within a
reasonable, liberal construction of the statute in her favor.
{¶ 20} I would reverse the judgment of the trial court and remand with appropriate
instructions.
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Copies mailed to:
Robert L. Guehl
Michael DeWine
Robin A. Jarvis
W. Roger Fry
William H. Fry
Hon. Robert J. Lindeman